基于农户视角的集体林权制度改革主观评价与森林经营行为研究
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摘要
新一轮集体林权制度改革是当前我国林业经济与政策领域中得到关注最多的热点问题之一,改革着眼于激发农户森林经营积极性、提高农户营林收入、提升集体林资源配置效率。基于农户视角,对于集体林权制度改革进行主观评价,进而探析农户森林经营行为及其影响因素,有助于为深化集体林权制度改革、优化森林经营政策提供对策建议,因此本研究具有重要的现实意义。
本研究首先对农户、森林经营行为、集体林权制度改革等关键概念进行了界定,基于产权理论、资源经济理论、农户行为理论对集体林权制度改革与农户森林经营行为进行了解释,并提出了理论分析框架和研究假设；其次,通过以福建省邵武市、尤溪县作为研究区域,基于实地调研获取的一手资料与数据,总结了集体林权制度改革由权属制度改革、经营制度改革、流转制度改革、税费制度改革、补偿制度改革等多项具体改革活动组成,现存的多种森林经营模式,以及集体林权制度改革对农户森林经营行为可能产生的影响；第三,确定了农户对五项集体林权制度改革举措成效的主观评价,以及评价结果的影响因素；第四,确定了农户参与造林、砍杂、施肥和管护等四项森林经营活动的情况,以及影响参与性的相关因素；第五,确定了农户林业合作组织的参与情况,对合作组织作用的评价,在获取贷款、技术、生产要素、出售林产品、防治病虫害、防火、获取采伐指标等七个方面寻求合作的意愿,以及对应的影响因素；第六,基于上述五大方面的研究发现,探析了农户对森林经营政策的需求,以及相应的政策构建与优化对策建议。
本研究为农户层面的微观经济实证分析,主要采用了“现状—成因—对策”的问题分析范式。基于实地调研获取的样本农户数据,综合运用了描述统计分析方法、非线性回归模型(二分类Logit回归模型、二分类Probit模型)、后推回归方法等定量分析方法。其中,在确定农户对集体林权制度改革绩效的评价、农户森林经营行为、农户联合经营行为等方面,根据被解释变量为二值变量,采用了二分类Logit回归模型和二分类Probit回归模型。针对集体林林权制度改革和农户森林经营行为现状,采用了描述统计方法,使调研情况得以客观展现。
本研究主要结论如下：第一,研究区域的集体林权制度改革对于激活农户森林经营意愿、创新森林经营方式、推动森林联合经营、提高农户林业收益具有积极影响；第二,集体林权制度改革由权属制度改革、税费制度改革、流转制度改革、经营制度改革和补偿制度改革等多项工作组成,农户家庭人口、资源、经济、林业生产特征等方面的差异导致对制度改革绩效评价不尽相同；第三,选择从造林、砍杂、施肥和管护等四项活动能更为全面反映农户森林经营行为,农户家庭人口、资源、经济、林业生产特征、林业制度认知等因素对于森林行为差异具有显著影响；第四,农户对于是否参与合作组织,合作组织的作用,以及获取贷款、技术、生产要素、出售林产品、防治病虫害、防火、获取义采伐指标等方面开展合作的行为与意愿存在较大差别,影响因素来自农户家庭人口、资源、经济、林业生产特征、林业制度认知等方面。
本研究提出的政策建议为：应通过深化集体林权制度改革来完善和优化森林经营政策,为农户开展森林经营活动提供有利的制度保障,以提高农户从事森林经营的收益与积极性,进而提升集体林资源的配置效率。针对农户参与森林经营活动面临的制度约束,应进一步推动有利于提高营林收益与降低营林成本的制度措施。在森林经营政策的优化方面,应推动森林经营相关法律法规的完善,优化森林经营管理制度,以及加强财政投入和扶持力度。
This new phase of the Collective Forest Tenure Reform (the CFTR) is one of key issues adsorbing much attention in the field of forestry economy and policy in China. The CFTR is aimed to inspire farmers'motivation of forest management, enhance farmers'income from forest management, and promote allocation efficiency of colletive forest resource. This research is conducted to make subjective evaluation of forest tenure reform, to provide countermeasures to deepen collective forest tenure reform, and to impove forest management policy from aspects of fanner, which is meaningful practically.
The research is initiated with defining key concepts, such as fanner, behaviors of forest management, and collective forest tenure reform, and constructing theoretically analytical framework and setting up research assumptions based on property right theory, resource economics theory, and fanners'behaviors theory for explanation of the CFTR and fanners' behaviors of forest management. Secondly, the research concludes that the CFTR is consisted of the Property Right Reform, the Management System Seform, the Transfer System reform, the Taxation and Fee System Reform, and the Compensation System Reform, current forest management modes, and possible impacts cuased by the CFTR to farmers'behavior of forest management by analysis on first-hand data and materials collected in Shaowu city and Youxi county in Fujian province. Thirdly, it is empirically detennined that farmers'subjective evalution results on five concrete reform activities, and figured out factors having significant impact on the results. Fourthly, it is determined that farmers'willingness to participate specific forest management activities, such as Plantation, Thinning, Fertilizing, and Proection, and different impacts cuased by different factors. Fifthly, it is explored that fanners' evaluation on function of the cooperative, willingness to participate the cooperative, and intention to cooperate at stages of Gaining Loan, Technical Assistance, Purchaing Production factor, Selling Product, Preventing Disease, Fire-proofing, and Getting Logging Quota, and corresponding affecting factors. Finally, suggestions are put forward for perfecting current forest management policy based on the upper research findings and farmers' demand on policy assistant.
The research is featured by a micro-empirical research at farmer level. An analytical framework of "current situation-cuase-countermeasure" is used to contruct whole paper. It is used quantatively analytical methods such as Descriptive Statistic, non-linear regresstion (Binary Logstic Regression Model, and Binary Probit Regression Model), and Backward Regession Model based on data of sampled farmers from field investigation. More specifically, the Binary Logstic Regression Models are used to analyze factor affecting whether fanners have positive evaluation on the CFTR and the cooperative, farmers are willing to partipcate in forest management, and farmers have willingness to participate in cooperate. The Backward Regession Models are used to analyse fanners' willingness to seek for coopearation at stages of Gaining Loan, Technical Assistance, Purchaing Production factor, Selling Product, Preventing Disease, Fire-proofing, and Getting Logging Quota. The Descriptive Statistic is used to indicate diversity of forest managemet at farmer level. The Data for the study were collected by field survey and collection of second-hand material. The
The main conclusions of the study include:1) the CFTR plays positive influence to inspire farmers' motivation of forest management, innovate forest management mode, facilitate cooperation and enhance farmers' income from forestry;2) the CFTR is consisted of the Property Right Reform, the Management System Seform, the Transfer System reform, the Taxation and Fee System Reform, and the Compensation System Reform, and the differences of farmers' feature at aspects of demography, resource, economy, forest production characteristic play different influences on the subjective evaluation results;3) forest management at fanners level could be indicate better from aspects of Plantation, Thinning, Fertilizing, and Proection, which also affected differently by fanners' features, such as demography, resource, economy, forest production characteristic and understanding on foresty institution;4) fanners are differed obviously in terms to participation possibility and evaluation results of the cooperatives, and cooperation willingness at stages of Gaining Loan, Technical Assistance, Purchaing Production factor. Selling Product, Preventing Disease, Fire-proofing, and Getting Logging Quota.
Some suggestions are put forward in the end. Firstly, the CFTR should be promoted in further to perfect forest management policy, and then to offer proper institutional support to farmers' forest management behaviors, help fanner gain higher income from forest management, and promote allocation efficiency of forest resources. Secondly, the administration should keep on elimilating institutions which limit farmers'capability to get higher income and reduce production cost. Finally, laws and regulation about forest management should be improved in further, and financial input and funding assistance should be enlarged to offer fanner more favor.
本研究首先对农户、森林经营行为、集体林权制度改革等关键概念进行了界定,基于产权理论、资源经济理论、农户行为理论对集体林权制度改革与农户森林经营行为进行了解释,并提出了理论分析框架和研究假设；其次,通过以福建省邵武市、尤溪县作为研究区域,基于实地调研获取的一手资料与数据,总结了集体林权制度改革由权属制度改革、经营制度改革、流转制度改革、税费制度改革、补偿制度改革等多项具体改革活动组成,现存的多种森林经营模式,以及集体林权制度改革对农户森林经营行为可能产生的影响；第三,确定了农户对五项集体林权制度改革举措成效的主观评价,以及评价结果的影响因素；第四,确定了农户参与造林、砍杂、施肥和管护等四项森林经营活动的情况,以及影响参与性的相关因素；第五,确定了农户林业合作组织的参与情况,对合作组织作用的评价,在获取贷款、技术、生产要素、出售林产品、防治病虫害、防火、获取采伐指标等七个方面寻求合作的意愿,以及对应的影响因素；第六,基于上述五大方面的研究发现,探析了农户对森林经营政策的需求,以及相应的政策构建与优化对策建议。
本研究为农户层面的微观经济实证分析,主要采用了“现状—成因—对策”的问题分析范式。基于实地调研获取的样本农户数据,综合运用了描述统计分析方法、非线性回归模型(二分类Logit回归模型、二分类Probit模型)、后推回归方法等定量分析方法。其中,在确定农户对集体林权制度改革绩效的评价、农户森林经营行为、农户联合经营行为等方面,根据被解释变量为二值变量,采用了二分类Logit回归模型和二分类Probit回归模型。针对集体林林权制度改革和农户森林经营行为现状,采用了描述统计方法,使调研情况得以客观展现。
本研究主要结论如下：第一,研究区域的集体林权制度改革对于激活农户森林经营意愿、创新森林经营方式、推动森林联合经营、提高农户林业收益具有积极影响；第二,集体林权制度改革由权属制度改革、税费制度改革、流转制度改革、经营制度改革和补偿制度改革等多项工作组成,农户家庭人口、资源、经济、林业生产特征等方面的差异导致对制度改革绩效评价不尽相同；第三,选择从造林、砍杂、施肥和管护等四项活动能更为全面反映农户森林经营行为,农户家庭人口、资源、经济、林业生产特征、林业制度认知等因素对于森林行为差异具有显著影响；第四,农户对于是否参与合作组织,合作组织的作用,以及获取贷款、技术、生产要素、出售林产品、防治病虫害、防火、获取义采伐指标等方面开展合作的行为与意愿存在较大差别,影响因素来自农户家庭人口、资源、经济、林业生产特征、林业制度认知等方面。
本研究提出的政策建议为：应通过深化集体林权制度改革来完善和优化森林经营政策,为农户开展森林经营活动提供有利的制度保障,以提高农户从事森林经营的收益与积极性,进而提升集体林资源的配置效率。针对农户参与森林经营活动面临的制度约束,应进一步推动有利于提高营林收益与降低营林成本的制度措施。在森林经营政策的优化方面,应推动森林经营相关法律法规的完善,优化森林经营管理制度,以及加强财政投入和扶持力度。
This new phase of the Collective Forest Tenure Reform (the CFTR) is one of key issues adsorbing much attention in the field of forestry economy and policy in China. The CFTR is aimed to inspire farmers'motivation of forest management, enhance farmers'income from forest management, and promote allocation efficiency of colletive forest resource. This research is conducted to make subjective evaluation of forest tenure reform, to provide countermeasures to deepen collective forest tenure reform, and to impove forest management policy from aspects of fanner, which is meaningful practically.
The research is initiated with defining key concepts, such as fanner, behaviors of forest management, and collective forest tenure reform, and constructing theoretically analytical framework and setting up research assumptions based on property right theory, resource economics theory, and fanners'behaviors theory for explanation of the CFTR and fanners' behaviors of forest management. Secondly, the research concludes that the CFTR is consisted of the Property Right Reform, the Management System Seform, the Transfer System reform, the Taxation and Fee System Reform, and the Compensation System Reform, current forest management modes, and possible impacts cuased by the CFTR to farmers'behavior of forest management by analysis on first-hand data and materials collected in Shaowu city and Youxi county in Fujian province. Thirdly, it is empirically detennined that farmers'subjective evalution results on five concrete reform activities, and figured out factors having significant impact on the results. Fourthly, it is determined that farmers'willingness to participate specific forest management activities, such as Plantation, Thinning, Fertilizing, and Proection, and different impacts cuased by different factors. Fifthly, it is explored that fanners' evaluation on function of the cooperative, willingness to participate the cooperative, and intention to cooperate at stages of Gaining Loan, Technical Assistance, Purchaing Production factor, Selling Product, Preventing Disease, Fire-proofing, and Getting Logging Quota, and corresponding affecting factors. Finally, suggestions are put forward for perfecting current forest management policy based on the upper research findings and farmers' demand on policy assistant.
The research is featured by a micro-empirical research at farmer level. An analytical framework of "current situation-cuase-countermeasure" is used to contruct whole paper. It is used quantatively analytical methods such as Descriptive Statistic, non-linear regresstion (Binary Logstic Regression Model, and Binary Probit Regression Model), and Backward Regession Model based on data of sampled farmers from field investigation. More specifically, the Binary Logstic Regression Models are used to analyze factor affecting whether fanners have positive evaluation on the CFTR and the cooperative, farmers are willing to partipcate in forest management, and farmers have willingness to participate in cooperate. The Backward Regession Models are used to analyse fanners' willingness to seek for coopearation at stages of Gaining Loan, Technical Assistance, Purchaing Production factor, Selling Product, Preventing Disease, Fire-proofing, and Getting Logging Quota. The Descriptive Statistic is used to indicate diversity of forest managemet at farmer level. The Data for the study were collected by field survey and collection of second-hand material. The
The main conclusions of the study include:1) the CFTR plays positive influence to inspire farmers' motivation of forest management, innovate forest management mode, facilitate cooperation and enhance farmers' income from forestry;2) the CFTR is consisted of the Property Right Reform, the Management System Seform, the Transfer System reform, the Taxation and Fee System Reform, and the Compensation System Reform, and the differences of farmers' feature at aspects of demography, resource, economy, forest production characteristic play different influences on the subjective evaluation results;3) forest management at fanners level could be indicate better from aspects of Plantation, Thinning, Fertilizing, and Proection, which also affected differently by fanners' features, such as demography, resource, economy, forest production characteristic and understanding on foresty institution;4) fanners are differed obviously in terms to participation possibility and evaluation results of the cooperatives, and cooperation willingness at stages of Gaining Loan, Technical Assistance, Purchaing Production factor. Selling Product, Preventing Disease, Fire-proofing, and Getting Logging Quota.
Some suggestions are put forward in the end. Firstly, the CFTR should be promoted in further to perfect forest management policy, and then to offer proper institutional support to farmers' forest management behaviors, help fanner gain higher income from forest management, and promote allocation efficiency of forest resources. Secondly, the administration should keep on elimilating institutions which limit farmers'capability to get higher income and reduce production cost. Finally, laws and regulation about forest management should be improved in further, and financial input and funding assistance should be enlarged to offer fanner more favor.
引文
1资料来源：国际专家计点中国集体林权制度改革,http://www.forestry.gov.cn/portal/main/s/72/content-461973.html, 2012-07-31
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