都江堰枢纽区水流泥沙运动规律研究
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摘要
结合都江堰枢纽工程的历史、现状和发展需求深入分析都江堰河段引水分流、河道冲淤和泥沙输移等规律,对都江堰工程的维护和灌区的可持续发展具有重要的价值,对开展山区河流演变的科学研究亦有借鉴意义。
本文以测量系统开发、数据库构建及实测资料分析为基础,对都江堰河段的水沙运动规律进行了深入研究,取得了如下主要成果:
1、设计了新的大断面原型观测系统,将GPS RTK定位系统、超声测深仪、摄像设备以及数据采集储存系统集成于统一的测量平台,同时得出测量点的三维坐标、河床高程和表面流速场的分布,进而可计算断面流量。该系统具有测量精度高、速度快、操作简单等优势,已应用于都江堰河段的实际测量。
2、建立了都江堰水沙信息分析系统,采用关系数据库技术结合水利行业标准设计数据库;开发出各应用功能模块,实现了对大量基础数据的科学存储和对水文泥沙信息的综合分析利用。
3、根据枢纽区工程布局的时段变化和67年的实测流量资料,系统分析了都江堰鱼嘴和宝瓶口的分流规律。鱼嘴分流比主要受工程布局和维护的控制,1949年前内江春灌期分流不足50%,在外江闸的调控下,同期分流比达75%。飞沙堰闸则保证了凤栖窝不淘淤情况下宝瓶口的引水。
4、根据二十多年的大断面实测资料,系统分析了内江河段的冲淤规律和横断面的冲淤变化。提出了水流综合作用力的概念,其与河段年冲淤量具有较好的负相关关系。
5、从河流动力学的角度系统研究了凤栖窝河段淘淤的规律性;分析了流量和卵石运动对凤栖窝河段冲淤的影响,提出了内江河段冲/淤的临界流量约为400m3/s;论证了外江闸和飞沙堰闸的运行是凤栖窝长期不淘淤的前提条件。
6、对Einstein推移质输沙率公式的推导过程中的三个假定进行了修正,采用长江寸滩站和都江堰内江站多年的实测资料进行了验证,结果表面修正后的Einstein公式可用于山区河流卵石推移质输沙率的计算。
With consideration of its historical role, current state and future development of the Dujiangyan Project, this dissertation investigates the characteristics of the discharge diversion, sediment transportation and fluvial processes. The study is of great significance for better maintenance of the Dujiangyan Project and for sustainable development of the Irrigation District. The results also cast new light on the behavior of mountainous rivers.
The study is based on measuring system development, database construction and field data analysis. The main results are summarized as follows:
1. A new system is developed for measuring flow depth and velocity along cross-section. The GPS RTK positioning system, ultrasonic depth-sounding equipment, camera equipment, data acquisition and processing system are integrated in the measurement system. The system can obtain 3D coordinates of the measuring point, elevation of river bed and surface flow field, based on which the discharge of the section can be calculated. The new system can be easily operated, and it has been applied in the measurement of the Dujiangyan Reach with high measuring accuracy and efficiency.
2. The hydrologic and sediment information analysis system for the Dujiangyan Project is developed based on relational database technology with full consideration of hydraulic standards and regulations. The system provides scientific storage and integrated analysis of hydrologic and sediment data.
3. The important change of the Dujiangyan Project and the measured discharge data of 67 years are analyzed, and the rule of water-diversion of Fish-mouth and Precious-bottle-neck is investigated. It is revealed that the water-diversion of Fish-mouth is mainly controlled by the project layout and regulation. The water diversted into the Neijiang River is less than 50 percent in spring-time before 1949, but the ratio is increased to 75 percent with the regulation of the Waijiang Gate. The Sand-flying-weir Gate ensures the water income of Precious-bottle-neck without any digging in the Fengqiwo Reach.
4. Based on the measured river cross-section data of more than 20 years, the rule of scour and silt of the Neijiang Reach at Dujiangyan and the variation of the cross-section are systematic analyzed. The concept of total effect force of flow is proposed. Data analysis shows that the annual amount of scour and silt of the reach is negatively correlated with the total effect force.
5. The rule of the digging load in the Fengqiwo Reach at Dujiangyan is systematicly studied from the view of river mechanics. The effect of discharge and sediment transport on the deposition of the Fengqiwo Reach is analyzed. The critical discharge of scour and silt in the Neijiang River is about 400m3/s. The basic condition of no-digging for a long term in the Fengqiwo Reach is the use of the Waijiang Gate and the Sand-flying-weir Gate.
6. Three assumptions in the original derivation of the Einstein bed load formula are modified and a new formula is proposed. The modified version is tested with years of data of Cuntan Station of the Yangtze River and Neijiang Sation of the Dujiangyan Reach. The result shows the modified Einstein formula can be used to estimate bed load transport in mountainous rivers.
本文以测量系统开发、数据库构建及实测资料分析为基础,对都江堰河段的水沙运动规律进行了深入研究,取得了如下主要成果:
1、设计了新的大断面原型观测系统,将GPS RTK定位系统、超声测深仪、摄像设备以及数据采集储存系统集成于统一的测量平台,同时得出测量点的三维坐标、河床高程和表面流速场的分布,进而可计算断面流量。该系统具有测量精度高、速度快、操作简单等优势,已应用于都江堰河段的实际测量。
2、建立了都江堰水沙信息分析系统,采用关系数据库技术结合水利行业标准设计数据库;开发出各应用功能模块,实现了对大量基础数据的科学存储和对水文泥沙信息的综合分析利用。
3、根据枢纽区工程布局的时段变化和67年的实测流量资料,系统分析了都江堰鱼嘴和宝瓶口的分流规律。鱼嘴分流比主要受工程布局和维护的控制,1949年前内江春灌期分流不足50%,在外江闸的调控下,同期分流比达75%。飞沙堰闸则保证了凤栖窝不淘淤情况下宝瓶口的引水。
4、根据二十多年的大断面实测资料,系统分析了内江河段的冲淤规律和横断面的冲淤变化。提出了水流综合作用力的概念,其与河段年冲淤量具有较好的负相关关系。
5、从河流动力学的角度系统研究了凤栖窝河段淘淤的规律性;分析了流量和卵石运动对凤栖窝河段冲淤的影响,提出了内江河段冲/淤的临界流量约为400m3/s;论证了外江闸和飞沙堰闸的运行是凤栖窝长期不淘淤的前提条件。
6、对Einstein推移质输沙率公式的推导过程中的三个假定进行了修正,采用长江寸滩站和都江堰内江站多年的实测资料进行了验证,结果表面修正后的Einstein公式可用于山区河流卵石推移质输沙率的计算。
With consideration of its historical role, current state and future development of the Dujiangyan Project, this dissertation investigates the characteristics of the discharge diversion, sediment transportation and fluvial processes. The study is of great significance for better maintenance of the Dujiangyan Project and for sustainable development of the Irrigation District. The results also cast new light on the behavior of mountainous rivers.
The study is based on measuring system development, database construction and field data analysis. The main results are summarized as follows:
1. A new system is developed for measuring flow depth and velocity along cross-section. The GPS RTK positioning system, ultrasonic depth-sounding equipment, camera equipment, data acquisition and processing system are integrated in the measurement system. The system can obtain 3D coordinates of the measuring point, elevation of river bed and surface flow field, based on which the discharge of the section can be calculated. The new system can be easily operated, and it has been applied in the measurement of the Dujiangyan Reach with high measuring accuracy and efficiency.
2. The hydrologic and sediment information analysis system for the Dujiangyan Project is developed based on relational database technology with full consideration of hydraulic standards and regulations. The system provides scientific storage and integrated analysis of hydrologic and sediment data.
3. The important change of the Dujiangyan Project and the measured discharge data of 67 years are analyzed, and the rule of water-diversion of Fish-mouth and Precious-bottle-neck is investigated. It is revealed that the water-diversion of Fish-mouth is mainly controlled by the project layout and regulation. The water diversted into the Neijiang River is less than 50 percent in spring-time before 1949, but the ratio is increased to 75 percent with the regulation of the Waijiang Gate. The Sand-flying-weir Gate ensures the water income of Precious-bottle-neck without any digging in the Fengqiwo Reach.
4. Based on the measured river cross-section data of more than 20 years, the rule of scour and silt of the Neijiang Reach at Dujiangyan and the variation of the cross-section are systematic analyzed. The concept of total effect force of flow is proposed. Data analysis shows that the annual amount of scour and silt of the reach is negatively correlated with the total effect force.
5. The rule of the digging load in the Fengqiwo Reach at Dujiangyan is systematicly studied from the view of river mechanics. The effect of discharge and sediment transport on the deposition of the Fengqiwo Reach is analyzed. The critical discharge of scour and silt in the Neijiang River is about 400m3/s. The basic condition of no-digging for a long term in the Fengqiwo Reach is the use of the Waijiang Gate and the Sand-flying-weir Gate.
6. Three assumptions in the original derivation of the Einstein bed load formula are modified and a new formula is proposed. The modified version is tested with years of data of Cuntan Station of the Yangtze River and Neijiang Sation of the Dujiangyan Reach. The result shows the modified Einstein formula can be used to estimate bed load transport in mountainous rivers.
引文
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[2]曹叔尤,刘兴年,方铎.长江三峡卵石推移质颗粒沿程分布.水力发电学报, 1998(2):50-57.
[3]曹叔尤,刘兴年,方铎,等.山区河流卵石推移质的输移特性.泥沙研究, 2000(4):1-5.
[4]陈家扬.岷江都江堰河段河道演变和都江堰工程布局的发展.泥沙研究, 1982(4):86-94.
[5]陈家扬.都江堰卵石推移质模型试验的几点经验.泥沙研究, 1983(3):53-60.
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