渭河流域非点源氮污染分布式模拟研究
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摘要
非点源污染指溶解性或固体污染物在大面积降水和径流冲刷作用下汇入受纳水体而引起的水体污染。本论文的主要工作是选取渭河华县断面以上流域进行了非点源污染模拟计算,分析了渭河流域非点源氮污染产出特点。
研究中采用美国农业部农业研究局(ARS)开发的SWAT模型进行非点源污染模拟计算,SWAT模型是一个连续时间的分布式模型,可以预测流域内复杂变化的下垫面条件、土地利用方式及不同管理措施对流域产汇流、产输沙及非点源污染物质的产输出的长期影响。模型模拟需要收集和整理图形、气象、土壤属性及管理措施等大量数据。
首先利用GIS软件将各种图形文件转换到同一投影坐标系,将气象和其它数据转换成SWAT模型相匹配的格式。再通过SWAT自动地形分析软件包(TOPAZ)由流域DEM生成河网、划分子流域,并计算子流域和河道的地形参数,通过叠加土地利用图和土壤类型图得到SWAT最小计算单元水文响应单元(HRU),对土壤类型和土地利用进行了分类,为流域各土壤类型建立了土壤物理性质数据库。然后利用实测数据对模型进行了参数率定,并对关键性参数进行了敏感性分析。考虑到研究区域面积达到11万km~2,率定后的模型具有一定的精确度,可用于该研究区域非点源氮污染负荷的模拟计算。
利用了1987～1990年华县水文站实测的径流、泥沙数据和污染物数据对模型进行调参,用相对误差和Nash-Sutcliffe模拟系数判断模型参数率定和验证结果的合理性,结果证明SWAT模型对渭河流域非点源氮污染模拟具有很好的适用性。
利用率定好的模型对不同典型年进行了模拟计算,结果分析表明,不同典型年流量、泥沙量和非点源氮污染负荷量差别显著。随降雨径流特别是暴雨径流过程产生的非点源氮污染负荷在丰水年较大,而枯水年相对较小;年内计算也表明非点源氮污染负荷主要集中在汛期。通过空间产出分析指出了非点源氮污染产生的关键性区域和关键性河段。
最后,根据模型计算结果,结合国内外经验提出渭河流域非点源氮污染防治措施。
Non-point source pollution is defined to be the runoff transport of dissolved or solid constituents from diffuse sources on the land to streams. In order to analyse the nitrogen non-point source pollution characteristics of hilly area of Weihe River Basin, WeiHe Watershed above Hua-xian Section is selected as a representative hilly watershed for the study.
SWAT model developed by USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is used to estimate the non-point source pollution. It is a continuous and distributed model. And it can predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large complex watersheds with varying soils, land use and management conditions. Maps, weather, properties of soils and land management data were collected for model applying.
At first, the map data must be projected to the same coordinate system by GIS software. Weather and other data also need be transformed to meet the need of the model. Then, DEM data of the watershed were used to define the stream network and discretize the subbasins by the SWAT pretreatment tool TOPAZ (Topographic Parameterization). Topographic parameters of the stream network and subbasins were also derived from the DEM. The hydrologic response units (HRUs) the smallest computing unit of SWAT model- were defined by overlaying the land use map and soil map. The soil and land use data are classified for the model and the soil physical properties database file is created. SWAT model is calibrated with observed data for the study area and the important parameters' sensitivity is analyzed.
Monthly flow ,sediment and nutrient matters data series of 1987～1990 were used to parameter calibration. According to the coefficient for judging the adaptability of the model, such as Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and Relative Error, the precision of the SWAT model is fairly good.
The calibrated model is used to calculate the loadings of nitrogen non-point source pollutants for a wet year, a normal year and a dry year respectively. The difference of different typical hydrologic years' result is dramatic. The loading of nitrogen non-point source pollution in the wet year is relatively larger and in the dry year smaller since the nitrogen non-point source pollutants are mainly transported in the runoff and the most loading in a year is produced in the flood season. Because SWAT is a distributed model, it is possible to view model output as it varies across the basin and the critical areas and reaches are found in the study area. Each land cover represented in the model yields different results.
At the end, the measurements for preventing nitrogen non-point pollution are presented according to the model results and the experiences of other areas.
研究中采用美国农业部农业研究局(ARS)开发的SWAT模型进行非点源污染模拟计算,SWAT模型是一个连续时间的分布式模型,可以预测流域内复杂变化的下垫面条件、土地利用方式及不同管理措施对流域产汇流、产输沙及非点源污染物质的产输出的长期影响。模型模拟需要收集和整理图形、气象、土壤属性及管理措施等大量数据。
首先利用GIS软件将各种图形文件转换到同一投影坐标系,将气象和其它数据转换成SWAT模型相匹配的格式。再通过SWAT自动地形分析软件包(TOPAZ)由流域DEM生成河网、划分子流域,并计算子流域和河道的地形参数,通过叠加土地利用图和土壤类型图得到SWAT最小计算单元水文响应单元(HRU),对土壤类型和土地利用进行了分类,为流域各土壤类型建立了土壤物理性质数据库。然后利用实测数据对模型进行了参数率定,并对关键性参数进行了敏感性分析。考虑到研究区域面积达到11万km~2,率定后的模型具有一定的精确度,可用于该研究区域非点源氮污染负荷的模拟计算。
利用了1987～1990年华县水文站实测的径流、泥沙数据和污染物数据对模型进行调参,用相对误差和Nash-Sutcliffe模拟系数判断模型参数率定和验证结果的合理性,结果证明SWAT模型对渭河流域非点源氮污染模拟具有很好的适用性。
利用率定好的模型对不同典型年进行了模拟计算,结果分析表明,不同典型年流量、泥沙量和非点源氮污染负荷量差别显著。随降雨径流特别是暴雨径流过程产生的非点源氮污染负荷在丰水年较大,而枯水年相对较小;年内计算也表明非点源氮污染负荷主要集中在汛期。通过空间产出分析指出了非点源氮污染产生的关键性区域和关键性河段。
最后,根据模型计算结果,结合国内外经验提出渭河流域非点源氮污染防治措施。
Non-point source pollution is defined to be the runoff transport of dissolved or solid constituents from diffuse sources on the land to streams. In order to analyse the nitrogen non-point source pollution characteristics of hilly area of Weihe River Basin, WeiHe Watershed above Hua-xian Section is selected as a representative hilly watershed for the study.
SWAT model developed by USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is used to estimate the non-point source pollution. It is a continuous and distributed model. And it can predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large complex watersheds with varying soils, land use and management conditions. Maps, weather, properties of soils and land management data were collected for model applying.
At first, the map data must be projected to the same coordinate system by GIS software. Weather and other data also need be transformed to meet the need of the model. Then, DEM data of the watershed were used to define the stream network and discretize the subbasins by the SWAT pretreatment tool TOPAZ (Topographic Parameterization). Topographic parameters of the stream network and subbasins were also derived from the DEM. The hydrologic response units (HRUs) the smallest computing unit of SWAT model- were defined by overlaying the land use map and soil map. The soil and land use data are classified for the model and the soil physical properties database file is created. SWAT model is calibrated with observed data for the study area and the important parameters' sensitivity is analyzed.
Monthly flow ,sediment and nutrient matters data series of 1987～1990 were used to parameter calibration. According to the coefficient for judging the adaptability of the model, such as Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and Relative Error, the precision of the SWAT model is fairly good.
The calibrated model is used to calculate the loadings of nitrogen non-point source pollutants for a wet year, a normal year and a dry year respectively. The difference of different typical hydrologic years' result is dramatic. The loading of nitrogen non-point source pollution in the wet year is relatively larger and in the dry year smaller since the nitrogen non-point source pollutants are mainly transported in the runoff and the most loading in a year is produced in the flood season. Because SWAT is a distributed model, it is possible to view model output as it varies across the basin and the critical areas and reaches are found in the study area. Each land cover represented in the model yields different results.
At the end, the measurements for preventing nitrogen non-point pollution are presented according to the model results and the experiences of other areas.
引文
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