心房颤动的炎症反应研究
摘要
目的:探讨孤立性心房颤动患者的炎症反应与心房颤动(atrialfibrillation,AF)之间的相互关系。方法:根据入选标准和排除标准,入选2005年10月至2007年10月期间在阜外心血管病医院住院的孤立性AF患者及拟行导管消融治疗的预激综合症患者,其中预激综合症患者根据年龄、性别匹配的原则随机入选作为对照组。于入院第二天采集静脉血标本检测血浆C—反应蛋白水半(C—reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞和中性粒细胞计数,同时行心电监测以鉴别患者采血时的心律。根据ACC/AHA/ESC的标准,将AF患者分为持续性AF组和阵发性AF组,阵发性AF患者根据采血时的心律进一步分为窦性心律组和AF心律组。所有研究对象均行病史询问、体格检查、常规的实验室检查、心电图、胸部X线、甲状腺功能检测和心脏超声检查。为了确诊孤立性AF,所有入选的AF患者均行运动试验、核素心肌显像和/或冠状动脉造影,同时行经胸和/或经食道超声检查以评估是否合并有潜在心血管疾病以及左心房的大小、左心室射血分数和左心室舒张末期容积。采用SPSS13.0统计软件分析,P＜0.05为有统计学差异。结果:总共411例患者入选,其中孤立性AF患者333例,预激综合症患者78例。孤立性AF中,72例为持续性AF,261例为阵发性AF。阵发性AF中,采血时窦性心律的患者为203例,AF心律的患者为58例。除了心脏超声指标的差异以外,对照组、AF组及AF各亚组之间在性别、年龄、吸烟史、体重指数及所合并的糖尿病、高脂血症上均无统计学差异。在炎症指标CRP上,孤立性AF组(中值:1.00mg/L,四分位值:1.00～2.54)较对照组(中值:1.00mg/L,四分位值:1.00～1.55)增高(P=0.016),持续性AF组(中值:1.62mg/L,四分位值:1.00～3.98)较阵发性AF组(中值:1.00mg/L,四分位值:1.00～2.10)增高(P=0.022),阵发性AF中的AF心律组(中值:2.11mg/L,四分位值:1.00～3.60)较窦性心律组(中值:1.00mg/L,四分位值:1.00～1.76)增高(P=0.000);而持续性AF组与阵发性AF中的AF心律组之间(P=0.922)以及对照组与阵发性AF中的窦性心律组之间(P=0.483)无统计学差异。在白细胞及中性粒细胞计数上,阵发性AF中的AF心律组均较窦性心律组增高(P=0.003,P=0.002),其余各组之间均无统计学差异。在所有AF患者中,多因素logistical回归分析示采血时的AF心律(包括持续性AF和阵发性AF中的AF心律)为血浆CRP水平增高唯一独立的预测因子(Exp(B)=4.85,95%CI:2.61～8.99)。结论:在孤立性AF患者中,AF与炎症之间存在着相互的联系,采血时的AF心律是血浆CRP水平增高的独立预测因子。
目的:探讨合并有高血压病的心房颤动患者的炎症反应与心房颤动(atrialfibrillation,AF)之间的相互关系。方法:所有研究对象均来自于2005年10月至2007年10月期间在阜外心血管病医院住院的合并有高血压病的AF患者、高血压病患者和拟行导管消融治疗的预激综合症患者,其中高血压病、预激综合症患者根据年龄、性别匹配原则随机入选。于入院第二天采集静脉血.标本检测血浆C—反应蛋白水平(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞和中性粒细胞计数,同时行心电监测以鉴别患者采血时的心律。根据ACC/AHA/ESC的标准,将AF患者分为持续性AF组和阵发性AF组,其中阵发性AF患者根据采血时的心律进一步分为窦性心律组和AF心律组。所有研究对象均行病史询问、体格检查、常规的实验室检查、心电图、胸部X线、甲状腺功能检测和心脏超声检查。所有AF患者均行运动试验、核素心肌显像和/或冠状动脉造影,同时行经胸和/或经食道超声检查以评估是否合并有其他潜在心血管疾病以及左心房的大小、左心室射血分数和左心室舒张末期容积。采用SPSS13.0统计软件分析,P＜0.05为有统计学差异。结果:根据入选标准和排除标准,共有500例合并高血压病的AF患者、185例高血压病患者和132例作为对照组的预激综合症患者入选。AF患者中400例为阵发性AF,100为例持续性AF。阵发性AF患者中,316例为窦性心律,84例为AF心律。各组之间的年龄、性别相互匹配,在体重指数,糖尿病、高脂血症的合并症、心脏超声指标及药物治疗上存在统计学差异。炎症指标中,AF组血浆CRP水平为中值1.91 mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.63mg/L,高血压组为中值2.32 mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.97 mg/L,两者之间无统计学差异(P=0.559),但均较对照组(中值1.23 mg/L,四分位值1.00～1.65 mg/L)增高(P=0.00和P=0.000)。AF组的中性粒细胞计数为3.63±1.12,高血压组为3.63±1.08,两者之间无统计学差异(P=0.960),但均较对照组(3.27±1.10)增高(P=0.01和P=0.004)。在白细胞计数上,三者之间均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。在AF各亚组中,持续性AF组的血浆CRP水平为中值2.30mg/L,四分化值1.00～3.94mg/L;阵发性AF组为中值1.79mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.59 mg/L;阵发性AF中的窦性心律组为中值1.75mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.46 mg/L:AF心律组为中值2.30mg/L,四分位值1.14～4.44 mg/L。持续性AF组与阵发性AF中的AF心律组无统计学差异(P=0.681),但两者均较阵发性AF中的窦性心律组增高((P=0.035和P=0.014)。在白细胞和中性粒细胞计数上,各亚组之间均无统计学差异(P均＞0.05)。所有研究对象中,多因素logistical回归分析示高血压的病史(Exp(B)=0.308,P=0.001,95%CI:0.150～0.632)、女性(Exp(B)=0.481,P=0.000,95%CI:0.322～0.719)、高龄(Exp(B)=1.018,P=0.045,95%CI:1.000～1.036)及左心房的直径(B=1.061,P=0.003,95%CI:1.021～1.103)为血浆CRP水平增高的独立预测因子。结论:本研究结果显示合并有高血压病的AF中,AF与炎症反应之间存在着相关性,虽然这种相关性可为高血压病的炎症反应所掩盖。
目的:探讨心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)早期复发的相关因素及C—反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是否能够预测AF早期复发。方法:所有研究对象均来自2005年10月至2007年10月期间在阜外心血管病医院住院的孤立性AF患者和合并高血压病的AF患者。于入院第二天采集静脉血标本检测血浆CRP、白细胞和中性粒细胞计数,采血的同时行心电监测,为窦性心律的患者入选。所有入选对象均行病史询问、体格检查、常规的实验室检查、心电图、胸部X线、甲状腺功能检测、运动试验、核素心肌显像和/或冠状动脉造影,同时行经胸和/或经食道超声检查以评估是否合并有潜在心血管疾病以及左心房的大小、左心室射血分数和左心室舒张末期容积。随访时间为10天(包括住院时间)。随访期间每天行心电图检查、至少行一次24小时Holter监测,患者有症状时随时行心电图检查。AF复发是指随访期间有AF发作,每次发作时间至少大于1分钟。采用SPSS13.0统计软件分析,P＜0.05为有统计学差异。结果:根据入选标准和排除标准,共有162例孤立性AF患者和290例合并高血压的AF患者入选。与孤立性AF患者相比,合并高血压的AF患者年龄、体重指数更大,糖尿病、高脂血症的合并症更多,同时更多患者服用药物治疗。在心脏超声指标中,合并高血压的AF组左心房直径较孤立性AF组增大(35.8±4.1 versus 34.0±4.6,P=0.000),左心室舒张末期容积(48.7±4.5 versus 48.2±4.6,P=0.311)、左心室射血分数(0.65±0.08 versus 0.64±0.07,P=0.526)两者之间无统计学差异。在炎症指标中,合并高血压的AF组血浆CRP水平(中值1.75mg/l,四分位值1.00～3.47)和中性粒细胞计数(3.54±1.07)分别较孤立性AF组的CRP(中值1.00mg/l,四分位值1.00～1.73)和中性粒细胞计数(3.27±1.14)增高(P=0.012和P=0.000)。白细胞计数也较孤立性AF组有增高的趋势,但两者间无统计学差异(5.98±1.40 versus 5.71±1.39,P=0.055)。在10天的随访期间,共有243例(53.7%)患者AF复发,其中96例(59.3%)为孤立性AF患者,147例(50.7%)为合并高血压的AF患者。多因素分析显示只有高血压的合并症(Exp(B)=2.431,P=0.000,95%CI:1.556～3.797),胺碘酮治疗(Exp(B)=-1.545,P=0.000,95%CI:0.111～0.411)和Ic类抗心律失常药物治疗(Exp(B)=-0.769,P=0.015,95%CI:0.250～0.860)与AF早期复发相关。炎症指标包括CRP、中性粒细胞和白细胞计数均与AF早期复发无关。结论:合并高血压的AF患者血浆CRP水平及中性粒细胞计数均较孤立性AF患者增高;血浆炎症指标对AF早期复发无预测意义。
Objectives:This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between lone atrial fibrillation and inflammation.Methods:A total of 411 subjects were enrolled in this study,including 333 lone atrial fibrillation patients and 78 controls.C-reactive protein (CRP) and echocardiography were evaluated,and electrocardiography was monitored to identify cardiac rhythm at the time of blood sampling.According to the rhythm, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was divided into presence and absence of atrial fibrillation.Results:Subjects with lone atrial fibrillation had higher CRP level than controls(media,1.00mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 2.54 versus media,1.00mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 1.55;P=0.016) and persistent atrial fibrillation had higher CRP level than paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(media,1.62mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.98 versus media,1.00mg/L,IQR, 1.00 to 2.10;P=-0.022),and so did presence of atrial fibrillation than absence of atrial fibrillation(media,2.11mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.60 versus media,1.00mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 1.76;P=0.000) in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.However,there was no significant difference in CRP level between persistent atrial fibrillation and presence of atrial fibrillation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(P=0.992).Neither did between absence of atrial fibrillation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and controls(P=0.483).In patients with lone atrial fibrillation,atrial fibrillation rhythm(Exp(B)=4.85,95%CI:2.61-8.99) was the only independent predictor of elevated CRP level after adjusted covariates.
Conclusions:Patients with lone atrial fibrillation had elevated CRP level only when they were in atrial fibrillation rhythm and elevated CRP level was not related to duration time or history of atrial fibrillation.
Objectives:The present study was designed to evaluate the correlation between atria fibrillation(AF) with hypertension and inflammation.Methods:A total of 817 subjects were included in the case-control study,including 500 patients with AF and hypertension,185 patients with hypertension and 132 controls.C-reactive protein (CRP),white blood count(WBC),neutrophil granulocyte count(NGC) and echocardiography were evaluated,and electrocardiography was monitored to identify cardiac rhythm at the time of blood sampling.According to the rhythm,paroxysmal AF was divided into presence and absence of AF.Results:Subjects with AF and hypertension had higher CRP level(media,1.91mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.63) and NGC (3.63? 12) than controls(media,1.23mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 1.65;P=0.000 and 3.27? 10,P=0.004).So did subjects with hypertension than controls(media, 2.32mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.97,P=0.000;and 3.63? 08,P=0.01).However,there was no significant difference in CRP level and NGC between AF with hypertension and hypertension(P=0.559 and P=0.960).In AF subgroups,CRP level in persistent AF (media,2.30mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.94) and in presence of AF(media,2.30mg/L;IQR, 1.14 to 4.44) were higher than absence of AF(media,1.75mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.46; P=0.035 and P=0.014),though CRP level between patients with persistent AF and with presence of AF in paroxysmal AF was no significant difference(P=0.681). Multiple factors analysis demonstrated that hypertension(Exp(B)=0.308,P=0.001, 95%CI:0.150-0.632),female(Exp(B)=0.481,P=0.000,95%CI:0.322-0.719),older age(Exp(B)=l.018,P=0.045,95%CI:1.000-1.036) and dilated left atrial dimension (Exp(B)=1.061,P=0.003,95%CI:1.021-1.103) were predictors of elevated CRP levels after adjusted covariates in all subjects.Conclusion:A correlation exists between AF with hypertension and inflammation,which can be masked by the elevated inflammation faction in hypertension.
Objectives:To explore whether the CRP levels can predict the early recurrence of atrial fibrillation(AF),the present study enrolled a large cohort of paroxysmal lone AF and AF only with hypertension patients.Methods:From October 2005 to October 2007,a total of 452 cases were enrolled including 162 lone AF and 290 AF only with hypertension patients.Blood sample collection and echocardiograph were performed during sinus rhythm in each patient.Blood measurements included C-reactive protein (CRP),white blood count(WBC) and neutrophil granulocyte count(NGC).During 10-day follow-up,all AF patients received at least one 24-hour-Holter, electrocardiography check every day and whenever patients had complaint.Results: AF with hypertension patients had older age(P=0.000),larger body mass index (P=0.004),dilated left atria dimension(P=0.000),and more co-morbidities of diabetes mellitus(P=0.000) and/or high blood cholesterol(P=0.000) than lone AF patients.CRP and NGC were higher in AF with hypertension patients(media 1.75, IQR 1.00 to 3.47 and 3.54? 07) than those in lone AF patients(media 1.00,IQR 1.00 to 1.73 and 3.27? 14;P=0.000 and P=0.012).During follow-up of 10 days including admission time,243(53.7%) patients including 96 patients in lone AF.group and 147 patients in AF with hypertension group had recurrence of AF No inflammatory indexes were significantly associated with the early recurrence of AF.Conclusion: AF with hypertension had elevated inflammatory reaction indicated by CRP and NGC than lone AF.Plasma CRP levels did not predict the early recurrence of AF.
目的:探讨合并有高血压病的心房颤动患者的炎症反应与心房颤动(atrialfibrillation,AF)之间的相互关系。方法:所有研究对象均来自于2005年10月至2007年10月期间在阜外心血管病医院住院的合并有高血压病的AF患者、高血压病患者和拟行导管消融治疗的预激综合症患者,其中高血压病、预激综合症患者根据年龄、性别匹配原则随机入选。于入院第二天采集静脉血.标本检测血浆C—反应蛋白水平(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞和中性粒细胞计数,同时行心电监测以鉴别患者采血时的心律。根据ACC/AHA/ESC的标准,将AF患者分为持续性AF组和阵发性AF组,其中阵发性AF患者根据采血时的心律进一步分为窦性心律组和AF心律组。所有研究对象均行病史询问、体格检查、常规的实验室检查、心电图、胸部X线、甲状腺功能检测和心脏超声检查。所有AF患者均行运动试验、核素心肌显像和/或冠状动脉造影,同时行经胸和/或经食道超声检查以评估是否合并有其他潜在心血管疾病以及左心房的大小、左心室射血分数和左心室舒张末期容积。采用SPSS13.0统计软件分析,P＜0.05为有统计学差异。结果:根据入选标准和排除标准,共有500例合并高血压病的AF患者、185例高血压病患者和132例作为对照组的预激综合症患者入选。AF患者中400例为阵发性AF,100为例持续性AF。阵发性AF患者中,316例为窦性心律,84例为AF心律。各组之间的年龄、性别相互匹配,在体重指数,糖尿病、高脂血症的合并症、心脏超声指标及药物治疗上存在统计学差异。炎症指标中,AF组血浆CRP水平为中值1.91 mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.63mg/L,高血压组为中值2.32 mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.97 mg/L,两者之间无统计学差异(P=0.559),但均较对照组(中值1.23 mg/L,四分位值1.00～1.65 mg/L)增高(P=0.00和P=0.000)。AF组的中性粒细胞计数为3.63±1.12,高血压组为3.63±1.08,两者之间无统计学差异(P=0.960),但均较对照组(3.27±1.10)增高(P=0.01和P=0.004)。在白细胞计数上,三者之间均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。在AF各亚组中,持续性AF组的血浆CRP水平为中值2.30mg/L,四分化值1.00～3.94mg/L;阵发性AF组为中值1.79mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.59 mg/L;阵发性AF中的窦性心律组为中值1.75mg/L,四分位值1.00～3.46 mg/L:AF心律组为中值2.30mg/L,四分位值1.14～4.44 mg/L。持续性AF组与阵发性AF中的AF心律组无统计学差异(P=0.681),但两者均较阵发性AF中的窦性心律组增高((P=0.035和P=0.014)。在白细胞和中性粒细胞计数上,各亚组之间均无统计学差异(P均＞0.05)。所有研究对象中,多因素logistical回归分析示高血压的病史(Exp(B)=0.308,P=0.001,95%CI:0.150～0.632)、女性(Exp(B)=0.481,P=0.000,95%CI:0.322～0.719)、高龄(Exp(B)=1.018,P=0.045,95%CI:1.000～1.036)及左心房的直径(B=1.061,P=0.003,95%CI:1.021～1.103)为血浆CRP水平增高的独立预测因子。结论:本研究结果显示合并有高血压病的AF中,AF与炎症反应之间存在着相关性,虽然这种相关性可为高血压病的炎症反应所掩盖。
目的:探讨心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)早期复发的相关因素及C—反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是否能够预测AF早期复发。方法:所有研究对象均来自2005年10月至2007年10月期间在阜外心血管病医院住院的孤立性AF患者和合并高血压病的AF患者。于入院第二天采集静脉血标本检测血浆CRP、白细胞和中性粒细胞计数,采血的同时行心电监测,为窦性心律的患者入选。所有入选对象均行病史询问、体格检查、常规的实验室检查、心电图、胸部X线、甲状腺功能检测、运动试验、核素心肌显像和/或冠状动脉造影,同时行经胸和/或经食道超声检查以评估是否合并有潜在心血管疾病以及左心房的大小、左心室射血分数和左心室舒张末期容积。随访时间为10天(包括住院时间)。随访期间每天行心电图检查、至少行一次24小时Holter监测,患者有症状时随时行心电图检查。AF复发是指随访期间有AF发作,每次发作时间至少大于1分钟。采用SPSS13.0统计软件分析,P＜0.05为有统计学差异。结果:根据入选标准和排除标准,共有162例孤立性AF患者和290例合并高血压的AF患者入选。与孤立性AF患者相比,合并高血压的AF患者年龄、体重指数更大,糖尿病、高脂血症的合并症更多,同时更多患者服用药物治疗。在心脏超声指标中,合并高血压的AF组左心房直径较孤立性AF组增大(35.8±4.1 versus 34.0±4.6,P=0.000),左心室舒张末期容积(48.7±4.5 versus 48.2±4.6,P=0.311)、左心室射血分数(0.65±0.08 versus 0.64±0.07,P=0.526)两者之间无统计学差异。在炎症指标中,合并高血压的AF组血浆CRP水平(中值1.75mg/l,四分位值1.00～3.47)和中性粒细胞计数(3.54±1.07)分别较孤立性AF组的CRP(中值1.00mg/l,四分位值1.00～1.73)和中性粒细胞计数(3.27±1.14)增高(P=0.012和P=0.000)。白细胞计数也较孤立性AF组有增高的趋势,但两者间无统计学差异(5.98±1.40 versus 5.71±1.39,P=0.055)。在10天的随访期间,共有243例(53.7%)患者AF复发,其中96例(59.3%)为孤立性AF患者,147例(50.7%)为合并高血压的AF患者。多因素分析显示只有高血压的合并症(Exp(B)=2.431,P=0.000,95%CI:1.556～3.797),胺碘酮治疗(Exp(B)=-1.545,P=0.000,95%CI:0.111～0.411)和Ic类抗心律失常药物治疗(Exp(B)=-0.769,P=0.015,95%CI:0.250～0.860)与AF早期复发相关。炎症指标包括CRP、中性粒细胞和白细胞计数均与AF早期复发无关。结论:合并高血压的AF患者血浆CRP水平及中性粒细胞计数均较孤立性AF患者增高;血浆炎症指标对AF早期复发无预测意义。
Objectives:This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between lone atrial fibrillation and inflammation.Methods:A total of 411 subjects were enrolled in this study,including 333 lone atrial fibrillation patients and 78 controls.C-reactive protein (CRP) and echocardiography were evaluated,and electrocardiography was monitored to identify cardiac rhythm at the time of blood sampling.According to the rhythm, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was divided into presence and absence of atrial fibrillation.Results:Subjects with lone atrial fibrillation had higher CRP level than controls(media,1.00mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 2.54 versus media,1.00mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 1.55;P=0.016) and persistent atrial fibrillation had higher CRP level than paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(media,1.62mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.98 versus media,1.00mg/L,IQR, 1.00 to 2.10;P=-0.022),and so did presence of atrial fibrillation than absence of atrial fibrillation(media,2.11mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.60 versus media,1.00mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 1.76;P=0.000) in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.However,there was no significant difference in CRP level between persistent atrial fibrillation and presence of atrial fibrillation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(P=0.992).Neither did between absence of atrial fibrillation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and controls(P=0.483).In patients with lone atrial fibrillation,atrial fibrillation rhythm(Exp(B)=4.85,95%CI:2.61-8.99) was the only independent predictor of elevated CRP level after adjusted covariates.
Conclusions:Patients with lone atrial fibrillation had elevated CRP level only when they were in atrial fibrillation rhythm and elevated CRP level was not related to duration time or history of atrial fibrillation.
Objectives:The present study was designed to evaluate the correlation between atria fibrillation(AF) with hypertension and inflammation.Methods:A total of 817 subjects were included in the case-control study,including 500 patients with AF and hypertension,185 patients with hypertension and 132 controls.C-reactive protein (CRP),white blood count(WBC),neutrophil granulocyte count(NGC) and echocardiography were evaluated,and electrocardiography was monitored to identify cardiac rhythm at the time of blood sampling.According to the rhythm,paroxysmal AF was divided into presence and absence of AF.Results:Subjects with AF and hypertension had higher CRP level(media,1.91mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.63) and NGC (3.63? 12) than controls(media,1.23mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 1.65;P=0.000 and 3.27? 10,P=0.004).So did subjects with hypertension than controls(media, 2.32mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.97,P=0.000;and 3.63? 08,P=0.01).However,there was no significant difference in CRP level and NGC between AF with hypertension and hypertension(P=0.559 and P=0.960).In AF subgroups,CRP level in persistent AF (media,2.30mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.94) and in presence of AF(media,2.30mg/L;IQR, 1.14 to 4.44) were higher than absence of AF(media,1.75mg/L;IQR,1.00 to 3.46; P=0.035 and P=0.014),though CRP level between patients with persistent AF and with presence of AF in paroxysmal AF was no significant difference(P=0.681). Multiple factors analysis demonstrated that hypertension(Exp(B)=0.308,P=0.001, 95%CI:0.150-0.632),female(Exp(B)=0.481,P=0.000,95%CI:0.322-0.719),older age(Exp(B)=l.018,P=0.045,95%CI:1.000-1.036) and dilated left atrial dimension (Exp(B)=1.061,P=0.003,95%CI:1.021-1.103) were predictors of elevated CRP levels after adjusted covariates in all subjects.Conclusion:A correlation exists between AF with hypertension and inflammation,which can be masked by the elevated inflammation faction in hypertension.
Objectives:To explore whether the CRP levels can predict the early recurrence of atrial fibrillation(AF),the present study enrolled a large cohort of paroxysmal lone AF and AF only with hypertension patients.Methods:From October 2005 to October 2007,a total of 452 cases were enrolled including 162 lone AF and 290 AF only with hypertension patients.Blood sample collection and echocardiograph were performed during sinus rhythm in each patient.Blood measurements included C-reactive protein (CRP),white blood count(WBC) and neutrophil granulocyte count(NGC).During 10-day follow-up,all AF patients received at least one 24-hour-Holter, electrocardiography check every day and whenever patients had complaint.Results: AF with hypertension patients had older age(P=0.000),larger body mass index (P=0.004),dilated left atria dimension(P=0.000),and more co-morbidities of diabetes mellitus(P=0.000) and/or high blood cholesterol(P=0.000) than lone AF patients.CRP and NGC were higher in AF with hypertension patients(media 1.75, IQR 1.00 to 3.47 and 3.54? 07) than those in lone AF patients(media 1.00,IQR 1.00 to 1.73 and 3.27? 14;P=0.000 and P=0.012).During follow-up of 10 days including admission time,243(53.7%) patients including 96 patients in lone AF.group and 147 patients in AF with hypertension group had recurrence of AF No inflammatory indexes were significantly associated with the early recurrence of AF.Conclusion: AF with hypertension had elevated inflammatory reaction indicated by CRP and NGC than lone AF.Plasma CRP levels did not predict the early recurrence of AF.
引文
1. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001;285:2370-2375.
2. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, et al. Prevalence, age distribution and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:469-473.
3. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip E, et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110:1042-1046.
4. Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults. Circulation 1997;96:2455-2461.
5. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham heart study. JAMA 1994;271:840-844.
6. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, MacLeod MMC, et al. Trends in hospital activity, morbidity and case fatality related to atrial fibrillation in Scotland, 1986-1996. Eur Heart J 2001;22:693-701.
7. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, et al. A population-based study of the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Am J Med 2002;113:359-364.
8. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, et al. Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003;107:2920-2925.
9. Swedberg K, Olsson LG, Charlesworth A, et al. Prognostic relevance of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic heart failure on long-term treatment with beta 朾lockers. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1303-1308.
10. Maggioni AP, Latini R, Carson PE, et al. Valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Am Heart J2005;149:l-10.
11. Wolf PA, Abbot RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke 1991;22:983-988.
12. Kannel WB, Abbott RD, Savage DD, et al. Coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1983; 106:389-396.
13. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med 1995;98:476-484.
14. Flegel KM, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Risk of stroke in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Lancet 1987;1:526-529.
15. Coyne KS, Paramore C, Grandy S, et al. Assessing the direct costs of treating nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the United States. Value Health 2006;9:348-356.
16. Wazni OM, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:2634-2640.
17. Luft FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
18. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
19. de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum maker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007;16:14-21.
20. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, et al. Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:RA225-RA229.
21. Elahi M, Hadjinikolaou L, Galinanes M. Incidence and clinical consequences of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of first-time isolated coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2003;108:II207-212.
22. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
23. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
24. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
25.Wazni O, Martin DO, Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
26. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion.Int J Cardiol 2006;108:346-353.
27. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Prognostic significance of raised plasma levels of intefleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in atria fibrillation. Am Heart J 2004;148:462-466.
28. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 97:9:1346-1350.
29. Chugh SS, Blackshear JL, Shen WK, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:371-378.
1. Sung KC, Suh JY, Kim BS, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:429-433.
2. Ross R. Mechanisms of disease: atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:l 15-126.
3. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfe MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
4. Saito M, Ishimitsu T, Minami J, et al. Relations of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2003;167:73-79.
5. Luf FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
6. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 96;10:3542-3548.
7. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
8. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001;56:375-380.
9. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 108;24:3006-3010.
10. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007; 105:753-757.
11. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;98:73-77.
12. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003;24:509-513.
13. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 43;11:2075-2082.
14. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 97;9:1346-1350.
15. Ishii Y, Schuessler RB, Gaynor SL, et al. Inflammation of atrium after cardiac surgery is associated with inhomogeneity of atrial conduction and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 111;22:2881-2888.
16. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 96;4:1180-1184.
17. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion.Int J Cardiol 108;3:346-353.
18. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 62;1:105-111.
19. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atriai fibrillation. Circulation 2001 ;104:174-180.
20. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
21. Sata N, Hamada N, Horinouchi T, et al. C-reactive protein and atrial fibrillation. Is inflammation a consequence or a cause of atrial fibrillation? Jpn Heart J 2004;45:441-445.
22. Nathan H, Eliakim M. The junction between the left atrium and the pulmonary vein: an anatomic study of human hearts. Circulation 1996;34:412-422.
23. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2005;102:321-326.
24. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004;62:105-111.
25. Hatzinikolaou-Kotsakou E, Tziakas D, Hotidis A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to the first onset and the recurrence rate in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 97;5:659-661.
1. Abdelhadi RH, Gurm HS, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Relation of an exaggerated rise in white blood cells after coronary bypass or cardiac valve surgery to development of atrial fibrillation postoperatively. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1176-1178.
2. Bernard LO, Rob F, Arno P, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascular. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1530-1535.
3. Elahi M, Hadjinikolaou L, Galinanes M. Incidence and clinical consequences of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of first-time isolated coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2003;108:II207-212.
4. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
5.Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
6. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
7. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
8. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007; 105:753-757.
9. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;98:73-77.
10. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003;24:509-513.
11. Proebstle T, Mitrovics M, Schneider M, et al. Recombinant interleukin-2 acts like a class I antiarrhythmic drug on human cardiac sodium channels. Pfluqers Arch 1995;429:462-469.
12. Fernandez-Cobo M, Gingalewski C, Drujan D, et al. Downregulation of connexin 43 gene expression in rat heart during inflammation: the role of tumour necrosis factor. Cytokine 1999; 11:216-224.
13. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:174-180.
14. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
15. Luft FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
16. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
17. Mehta SK, Rame JE, Khera A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy, subclinical atheroscerosis,and inflammation. Hypertension 2007;49:1385-1391.
18. de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum maker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:14-21.
19. Chugh SS, Blackshear JL, Shen WK, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:371-378.
20. Abdelhadi RH, Gurm HS, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Relation of an exaggerated rise in white blood cells after coronary bypass or cardiac valve surgery to development of atrial fibrillation postoperatively. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1176-1178.
21. Wazni O, Martin DO, Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
22. Acevedo M, Corbal醤 R, Braun S, et al. C-raective protein and atrial fibrillation: 摇vidence for the presence of inflammation in the perpetuation of the arrhythmia? Int J Cardiol 2006;108:326-331.
23. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 11:2075-2082.
24. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 1997;9:1346-1350.
25. Sung KC, Suh JY, Kim BS, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:429-433.
26. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study, JAMA 1994;271:840-844.
1. Brooks CIO, White PA, Staples M, et al. Myocardial contractility is not constant during spontaneous atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1998;98:1762-1765.
2. Daoud EG, Weiss R, Bahu M, et al. Effect of an irregular ventricular rhythm on cardiac output.Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1433-1437.
3. Grogan DM, Smith HC, Gersh BJ, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction due to atrial fibrillation in patients initially believed to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1570-1573.
4. Packer DL,Bardy GH, Worley SJ, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:563-570.
5. Wolf PA, Abbort RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke. The Framinghan Study. Stroke 1991;22:983-988.
6. Wolf PA, Abbot RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly.Arcb Intern Med 1987:147:1561-1564.
7. Wolf PA, Mitchekk JB, Baker CS, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality, stroke and medical costs. Arcb Intern Med 1998; 158:229-234.
8. The AFFIRM Investigators: A comparision of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation: N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-1833.
9. Gelder ICV, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1834-1840.
10. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee for Developing Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). Circulation 2001;104:2118-2150.
11. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al: ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: Executive summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1231-1266.
12. Ewy GA: Optimal technique for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1992;86:1645-1647.
13. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Van Gilst WH, et al. Prediction of uneventful cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm from direct-current electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:41-46.
14. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in as population-based cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 1994;271:840-844.
15. Dittrich HC, Erickson JS, Schneiderman T, et al. Echocardiographic and clinical predictors for outcome of elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:193-197.
16. Szekely P, Sideris DA, Batson GA. Maintenance of sinus rhythm after atrial defibrillation. Br Heart J 1970;32:741-746.
17. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Tieleman RG, et al. Chronic atrial fibrillation Success of serial cardioversion therapy and safety of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2585-2592.
18. Ewy GA, Ulfers L, Hager WD, et al. Response of atrial fibrillation to therapy: role of etiology and left atrial diameter. J Electrocardiol 1980;13:l 19-123.
19. Omran H, Jung W, Schmpf R, et al. Echocardiographic parameters for predicting maintenance of sinus rhythm after internal atrial defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1446-1449.
20. Pozzoli M, Cioffi G, Traversi E, et al. Predictors of primary atrial fibrillation and concomitant clinical and hemodynamic changes in patients with chronic heart failure: A prospective study in 344 patients with baseline sinus rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:197-204.
21. Boriani G, Diemberger I, Biffi M, et al. P wave dispersion and short-term vs. late atrial fibrillation recurrences after cardioversion. Int J Cardiol 2005;101:355-3 61.
22. Perzanowski C, Ho AT, Jacobson AK. Increased P-wave dispersion predicts recurrent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. J Electrocardiol 2005;38:43-46.
23. Aytemir K, Amasyali B, Abali G, et al. The signal-averaged P-wave duration is longer in hypertensive patients with history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as compared to those without. Int J Cardiol 2005;103:37-40.
24. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001:103:1813-1818.
25. Bernard LO, Rob Fijnheer, Amo P, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascular. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1530-1535.
26. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
27.Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
28. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001:56:375-380.
29.Wazni O, Martin DO,Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
30. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
31. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007;105:753-757.
32. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005:1998:73-77.
33. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003:24:509-513.
34. Hatzinikolaou-Kotsakou E, Tziakas D, Hotidis A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to the first onset and the recurrence rate in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 1997;5:659-661.
35. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 1997:9:1346-1350.
36. Mehta SK, Rame JE, Khera A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy, subclinical atheroscerosis, and inflammation. Hypertension 2007;49:1385-1391.
37. Luf FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
38. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfe MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N EngI J Med 1997;336:973-979.
39. de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum maker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:14-21.
40. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion. Int J Cardiol 2006;108:346-353.
41. Eleni HK, Dimitrios T, Athanasios H, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to the first onset and the recurrence rate in lone atrial fibrillation. The American Journal of Cardiology 1997;5:659-661.
42. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659-666.
43. Jais P, Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, et al. A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 1997;95:572-576.
44. Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, et al. Effect of hydroxymethyl giutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive c-reactive protein levels. Circulation 2001 ;103:1933-1935.
45. van Wissen S, Trip MD, Smilde TJ, et al. Differential hs-CRP reduction in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with aggressive or conventional statin therapy. Atherosclerosis 2002;165:361-366.
46. Ueng KC, Tsai TP, Yu WC, et al. Use of enalapril to facilitate sinus rhythm maintenance after external cardioversion of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Results of a prospective and controlled study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2090-2098.
47. Madrid AH, Bueno MG, Rebollo JM, et al. Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: a prospective and randomized study.Circulation 2002;106:331-336.
1. Brooks CIO, White PA, Staples M, et al. Myocardial contractility is not constant during spontaneous atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1998;98:1762-1765..
2. Daoud EG, Weiss R, Bahu M, et al. Effect of an irregular ventricular rhythm on cardiac output.Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1433-1437.
3. Grogan DM, Smith HC, Gersh BJ, Wood DL. Left ventricular dysfunction due to atrial fibrillation in patients initially believed to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1570-1573.
4. Packer DL,Bardy GH, Worley SJ, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:563-570.
5. Wolf PA, Abbort RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke.The Framinghan Study. Stroke 1991 ;22:983-988.
6. Wolf PA, Abbot RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly.Arcb Intern Med 1987:147:1561-1564.
7. Wolf PA, Mitchekk JB, Baker CS, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality, stroke and medical costs. Arcb Intern Med. 1998; 158:229-234.
8. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005;98:1154-1162.
9. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999;340:448-454.
10. Libby P, Ridker PM. Novel inflammatory markers of coronary risk: theory versus practice. Circulation 1999;100:1148-1150.
11. Caglik, Gol MK, Keles T, et al. Risk factors associated with development of atrial fibrillation early after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J cardiol 2000;85:1259-1261.
12. Halpin LS, Barnett SD, Burton NA. National databases and clinical practical specialist:decreasing postoperative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Outcomes Manag 2004;8:33-38.
13. Hogue CW, Creswell ZL, Gutterman DD, et al. Epidemiology, mechanism and risks: American college of chest physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest 2005; 128:95-105.
14. Collins KK, Thiagnrajun RP, Chin C, et al. atrial tachyarrhythmias and permanent pacing after pediatric heart transplation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003;22:1126-1133.
15. Abdelhadi RH, Gurm HS, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Relation of an exaggerated rise in white blood cells after coronary bypass or cardiac valve surgery to development of atrial fibrillation postoperatively. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1176-1178.
16. Bernard LO, Rob Fijnheer, Arno P, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascular. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1530-1535.
17. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
18. Gaudino M, Andreotti F, Zamparelli R, et al. The 2174G/C interleukin-6 polymorphism influences postoperative interleukin-6 levels and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory complication? Circulation 2003;108:195-199.
19. Elahi M, Hadjinikolaou L, Galinanes M. Incidence and clinical consequences of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of first-time isolated coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2003;108:II207-212.
20. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, et al. Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:RA225-RA229.
21.Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
22. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001;56:375-380.
23. Psychari SN, Apoetolou TS, Sinos L, et al.Relation of elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels to left atrial size and duration of episodes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:764-767.
24. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Prognostic significance of raised plasma levels of intefleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in atria fibrillation. Am Heart J 2004; 148:462-466.
25. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
26. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007;105:753-757.
27. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;98:73-77.
28. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003;24:509-513.
29.Wazni 0, Martin DO,Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
30. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion.Int J Cardiol 2006; 108:346-353.
31. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
32. Sata N, Hamada N, Horinouchi T, et al. C-reactive protein and atrial fibrillation. Is inflammation a consequence or a cause of atrial fibrillation? Jpn Heart J 2004;45:441-445.
33. Acevedo M, Cobalan RL, Perez L, et al. C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation: evidence for the presence of inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of the arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1089.
34. Goldstein RN, Khrestian C, Ryu K, et al. CRP levels predicts arrhythmia inducibility and neutrophil infiltration in the canine sterile model. (Abstract). Circulation 2003;108:323, 1522 Suppl. S.
35. Lip GY, Lowe GD, Rumley A, et al. Increased markers of thrombogenesis in clronic atrialfibrillation: effects of warfarin treatment. Br Heart J 1995;73:527-533.
36. Roldan V, Marin F, Marco P, et al. Hypofibrinolysis in atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1998;136:956-960.
37. Conway DSG, Chin BSP, Pearce LA, et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P-selectin as indices of endothelial damage and platelet activation in 1321 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: relationship to stroke risk factors. Circulation 2002;106:1962-1967.
38. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002;105:1135-1143.
39. Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-126.
40. Cesari M, Penninx BWJH, Newman AB, et al. Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the health ABC study. Circulation 2003;108:2317-2322.
41. Engstr鰉 G, Lind P, Hedblad B, et al. Effects of cholesterol and inflammation -sensitive plasma proteins on incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in men. Circulation 2002;105:2632-2637.
42. Thambidorai SK, Parakh K, Martin DO, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein correlates with risk of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:805-807.
43. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relation of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and the prothrombotic state to transesophageal echocardiographic findings in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:1368-1373.
44. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2075-2082.
45. Roldan V, Marin F, Blann AD, et al. Interleukin-6, endothelial activation and thrombogenesis in chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Hcart J 2003;24:1373-1380.
46. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfefer MA, et al. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C- reactive protein: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators.Circulation 1999;100:230-235.
47. Azar RR, Rinfret S, Theroux P, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy with methylprednisolone in unstable angina (MUNA trial).Eur Heart J 2000;21:2026-2032.
48. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy man. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
49. Chaney MA, Nikolov MP, Blakeman B,et al. Pulmonary effects of methylprednisolone in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and early tracheal extubation. Anesth Analg 1998;87:27-33.
50. Yared JP, Starr NJ, Torres FK, et al. Effects of single dose, postinduction dexamethasone on recovery after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:1420-1424.
51. Goldstein RN, Khrestian C, Ryu K,et al. CRP levels predicts arrhythmia inducibility and neutrophil infiltration in the canine sterile model. (Abstract). Circulation 2003;108:323, 1522 Suppl. S.
52. Dernellis J, Panavetou M. Relationship between C-reactive protein concentrations during glucocorticoid therapy and recurrent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1100-1107.
53. Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 2000; 101:207-213.
54. Sacks FM. High-intensity statin treatment for coronary heart disease. JAMA 2004;291:1132-1134.
55. Schonbeck U, Libby P. Inflammation, immunity, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: statins as antiinflammatory agents? Circulation 2004;109:11-18.
56. Yoshida M. Potential role of statins in inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003;10:140-144.
57. Kwak BR, Mulhaupt F, Mach F. Atherosclerosis: anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of statins. Autoimmunity Reviews 2003;2:332-338.
58. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, et al. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1129-1135.
59. Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, Grundy SM, Adams-Huet B, Devaraj S. Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive c-reactive protein levels.Circulation 2001;103:1933-1935.
60. van Wissen S, Trip MD, Smilde TJ, et al. Differential hs-CRP reduction in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with aggressive or conventional statin therapy.Atherosclerosis 2002;165:361-366.
61. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA 2004;291:1071-1080.
62. Node K, Fujita M, Kitakaze M, et al. Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2003;108:839-843.
63. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model Cardiovascular Research 2004;62:105-111.
64. Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Schram G, Lavoie J, et al. Effect of simvastatin and antioxidant vitamins on atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial-tachycardia remodeling in dogs. Circulation 2004;110:2313-2319.
65. Siu CW, Lau CP, Tse HF. Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence by statin therapy in patients with lone atrial fibrillation after successful cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1343-1345.
66. Young-Xu Y, Jabbour S, Goldberg R, et al. Usefulness of statin drugs in protecting against atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1379-1383.
67. Tveit A, Grundtvig M, Gundersen T, et al. Analysis of pravastatin to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:780-782.
68. Nakashima H, Kumagai K, Urata H, et al. Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;101:2612-2617.
69. Li D, Shinagawa K, Pang L, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:2608-2614.
70. Cardin S, Li D, Thorin-Trescases N, et al. Evolution of the atrial fibrillation substrate in experimental congestive heart failure: angiotensin-dependent and -independent pathways.Cardiovasc Res 2003;60:315-325.
71. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Kober L, et al. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999;100:376-380.
72. Madrid AH, Bueno MG, Rebollo J, et al. Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: prospective and randomized study. Circulation 2002;106:331-336.
73. Ueng KC, Tsai TP, Yu WC, et al. Use of enalapril to facilitate sinus rhythm maintenance after external cardioversion of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Results of a prospective and controlled study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2090-2098.
74. Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation 2003; 107:2926-2931.
75. Anne W, Willems R, Van der Merwe N, et al. Atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter: preventive effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and diuretics. Heart 2004;90:1025-1030.
76. Lopez B, Querejeta R, Varo N, et al. Usefulness of serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I in assessment of the cardioreparative ability of antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive patients. Circulation 2001;104:286-291.
77. Madrid AH, Escobar C, Rebollo J, et al. Angiotensin receptor blocker as adjunctive therapy for rhythm control in atrial fibrillation: results of the irbesartan-amiodarone trial. Cardiac Electrophysiol Rev 2003;7:243-246.
78. Brasier AR, Recinos A III, Eledrisi MS. Vascular inflammation and the renin-angiotensin system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1257-1266.
79. Ishii Yosuke, Schuessler Richard B, Gaynor Sydney L, et al. Inflammation of Atrium After Cardiac Surgery Is Associated With Inhomogeneity of Atrial Conduction and Atrial Fibrillation.Circulation 2005;111:2881-2888.
80. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004;62:105-111.
81. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180? 184.
82. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:174-180.
83. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
84. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2005; 102:321-326.
85. Galaris D, Korantzopoulos P. On the molecular mechanism of metmyoglobin- catalyzed reduction of hydrogen peroxide by ascorbate. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:657-667.
1. Lewis T, Feil HS, Stroud WD. Observation upon flutter and fibrillation: the nature of auricular flutter. Heart 1920;7:191-245.
2. Moe GK. On the multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1962;40:183-188.
3. Allessie MA, Lammers WJEP, Bonke FIM, et al. Experimental evalution of Moe抯multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. In: Zipes DP, Jallif J eds. Cardial electrophysiology and arrhythmias. New York, Grune &Stratton, 1985;265-275.
4. Clayton RH, Murray A, Campbell RWF. Evidence for electrical organization during ventricular fibrillation in the human heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995;6:1616-624.
5. Winfree AT. Electrical instability in cardiac muscle: phase singularities and rotors. J Theor Biol 1989;138:353-405.
6. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Right and left atrial radiofrequencv catheler therapy of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electropilysiol 1996;7:1132-1144.
7. Jais P, Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, et al. A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 1997;95:572-576.
8. Nathan H, Eliakim M. The junction between the left atrium and the pulmonary vein: an anatomic study of human hearts. Circulation 1996;34:412-422.
9. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Doriand R, et al. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation: a study in awake chronically instrumented goat. Circulation 1995;92:1954-1968.
10. Attuel P, Childers R, Cauchemez R, et al. Failure in the rate adaptation of the atrial refractory period: Its relationship to vulnerability. Int J cardiol 1982;2:179-197.
11. Franz MR, Karanik PL, Li C, et al. Electrical remodeling of the human atrium: similar effect in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation ang atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1785-1792.
12. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Doriand R, et al. Electrical remodeling due to atrial fibrillation in chronically instrumented conscious goats: role of neurohumoral changes, ischemia, atrial stretch,and high rate of electrical activation. Ciroulation 1997;96:3710-3720.
13. Elvan A, Wylie K, Zipes DP. Pacing-induced chronic atrial fibrillation impairs sinus node function in dogs: Electrophysiological remodeling. Circulation 1996;94:2953-2960.
14. Gaspo R, Boach RF, Talajic M, et al. Functional mechanisms underlying tachycardia-induced sustained atrial fibrillation in a chronic dog model. Circulation 1996;96:4027-4035.
15. Daoud EG, Bogun F, Goyal R, et al. Effect of atrial fibrillation on atrial refractoriness in humans. Circulation I996;94:1600-1606.
16. Brundel BJ, van Gelder IC, Henning RH, et al. Ion channel remodeling is related to intraoperative atrial effective refractory periods in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;103:684-690.
17. Wang Z, Page PL, Nattel S. Mechanism of flecainide抯antiarrhythmic action in experiment atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1992;71:271-287.
18. Farch S, Vilemaire C, Nattel S. Importance of refractoriness heterogeneity in the enhanced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation induction caused by tachycardia-induced atrial electrical remodeling. Circulation 1998;98:2202-2209.
19. Eertett TH, Li H, Mangrum JM, et al. Electrical morphological and ultrastructural remodeling and reverse remodeling in a canine model of chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;102:1454-1460.
20. Brundel BJ, van Gelder IC, Henning RH, et al. Ion channel remodeling is related to intraoperative atrial effective refractory periods in patient with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;103:684-690.
21. Pandozi C, Santini M. Update on atrial remodeling owing to rate: does atrial fibrillation always 慴eget?atrial fibrillation? Eur Heart J 2001;22:541-553.
22. Yu WC, Lee SH, Tai CT, et al. Reversal of atrial electrical remodeling following cardioversion of long-standing atrial fibrillation in mall. Cardiovasc Res 1999;42:470-476.
23. Ausma J, Wijffels M, Thone F, et al. Structural changes of atrial myocardium due to sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat. Circulation 1997;96:3517-3163.
24. Disperayn GD, Ausma J, Thone F, et al. Cardiomyocyte remodeling during myocardial hibernation and atrial fibrillation: prelude to apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:947-957.
25. Elvan A, Huang XD, Pressler ML, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrial eliminates pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation and reduces connexin 43 in dogs.Circulation 1997;96:1675-1685.
26. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
27. Brundel BJM, Ausma J, van Goder IC, et al. Calpain activity is related to ionchannel, structural and electrical remodeling in human paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Thesis, University of Groning Groningen, 2000.
28. Thiedemann KU, Ferran VJ. Left atrial ultrastructure in mitral valvular disease. Am J Pathol 1977:89:575-604.
29. Jongsma HJ, Wilders R. Gap junctions in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2000;86:1193-1197.
30. van Velden HM, van Kempen MJ, Wijffels MC, et al. Altered pattern of connexin40 distribution in persistent atrial fibrillation in the goat. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:596-607.
31. van Velden HM, Ausma J, Rook MB, et al. Gap junctional remodeling in relation to stabilization of atrial fibrillation in the goat. Cardiovasc Res 2000;46:476-486.
32. Polontchouk L, Haefliger JA, Ebelt B, et al. Effects of chronic atrial fibrillation on gap junction distribution in human and rat atria. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:883-891.
33. Wetzel U, Boldt A, Lauschke J, et al. Expression of connexins 40 and 43 in human left atrium in atrial fibrillation of different aetiologies. Heart 2005;91:166-170.
34. Kostin S, Klein G, Szalay Z, et al. Structural correlate of atrial fibrillation in human patients.Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:361-379.
35. Nao T, Ohkusa T, Hisamatsu Y, et al. Comparison of expression of connexin in right atrial myocardium in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation versus those in sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:678-683.
36. Logan W, Rowlands D, Holmes A. Left atrial activity following cardioversion.Lancet 1965;471-473.
37. Schotten U, Allessie M. Electrical and contractile remodeling during atrial fibrillation go hand-in-hand. Pacing Clinical Electrophysiology 2001 ;524:572-576.
38. Manning WJ, Silverman DI, Katz SE, et al. Impaired left atrial mechanical unction after cardioversion: Relation to the duration of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:535-548.
39. Daoud EG, Marcovitz PK, Night BP, et al. ShOrt-term effect of atrial fibrillation on atrial contractile function in humans. Circulation 1999;99:35-42.
40. Kinebuchi O, Mitamura H, Shiroshita-Takeshita A, et al. Oral verapamil attenuates the progression of pacing-induced electrical and mechanical remodeling of the atrium. Circ J 2004;68:494-503
41. Daoud EG, Marcovitz P, Knight BP, et al. Short-term effect of atrial fibrillation on atrial contractile function in humans. Circulation 1999;99:3024-3027.
42. Leistad E, Aksnes G, Verburg E, et al. Atrial contractile dysfunction after short-term atrial fibrillation is reduced by verapamil but increased by BAY K8644. Circulation 1996;93:1747-1754.
43. Vijay Jayachandran J, Sih HT, Winkle W, et al. Atrial fibrillation produced by prolonged rapid atrial pacing is associated with heterogeneous changes in atrial sympathetic innervation. Circulation 2000;101:185-189.
44. Chang CM, Wu TI, Zhou SM, et al. Nerve sprouting and sympathetic hyperinnervation in a canine model of atrial fibrillation produced by prolonged right atrial pacing. Circulation 2001;103:22-29.
45. Hamabe A, Chang CM, Zhou S, et al. Induction of atrial fibrillation and nerve sprouting by prolonged left atrial pacing in dogs. PACE 2003;26:247-251.
46. Roy D, Paillard F, Cassidy D, et al. Aerial natriuretic factor during atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;9:509-514.
47. van Den Berg MP, Crijns HJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation: Role of duration of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1998:135:242-244.
48. Edwards BS, Zimmerman RS, Schwab TR, et al. Atrial stretch, not pressure, is the principal determinant controlling the acute release of atrial natriuretic factor. Circ Res 1988;62:191-195.
49. Walsh KP, Williams TD, Spiteri C, et al. Role of atrial pressure and rate in release of atrial natriuretic peptide. Am J Physiol 1988;254:R607-610.
50. Christensen G, Leistad E. Atrial systolic pressure, as well as stretch, is a principal stimulus for release of ANF. Am J Physiol 1997;272:H820-826.
51. Schiebinger RJ, Linden J. Effect of atrial contraction frequency on atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. Am J Physiol 1986;251:H1095-1099.
52. Bilder GE, Siegl PK, Schofield TL, et al. Chronotropic stimulation: A primary effector for release of atrial natriuretic factor. Circ Res 1989;64:799-805.
53. Schiebinger RJ, Li Y, Cragoe EJ. Calcium dependency of frequency-stimulated atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. Hypertension 1994;23:710-716.
54. Shi Y, Li D,Tardif JC, et al. Enalapril efects on atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation in experimental congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2002;5:456-461.
55. Goetie A, Staack T, Rocken C, et al. Increase expression of extracellular signaling-regulated kinase and angiontension-converting enzyme in human atria during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1669-1677.
56. Nakashima H, Kumagai K, Urata H, et al. Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;101:2612-2617.
57. Shinagawa K, Mitamura H, Ogawa S, et al. Effects of inhibiting Na(+)/H(+)- exchange or angiotensin converting enzyme on atrial tachycardia杋nduced remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:438-446.
58. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Urata H, et al. Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist on electrical and structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2197-2204.
59. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997; 96:3542-3548.
60. Maisel WH, Rawn JD, Stevenson WG. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:1061-1073.
61. Soucier R, Silverman D, Abordo M, et al. Propafenone versus ibutilide for post operative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: neither strategy improves outcomes compared to rate control alone (the PIPAF study). Med Sci Monit 2003;9:119-123.
62. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
63. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001;56:375-380.
64. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein evaluation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001 ;104:2886-2891.
65. Acevedo M, Corbalan RL, Perez L, et al. C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation: evidence for the presence of inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of the arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:99A, 1089-14.
66. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 99A, 1089-16.
67. Wazni O, Marrouche NF, Martin D, et al: Highly sensitive C-reactive protein level predicts recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion in patients on antiarrhythmic drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:85A, 1015-18.
68. Maycock CAA, Lappe DL, Crandall BG, et al. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disease reflected by elevated C-rective protein? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 99A, 1089-17.
69. Ishii Yosuke, Schuessler Richard B, Gaynor Sydney L, et al. Inflammation of Atrium After Cardiac Surgery Is Associated With Inhomogeneity of Atrial Conduction and Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 2005;111:2881-2888.
70. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004;62:105-111.
71. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104(2):174-180.
72. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
73. Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA, et al: Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:174-180.
74. Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al: Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
75. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2005;102:321-326.
76. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
2. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, et al. Prevalence, age distribution and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:469-473.
3. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip E, et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110:1042-1046.
4. Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults. Circulation 1997;96:2455-2461.
5. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham heart study. JAMA 1994;271:840-844.
6. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, MacLeod MMC, et al. Trends in hospital activity, morbidity and case fatality related to atrial fibrillation in Scotland, 1986-1996. Eur Heart J 2001;22:693-701.
7. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, et al. A population-based study of the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Am J Med 2002;113:359-364.
8. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, et al. Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003;107:2920-2925.
9. Swedberg K, Olsson LG, Charlesworth A, et al. Prognostic relevance of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic heart failure on long-term treatment with beta 朾lockers. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1303-1308.
10. Maggioni AP, Latini R, Carson PE, et al. Valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Am Heart J2005;149:l-10.
11. Wolf PA, Abbot RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke 1991;22:983-988.
12. Kannel WB, Abbott RD, Savage DD, et al. Coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1983; 106:389-396.
13. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med 1995;98:476-484.
14. Flegel KM, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Risk of stroke in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Lancet 1987;1:526-529.
15. Coyne KS, Paramore C, Grandy S, et al. Assessing the direct costs of treating nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the United States. Value Health 2006;9:348-356.
16. Wazni OM, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:2634-2640.
17. Luft FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
18. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
19. de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum maker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007;16:14-21.
20. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, et al. Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:RA225-RA229.
21. Elahi M, Hadjinikolaou L, Galinanes M. Incidence and clinical consequences of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of first-time isolated coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2003;108:II207-212.
22. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
23. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
24. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
25.Wazni O, Martin DO, Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
26. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion.Int J Cardiol 2006;108:346-353.
27. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Prognostic significance of raised plasma levels of intefleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in atria fibrillation. Am Heart J 2004;148:462-466.
28. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 97:9:1346-1350.
29. Chugh SS, Blackshear JL, Shen WK, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:371-378.
1. Sung KC, Suh JY, Kim BS, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:429-433.
2. Ross R. Mechanisms of disease: atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:l 15-126.
3. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfe MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
4. Saito M, Ishimitsu T, Minami J, et al. Relations of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2003;167:73-79.
5. Luf FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
6. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 96;10:3542-3548.
7. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
8. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001;56:375-380.
9. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 108;24:3006-3010.
10. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007; 105:753-757.
11. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;98:73-77.
12. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003;24:509-513.
13. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 43;11:2075-2082.
14. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 97;9:1346-1350.
15. Ishii Y, Schuessler RB, Gaynor SL, et al. Inflammation of atrium after cardiac surgery is associated with inhomogeneity of atrial conduction and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 111;22:2881-2888.
16. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 96;4:1180-1184.
17. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion.Int J Cardiol 108;3:346-353.
18. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 62;1:105-111.
19. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atriai fibrillation. Circulation 2001 ;104:174-180.
20. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
21. Sata N, Hamada N, Horinouchi T, et al. C-reactive protein and atrial fibrillation. Is inflammation a consequence or a cause of atrial fibrillation? Jpn Heart J 2004;45:441-445.
22. Nathan H, Eliakim M. The junction between the left atrium and the pulmonary vein: an anatomic study of human hearts. Circulation 1996;34:412-422.
23. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2005;102:321-326.
24. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004;62:105-111.
25. Hatzinikolaou-Kotsakou E, Tziakas D, Hotidis A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to the first onset and the recurrence rate in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 97;5:659-661.
1. Abdelhadi RH, Gurm HS, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Relation of an exaggerated rise in white blood cells after coronary bypass or cardiac valve surgery to development of atrial fibrillation postoperatively. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1176-1178.
2. Bernard LO, Rob F, Arno P, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascular. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1530-1535.
3. Elahi M, Hadjinikolaou L, Galinanes M. Incidence and clinical consequences of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of first-time isolated coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2003;108:II207-212.
4. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
5.Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
6. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
7. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
8. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007; 105:753-757.
9. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;98:73-77.
10. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003;24:509-513.
11. Proebstle T, Mitrovics M, Schneider M, et al. Recombinant interleukin-2 acts like a class I antiarrhythmic drug on human cardiac sodium channels. Pfluqers Arch 1995;429:462-469.
12. Fernandez-Cobo M, Gingalewski C, Drujan D, et al. Downregulation of connexin 43 gene expression in rat heart during inflammation: the role of tumour necrosis factor. Cytokine 1999; 11:216-224.
13. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:174-180.
14. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
15. Luft FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
16. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
17. Mehta SK, Rame JE, Khera A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy, subclinical atheroscerosis,and inflammation. Hypertension 2007;49:1385-1391.
18. de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum maker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:14-21.
19. Chugh SS, Blackshear JL, Shen WK, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:371-378.
20. Abdelhadi RH, Gurm HS, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Relation of an exaggerated rise in white blood cells after coronary bypass or cardiac valve surgery to development of atrial fibrillation postoperatively. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1176-1178.
21. Wazni O, Martin DO, Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
22. Acevedo M, Corbal醤 R, Braun S, et al. C-raective protein and atrial fibrillation: 摇vidence for the presence of inflammation in the perpetuation of the arrhythmia? Int J Cardiol 2006;108:326-331.
23. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 11:2075-2082.
24. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 1997;9:1346-1350.
25. Sung KC, Suh JY, Kim BS, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:429-433.
26. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study, JAMA 1994;271:840-844.
1. Brooks CIO, White PA, Staples M, et al. Myocardial contractility is not constant during spontaneous atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1998;98:1762-1765.
2. Daoud EG, Weiss R, Bahu M, et al. Effect of an irregular ventricular rhythm on cardiac output.Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1433-1437.
3. Grogan DM, Smith HC, Gersh BJ, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction due to atrial fibrillation in patients initially believed to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1570-1573.
4. Packer DL,Bardy GH, Worley SJ, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:563-570.
5. Wolf PA, Abbort RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke. The Framinghan Study. Stroke 1991;22:983-988.
6. Wolf PA, Abbot RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly.Arcb Intern Med 1987:147:1561-1564.
7. Wolf PA, Mitchekk JB, Baker CS, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality, stroke and medical costs. Arcb Intern Med 1998; 158:229-234.
8. The AFFIRM Investigators: A comparision of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation: N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-1833.
9. Gelder ICV, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1834-1840.
10. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee for Developing Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). Circulation 2001;104:2118-2150.
11. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al: ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: Executive summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1231-1266.
12. Ewy GA: Optimal technique for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1992;86:1645-1647.
13. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Van Gilst WH, et al. Prediction of uneventful cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm from direct-current electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:41-46.
14. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in as population-based cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 1994;271:840-844.
15. Dittrich HC, Erickson JS, Schneiderman T, et al. Echocardiographic and clinical predictors for outcome of elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:193-197.
16. Szekely P, Sideris DA, Batson GA. Maintenance of sinus rhythm after atrial defibrillation. Br Heart J 1970;32:741-746.
17. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Tieleman RG, et al. Chronic atrial fibrillation Success of serial cardioversion therapy and safety of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2585-2592.
18. Ewy GA, Ulfers L, Hager WD, et al. Response of atrial fibrillation to therapy: role of etiology and left atrial diameter. J Electrocardiol 1980;13:l 19-123.
19. Omran H, Jung W, Schmpf R, et al. Echocardiographic parameters for predicting maintenance of sinus rhythm after internal atrial defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1446-1449.
20. Pozzoli M, Cioffi G, Traversi E, et al. Predictors of primary atrial fibrillation and concomitant clinical and hemodynamic changes in patients with chronic heart failure: A prospective study in 344 patients with baseline sinus rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:197-204.
21. Boriani G, Diemberger I, Biffi M, et al. P wave dispersion and short-term vs. late atrial fibrillation recurrences after cardioversion. Int J Cardiol 2005;101:355-3 61.
22. Perzanowski C, Ho AT, Jacobson AK. Increased P-wave dispersion predicts recurrent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. J Electrocardiol 2005;38:43-46.
23. Aytemir K, Amasyali B, Abali G, et al. The signal-averaged P-wave duration is longer in hypertensive patients with history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as compared to those without. Int J Cardiol 2005;103:37-40.
24. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001:103:1813-1818.
25. Bernard LO, Rob Fijnheer, Amo P, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascular. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1530-1535.
26. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
27.Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
28. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001:56:375-380.
29.Wazni O, Martin DO,Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
30. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
31. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007;105:753-757.
32. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005:1998:73-77.
33. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003:24:509-513.
34. Hatzinikolaou-Kotsakou E, Tziakas D, Hotidis A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to the first onset and the recurrence rate in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 1997;5:659-661.
35. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J cardiol 1997:9:1346-1350.
36. Mehta SK, Rame JE, Khera A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy, subclinical atheroscerosis, and inflammation. Hypertension 2007;49:1385-1391.
37. Luf FC. Angiotensin, inflammatory, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3:61-67.
38. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfe MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N EngI J Med 1997;336:973-979.
39. de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum maker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:14-21.
40. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion. Int J Cardiol 2006;108:346-353.
41. Eleni HK, Dimitrios T, Athanasios H, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to the first onset and the recurrence rate in lone atrial fibrillation. The American Journal of Cardiology 1997;5:659-661.
42. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659-666.
43. Jais P, Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, et al. A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 1997;95:572-576.
44. Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, et al. Effect of hydroxymethyl giutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive c-reactive protein levels. Circulation 2001 ;103:1933-1935.
45. van Wissen S, Trip MD, Smilde TJ, et al. Differential hs-CRP reduction in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with aggressive or conventional statin therapy. Atherosclerosis 2002;165:361-366.
46. Ueng KC, Tsai TP, Yu WC, et al. Use of enalapril to facilitate sinus rhythm maintenance after external cardioversion of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Results of a prospective and controlled study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2090-2098.
47. Madrid AH, Bueno MG, Rebollo JM, et al. Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: a prospective and randomized study.Circulation 2002;106:331-336.
1. Brooks CIO, White PA, Staples M, et al. Myocardial contractility is not constant during spontaneous atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1998;98:1762-1765..
2. Daoud EG, Weiss R, Bahu M, et al. Effect of an irregular ventricular rhythm on cardiac output.Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1433-1437.
3. Grogan DM, Smith HC, Gersh BJ, Wood DL. Left ventricular dysfunction due to atrial fibrillation in patients initially believed to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1570-1573.
4. Packer DL,Bardy GH, Worley SJ, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:563-570.
5. Wolf PA, Abbort RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke.The Framinghan Study. Stroke 1991 ;22:983-988.
6. Wolf PA, Abbot RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly.Arcb Intern Med 1987:147:1561-1564.
7. Wolf PA, Mitchekk JB, Baker CS, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality, stroke and medical costs. Arcb Intern Med. 1998; 158:229-234.
8. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005;98:1154-1162.
9. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999;340:448-454.
10. Libby P, Ridker PM. Novel inflammatory markers of coronary risk: theory versus practice. Circulation 1999;100:1148-1150.
11. Caglik, Gol MK, Keles T, et al. Risk factors associated with development of atrial fibrillation early after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J cardiol 2000;85:1259-1261.
12. Halpin LS, Barnett SD, Burton NA. National databases and clinical practical specialist:decreasing postoperative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery. Outcomes Manag 2004;8:33-38.
13. Hogue CW, Creswell ZL, Gutterman DD, et al. Epidemiology, mechanism and risks: American college of chest physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest 2005; 128:95-105.
14. Collins KK, Thiagnrajun RP, Chin C, et al. atrial tachyarrhythmias and permanent pacing after pediatric heart transplation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003;22:1126-1133.
15. Abdelhadi RH, Gurm HS, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Relation of an exaggerated rise in white blood cells after coronary bypass or cardiac valve surgery to development of atrial fibrillation postoperatively. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1176-1178.
16. Bernard LO, Rob Fijnheer, Arno P, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascular. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1530-1535.
17. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997;96:3542-3548.
18. Gaudino M, Andreotti F, Zamparelli R, et al. The 2174G/C interleukin-6 polymorphism influences postoperative interleukin-6 levels and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory complication? Circulation 2003;108:195-199.
19. Elahi M, Hadjinikolaou L, Galinanes M. Incidence and clinical consequences of atrial fibrillation within 1 year of first-time isolated coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2003;108:II207-212.
20. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis T, Siogas K, et al. Atrial fibrillation and electrical remodeling: the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:RA225-RA229.
21.Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-2891.
22. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001;56:375-380.
23. Psychari SN, Apoetolou TS, Sinos L, et al.Relation of elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels to left atrial size and duration of episodes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:764-767.
24. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Prognostic significance of raised plasma levels of intefleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in atria fibrillation. Am Heart J 2004; 148:462-466.
25. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003;108:3006-3010.
26. Aronson D, Boulos M, Suleiman A, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 2007;105:753-757.
27. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbunminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;98:73-77.
28. Sanchez PL, Pabon P, Morinigo JL, et al. Do baseline C-reactive protein levels predict the new-onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Eur Heart J 2003;24:509-513.
29.Wazni 0, Martin DO,Marrouche NF, et al. C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electric cardioversion. Heart 2005;91;1303-1305.
30. Watanabe E, Arakawa T, Uchiyama T, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is predictive of successful cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion.Int J Cardiol 2006; 108:346-353.
31. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
32. Sata N, Hamada N, Horinouchi T, et al. C-reactive protein and atrial fibrillation. Is inflammation a consequence or a cause of atrial fibrillation? Jpn Heart J 2004;45:441-445.
33. Acevedo M, Cobalan RL, Perez L, et al. C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation: evidence for the presence of inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of the arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1089.
34. Goldstein RN, Khrestian C, Ryu K, et al. CRP levels predicts arrhythmia inducibility and neutrophil infiltration in the canine sterile model. (Abstract). Circulation 2003;108:323, 1522 Suppl. S.
35. Lip GY, Lowe GD, Rumley A, et al. Increased markers of thrombogenesis in clronic atrialfibrillation: effects of warfarin treatment. Br Heart J 1995;73:527-533.
36. Roldan V, Marin F, Marco P, et al. Hypofibrinolysis in atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1998;136:956-960.
37. Conway DSG, Chin BSP, Pearce LA, et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P-selectin as indices of endothelial damage and platelet activation in 1321 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: relationship to stroke risk factors. Circulation 2002;106:1962-1967.
38. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002;105:1135-1143.
39. Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-126.
40. Cesari M, Penninx BWJH, Newman AB, et al. Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the health ABC study. Circulation 2003;108:2317-2322.
41. Engstr鰉 G, Lind P, Hedblad B, et al. Effects of cholesterol and inflammation -sensitive plasma proteins on incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in men. Circulation 2002;105:2632-2637.
42. Thambidorai SK, Parakh K, Martin DO, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein correlates with risk of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:805-807.
43. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relation of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and the prothrombotic state to transesophageal echocardiographic findings in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:1368-1373.
44. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2075-2082.
45. Roldan V, Marin F, Blann AD, et al. Interleukin-6, endothelial activation and thrombogenesis in chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Hcart J 2003;24:1373-1380.
46. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfefer MA, et al. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C- reactive protein: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators.Circulation 1999;100:230-235.
47. Azar RR, Rinfret S, Theroux P, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy with methylprednisolone in unstable angina (MUNA trial).Eur Heart J 2000;21:2026-2032.
48. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy man. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.
49. Chaney MA, Nikolov MP, Blakeman B,et al. Pulmonary effects of methylprednisolone in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and early tracheal extubation. Anesth Analg 1998;87:27-33.
50. Yared JP, Starr NJ, Torres FK, et al. Effects of single dose, postinduction dexamethasone on recovery after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:1420-1424.
51. Goldstein RN, Khrestian C, Ryu K,et al. CRP levels predicts arrhythmia inducibility and neutrophil infiltration in the canine sterile model. (Abstract). Circulation 2003;108:323, 1522 Suppl. S.
52. Dernellis J, Panavetou M. Relationship between C-reactive protein concentrations during glucocorticoid therapy and recurrent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1100-1107.
53. Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 2000; 101:207-213.
54. Sacks FM. High-intensity statin treatment for coronary heart disease. JAMA 2004;291:1132-1134.
55. Schonbeck U, Libby P. Inflammation, immunity, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: statins as antiinflammatory agents? Circulation 2004;109:11-18.
56. Yoshida M. Potential role of statins in inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003;10:140-144.
57. Kwak BR, Mulhaupt F, Mach F. Atherosclerosis: anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of statins. Autoimmunity Reviews 2003;2:332-338.
58. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, et al. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1129-1135.
59. Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, Grundy SM, Adams-Huet B, Devaraj S. Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive c-reactive protein levels.Circulation 2001;103:1933-1935.
60. van Wissen S, Trip MD, Smilde TJ, et al. Differential hs-CRP reduction in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with aggressive or conventional statin therapy.Atherosclerosis 2002;165:361-366.
61. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA 2004;291:1071-1080.
62. Node K, Fujita M, Kitakaze M, et al. Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2003;108:839-843.
63. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model Cardiovascular Research 2004;62:105-111.
64. Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Schram G, Lavoie J, et al. Effect of simvastatin and antioxidant vitamins on atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial-tachycardia remodeling in dogs. Circulation 2004;110:2313-2319.
65. Siu CW, Lau CP, Tse HF. Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence by statin therapy in patients with lone atrial fibrillation after successful cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1343-1345.
66. Young-Xu Y, Jabbour S, Goldberg R, et al. Usefulness of statin drugs in protecting against atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1379-1383.
67. Tveit A, Grundtvig M, Gundersen T, et al. Analysis of pravastatin to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:780-782.
68. Nakashima H, Kumagai K, Urata H, et al. Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;101:2612-2617.
69. Li D, Shinagawa K, Pang L, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:2608-2614.
70. Cardin S, Li D, Thorin-Trescases N, et al. Evolution of the atrial fibrillation substrate in experimental congestive heart failure: angiotensin-dependent and -independent pathways.Cardiovasc Res 2003;60:315-325.
71. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Kober L, et al. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999;100:376-380.
72. Madrid AH, Bueno MG, Rebollo J, et al. Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: prospective and randomized study. Circulation 2002;106:331-336.
73. Ueng KC, Tsai TP, Yu WC, et al. Use of enalapril to facilitate sinus rhythm maintenance after external cardioversion of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Results of a prospective and controlled study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2090-2098.
74. Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation 2003; 107:2926-2931.
75. Anne W, Willems R, Van der Merwe N, et al. Atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter: preventive effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and diuretics. Heart 2004;90:1025-1030.
76. Lopez B, Querejeta R, Varo N, et al. Usefulness of serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I in assessment of the cardioreparative ability of antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive patients. Circulation 2001;104:286-291.
77. Madrid AH, Escobar C, Rebollo J, et al. Angiotensin receptor blocker as adjunctive therapy for rhythm control in atrial fibrillation: results of the irbesartan-amiodarone trial. Cardiac Electrophysiol Rev 2003;7:243-246.
78. Brasier AR, Recinos A III, Eledrisi MS. Vascular inflammation and the renin-angiotensin system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1257-1266.
79. Ishii Yosuke, Schuessler Richard B, Gaynor Sydney L, et al. Inflammation of Atrium After Cardiac Surgery Is Associated With Inhomogeneity of Atrial Conduction and Atrial Fibrillation.Circulation 2005;111:2881-2888.
80. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004;62:105-111.
81. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180? 184.
82. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:174-180.
83. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
84. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2005; 102:321-326.
85. Galaris D, Korantzopoulos P. On the molecular mechanism of metmyoglobin- catalyzed reduction of hydrogen peroxide by ascorbate. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:657-667.
1. Lewis T, Feil HS, Stroud WD. Observation upon flutter and fibrillation: the nature of auricular flutter. Heart 1920;7:191-245.
2. Moe GK. On the multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1962;40:183-188.
3. Allessie MA, Lammers WJEP, Bonke FIM, et al. Experimental evalution of Moe抯multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation. In: Zipes DP, Jallif J eds. Cardial electrophysiology and arrhythmias. New York, Grune &Stratton, 1985;265-275.
4. Clayton RH, Murray A, Campbell RWF. Evidence for electrical organization during ventricular fibrillation in the human heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1995;6:1616-624.
5. Winfree AT. Electrical instability in cardiac muscle: phase singularities and rotors. J Theor Biol 1989;138:353-405.
6. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Right and left atrial radiofrequencv catheler therapy of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electropilysiol 1996;7:1132-1144.
7. Jais P, Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, et al. A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 1997;95:572-576.
8. Nathan H, Eliakim M. The junction between the left atrium and the pulmonary vein: an anatomic study of human hearts. Circulation 1996;34:412-422.
9. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Doriand R, et al. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation: a study in awake chronically instrumented goat. Circulation 1995;92:1954-1968.
10. Attuel P, Childers R, Cauchemez R, et al. Failure in the rate adaptation of the atrial refractory period: Its relationship to vulnerability. Int J cardiol 1982;2:179-197.
11. Franz MR, Karanik PL, Li C, et al. Electrical remodeling of the human atrium: similar effect in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation ang atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1785-1792.
12. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Doriand R, et al. Electrical remodeling due to atrial fibrillation in chronically instrumented conscious goats: role of neurohumoral changes, ischemia, atrial stretch,and high rate of electrical activation. Ciroulation 1997;96:3710-3720.
13. Elvan A, Wylie K, Zipes DP. Pacing-induced chronic atrial fibrillation impairs sinus node function in dogs: Electrophysiological remodeling. Circulation 1996;94:2953-2960.
14. Gaspo R, Boach RF, Talajic M, et al. Functional mechanisms underlying tachycardia-induced sustained atrial fibrillation in a chronic dog model. Circulation 1996;96:4027-4035.
15. Daoud EG, Bogun F, Goyal R, et al. Effect of atrial fibrillation on atrial refractoriness in humans. Circulation I996;94:1600-1606.
16. Brundel BJ, van Gelder IC, Henning RH, et al. Ion channel remodeling is related to intraoperative atrial effective refractory periods in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;103:684-690.
17. Wang Z, Page PL, Nattel S. Mechanism of flecainide抯antiarrhythmic action in experiment atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1992;71:271-287.
18. Farch S, Vilemaire C, Nattel S. Importance of refractoriness heterogeneity in the enhanced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation induction caused by tachycardia-induced atrial electrical remodeling. Circulation 1998;98:2202-2209.
19. Eertett TH, Li H, Mangrum JM, et al. Electrical morphological and ultrastructural remodeling and reverse remodeling in a canine model of chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;102:1454-1460.
20. Brundel BJ, van Gelder IC, Henning RH, et al. Ion channel remodeling is related to intraoperative atrial effective refractory periods in patient with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;103:684-690.
21. Pandozi C, Santini M. Update on atrial remodeling owing to rate: does atrial fibrillation always 慴eget?atrial fibrillation? Eur Heart J 2001;22:541-553.
22. Yu WC, Lee SH, Tai CT, et al. Reversal of atrial electrical remodeling following cardioversion of long-standing atrial fibrillation in mall. Cardiovasc Res 1999;42:470-476.
23. Ausma J, Wijffels M, Thone F, et al. Structural changes of atrial myocardium due to sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat. Circulation 1997;96:3517-3163.
24. Disperayn GD, Ausma J, Thone F, et al. Cardiomyocyte remodeling during myocardial hibernation and atrial fibrillation: prelude to apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:947-957.
25. Elvan A, Huang XD, Pressler ML, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrial eliminates pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation and reduces connexin 43 in dogs.Circulation 1997;96:1675-1685.
26. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
27. Brundel BJM, Ausma J, van Goder IC, et al. Calpain activity is related to ionchannel, structural and electrical remodeling in human paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Thesis, University of Groning Groningen, 2000.
28. Thiedemann KU, Ferran VJ. Left atrial ultrastructure in mitral valvular disease. Am J Pathol 1977:89:575-604.
29. Jongsma HJ, Wilders R. Gap junctions in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2000;86:1193-1197.
30. van Velden HM, van Kempen MJ, Wijffels MC, et al. Altered pattern of connexin40 distribution in persistent atrial fibrillation in the goat. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:596-607.
31. van Velden HM, Ausma J, Rook MB, et al. Gap junctional remodeling in relation to stabilization of atrial fibrillation in the goat. Cardiovasc Res 2000;46:476-486.
32. Polontchouk L, Haefliger JA, Ebelt B, et al. Effects of chronic atrial fibrillation on gap junction distribution in human and rat atria. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:883-891.
33. Wetzel U, Boldt A, Lauschke J, et al. Expression of connexins 40 and 43 in human left atrium in atrial fibrillation of different aetiologies. Heart 2005;91:166-170.
34. Kostin S, Klein G, Szalay Z, et al. Structural correlate of atrial fibrillation in human patients.Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:361-379.
35. Nao T, Ohkusa T, Hisamatsu Y, et al. Comparison of expression of connexin in right atrial myocardium in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation versus those in sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:678-683.
36. Logan W, Rowlands D, Holmes A. Left atrial activity following cardioversion.Lancet 1965;471-473.
37. Schotten U, Allessie M. Electrical and contractile remodeling during atrial fibrillation go hand-in-hand. Pacing Clinical Electrophysiology 2001 ;524:572-576.
38. Manning WJ, Silverman DI, Katz SE, et al. Impaired left atrial mechanical unction after cardioversion: Relation to the duration of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:535-548.
39. Daoud EG, Marcovitz PK, Night BP, et al. ShOrt-term effect of atrial fibrillation on atrial contractile function in humans. Circulation 1999;99:35-42.
40. Kinebuchi O, Mitamura H, Shiroshita-Takeshita A, et al. Oral verapamil attenuates the progression of pacing-induced electrical and mechanical remodeling of the atrium. Circ J 2004;68:494-503
41. Daoud EG, Marcovitz P, Knight BP, et al. Short-term effect of atrial fibrillation on atrial contractile function in humans. Circulation 1999;99:3024-3027.
42. Leistad E, Aksnes G, Verburg E, et al. Atrial contractile dysfunction after short-term atrial fibrillation is reduced by verapamil but increased by BAY K8644. Circulation 1996;93:1747-1754.
43. Vijay Jayachandran J, Sih HT, Winkle W, et al. Atrial fibrillation produced by prolonged rapid atrial pacing is associated with heterogeneous changes in atrial sympathetic innervation. Circulation 2000;101:185-189.
44. Chang CM, Wu TI, Zhou SM, et al. Nerve sprouting and sympathetic hyperinnervation in a canine model of atrial fibrillation produced by prolonged right atrial pacing. Circulation 2001;103:22-29.
45. Hamabe A, Chang CM, Zhou S, et al. Induction of atrial fibrillation and nerve sprouting by prolonged left atrial pacing in dogs. PACE 2003;26:247-251.
46. Roy D, Paillard F, Cassidy D, et al. Aerial natriuretic factor during atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;9:509-514.
47. van Den Berg MP, Crijns HJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation: Role of duration of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1998:135:242-244.
48. Edwards BS, Zimmerman RS, Schwab TR, et al. Atrial stretch, not pressure, is the principal determinant controlling the acute release of atrial natriuretic factor. Circ Res 1988;62:191-195.
49. Walsh KP, Williams TD, Spiteri C, et al. Role of atrial pressure and rate in release of atrial natriuretic peptide. Am J Physiol 1988;254:R607-610.
50. Christensen G, Leistad E. Atrial systolic pressure, as well as stretch, is a principal stimulus for release of ANF. Am J Physiol 1997;272:H820-826.
51. Schiebinger RJ, Linden J. Effect of atrial contraction frequency on atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. Am J Physiol 1986;251:H1095-1099.
52. Bilder GE, Siegl PK, Schofield TL, et al. Chronotropic stimulation: A primary effector for release of atrial natriuretic factor. Circ Res 1989;64:799-805.
53. Schiebinger RJ, Li Y, Cragoe EJ. Calcium dependency of frequency-stimulated atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. Hypertension 1994;23:710-716.
54. Shi Y, Li D,Tardif JC, et al. Enalapril efects on atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation in experimental congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2002;5:456-461.
55. Goetie A, Staack T, Rocken C, et al. Increase expression of extracellular signaling-regulated kinase and angiontension-converting enzyme in human atria during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1669-1677.
56. Nakashima H, Kumagai K, Urata H, et al. Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2000;101:2612-2617.
57. Shinagawa K, Mitamura H, Ogawa S, et al. Effects of inhibiting Na(+)/H(+)- exchange or angiotensin converting enzyme on atrial tachycardia杋nduced remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:438-446.
58. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Urata H, et al. Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist on electrical and structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2197-2204.
59. Bruins P, te Velthuis H, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation 1997; 96:3542-3548.
60. Maisel WH, Rawn JD, Stevenson WG. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:1061-1073.
61. Soucier R, Silverman D, Abordo M, et al. Propafenone versus ibutilide for post operative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: neither strategy improves outcomes compared to rate control alone (the PIPAF study). Med Sci Monit 2003;9:119-123.
62. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997;96:1180-1184.
63. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. C-reactive protein and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol 2001;56:375-380.
64. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein evaluation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001 ;104:2886-2891.
65. Acevedo M, Corbalan RL, Perez L, et al. C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation: evidence for the presence of inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of the arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:99A, 1089-14.
66. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, et al. C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 99A, 1089-16.
67. Wazni O, Marrouche NF, Martin D, et al: Highly sensitive C-reactive protein level predicts recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion in patients on antiarrhythmic drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:85A, 1015-18.
68. Maycock CAA, Lappe DL, Crandall BG, et al. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disease reflected by elevated C-rective protein? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 99A, 1089-17.
69. Ishii Yosuke, Schuessler Richard B, Gaynor Sydney L, et al. Inflammation of Atrium After Cardiac Surgery Is Associated With Inhomogeneity of Atrial Conduction and Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 2005;111:2881-2888.
70. Kumagai K, Nakashima H, Saku K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model. Cardiovasc Res 2004;62:105-111.
71. Milm MJ, Yu F, Cames CA, et al. impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104(2):174-180.
72. Cames CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
73. Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA, et al: Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:174-180.
74. Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al: Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 2001;89:e32-38.
75. Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2005;102:321-326.
76. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.