超声相控阵技术若干关键问题的研究
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摘要
超声相控阵检测技术能够通过控制各阵元激发声波的延时时间，实现声束的偏转和聚焦。因此不需移动探头就能覆盖一定的检测范围，在复杂结构的缺陷检测方面具有明显的优势。本文重点研究超声相控阵的声场特性以及缺陷成像、缺陷定性及定量分析等问题。
基于瑞利积分，推导了远场条件下的超声相控阵偏转声场的解析表达式和指向性公式。明确了阵元宽度、阵元数目、阵元中心间距、波长和偏转角度等在减小主瓣宽度、消除栅瓣、抑制旁瓣幅值方面所起到的作用。通过远场检测实验，分析了栅瓣导致伪缺陷产生的现象，提出了消除栅瓣影响的技术方案。
建立了超声相控阵近场离散点源声场计算模型。进行了声场仿真及基于CIVA平台的缺陷响应实验，证明随着偏转角度的增大近场区的影响将减小，而近场干涉效应越明显的区域聚焦效果也越明显。近场缺陷检测实验表明减小阵列孔径或采用多点聚焦方式可缓解近场区的影响。
通过研究平面波在界面条件下的折射行为，以及对界面条件下聚焦法则的计算，以单阵元辐射声场为基础导出了一维线阵在液固界面条件下的声场及位移场表达式，明确了楔块、偏转角度、波型、近场对声束偏转和聚焦的影响。结合实验研究了由于波型转换而产生伪缺陷的现象；探讨了利用界面折射减小栅瓣影响的可能性。
利用基于小波包的信号特征提取方法，提取了碳纤维复合材料的分层、夹杂和裂纹三类缺陷的能量特征，为缺陷的自动识别奠定了基础。研究了声束聚焦特性、声波波型以及缺陷尺寸等对特征提取的影响，结果表明声束集中会使能量特征差异增大，有利于特征提取，声波波型对特征提取的影响可忽略，而缺陷尺寸对特征提取有影响。
提出了线扫图像和扇扫图像校正算法。研究了利用横波和纵波两种波型对图像进行二次校正的方法，可剔除由波型转换产生的伪缺陷。
提出了适用于校正图像的-6dB定量法和边界追踪法，能有效定量缺陷。在能获取原始扫查数据的情况下，-6dB定量法更有优势，但若只有扫查图像时则只能用边界追踪法对缺陷定量。
明确了以-6dB法为基础定位缺陷中心的原则，进行了船型试块通孔缺陷的定位实验，分析了定位误差以及影响定位误差的因素。
Ultrasonic phased array (UPA) could m ake the beam s deflect or focus bycontrolling the delay tim e of the transm itting acoustic waves of each e lement. Thus,it’s able to increas e the coverage of detection area without movi ng the probe. It hasobvious advantages on defect detection in co mplex structures. Som e issues such asthe sound field characteristics, defect imaging, qualitative and quantitative analysis ofdefects are researched in this dissertation.
The analytical expression of deflecting sound field and formula of directivity ofUPAare derived based on the Rayleigh integr al in the far-field condition. The effectsof param eters such as elem ent width to m inimize the main lobe width, elim inategrating lobes, and suppress side lobes are discussed. In the far-field experiment, thephenomenon of pseudo defects which is ge nerated by the grating lobes is analyzedand the sheme for eliminating grating lobes is proposed.
Acalcula tion m odel of discr ete po int so urces for the sound field of UP Aisdeveloped. The simulations of sound field and defect resp onse experiments based onthe CIVAsimulation platf orm show that th e influence of near-field will be reduc edwhen the steering angle increased, and the effect of focusing will get stronger with theincrease of interference ef fect in the near-field region. The im pact of the near-fieldcould be alleviated by reducing the array aperture or focusing at multi-points.
The expressions of the sound field and the displacement field of UPAare deducedfrom the radiation field of single ele ment in the liquid-solid interface condition. Theinfluences of wedge, steering angle, wave pattern, and near-field to the deflection andfocusing of beam s are discussed by sim ulation. Com bined with experim ents, thephenomena of pseudo-defects caused by wave mode conversion and the possibility ofreducing the influence of grating lobes by refraction are discussed.
The Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) is proposed to extract features of flawechoes such as crack, inclusion and dela mination in carbon fiber composite, whichprovides a basis for automatic identification of defects. Other researches show that thefocusing feature of beams and the size of de fects have impacts on feature extraction,and the wave type has little influence on feature extraction of defects.
The correction algorithms of images of linear-scan and sector-scan are proposed.Experimental results validate that the method of using longitudinal wave andtransverse wave to correct im age can e liminate the pseud o-defects caused by wave mode conversion.
The-6dB quantitive m ethod is compared with the boundary tracing m ethod fordefects quantifying. The result s show that-6dB m ethod has an advantage when theoriginal data could be accessed, but the boundary traci ng method is the only choicewhen the processing object is an image.
Aprinciple to determ ine the center of defect based on-6dB method is given tolocate the defect. T wo groups of defect-l ocation experim ents are carried out. Thelocation errors of via holes in the ship-block and factors affecting positioning error areanalyzed.
基于瑞利积分，推导了远场条件下的超声相控阵偏转声场的解析表达式和指向性公式。明确了阵元宽度、阵元数目、阵元中心间距、波长和偏转角度等在减小主瓣宽度、消除栅瓣、抑制旁瓣幅值方面所起到的作用。通过远场检测实验，分析了栅瓣导致伪缺陷产生的现象，提出了消除栅瓣影响的技术方案。
建立了超声相控阵近场离散点源声场计算模型。进行了声场仿真及基于CIVA平台的缺陷响应实验，证明随着偏转角度的增大近场区的影响将减小，而近场干涉效应越明显的区域聚焦效果也越明显。近场缺陷检测实验表明减小阵列孔径或采用多点聚焦方式可缓解近场区的影响。
通过研究平面波在界面条件下的折射行为，以及对界面条件下聚焦法则的计算，以单阵元辐射声场为基础导出了一维线阵在液固界面条件下的声场及位移场表达式，明确了楔块、偏转角度、波型、近场对声束偏转和聚焦的影响。结合实验研究了由于波型转换而产生伪缺陷的现象；探讨了利用界面折射减小栅瓣影响的可能性。
利用基于小波包的信号特征提取方法，提取了碳纤维复合材料的分层、夹杂和裂纹三类缺陷的能量特征，为缺陷的自动识别奠定了基础。研究了声束聚焦特性、声波波型以及缺陷尺寸等对特征提取的影响，结果表明声束集中会使能量特征差异增大，有利于特征提取，声波波型对特征提取的影响可忽略，而缺陷尺寸对特征提取有影响。
提出了线扫图像和扇扫图像校正算法。研究了利用横波和纵波两种波型对图像进行二次校正的方法，可剔除由波型转换产生的伪缺陷。
提出了适用于校正图像的-6dB定量法和边界追踪法，能有效定量缺陷。在能获取原始扫查数据的情况下，-6dB定量法更有优势，但若只有扫查图像时则只能用边界追踪法对缺陷定量。
明确了以-6dB法为基础定位缺陷中心的原则，进行了船型试块通孔缺陷的定位实验，分析了定位误差以及影响定位误差的因素。
Ultrasonic phased array (UPA) could m ake the beam s deflect or focus bycontrolling the delay tim e of the transm itting acoustic waves of each e lement. Thus,it’s able to increas e the coverage of detection area without movi ng the probe. It hasobvious advantages on defect detection in co mplex structures. Som e issues such asthe sound field characteristics, defect imaging, qualitative and quantitative analysis ofdefects are researched in this dissertation.
The analytical expression of deflecting sound field and formula of directivity ofUPAare derived based on the Rayleigh integr al in the far-field condition. The effectsof param eters such as elem ent width to m inimize the main lobe width, elim inategrating lobes, and suppress side lobes are discussed. In the far-field experiment, thephenomenon of pseudo defects which is ge nerated by the grating lobes is analyzedand the sheme for eliminating grating lobes is proposed.
Acalcula tion m odel of discr ete po int so urces for the sound field of UP Aisdeveloped. The simulations of sound field and defect resp onse experiments based onthe CIVAsimulation platf orm show that th e influence of near-field will be reduc edwhen the steering angle increased, and the effect of focusing will get stronger with theincrease of interference ef fect in the near-field region. The im pact of the near-fieldcould be alleviated by reducing the array aperture or focusing at multi-points.
The expressions of the sound field and the displacement field of UPAare deducedfrom the radiation field of single ele ment in the liquid-solid interface condition. Theinfluences of wedge, steering angle, wave pattern, and near-field to the deflection andfocusing of beam s are discussed by sim ulation. Com bined with experim ents, thephenomena of pseudo-defects caused by wave mode conversion and the possibility ofreducing the influence of grating lobes by refraction are discussed.
The Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) is proposed to extract features of flawechoes such as crack, inclusion and dela mination in carbon fiber composite, whichprovides a basis for automatic identification of defects. Other researches show that thefocusing feature of beams and the size of de fects have impacts on feature extraction,and the wave type has little influence on feature extraction of defects.
The correction algorithms of images of linear-scan and sector-scan are proposed.Experimental results validate that the method of using longitudinal wave andtransverse wave to correct im age can e liminate the pseud o-defects caused by wave mode conversion.
The-6dB quantitive m ethod is compared with the boundary tracing m ethod fordefects quantifying. The result s show that-6dB m ethod has an advantage when theoriginal data could be accessed, but the boundary traci ng method is the only choicewhen the processing object is an image.
Aprinciple to determ ine the center of defect based on-6dB method is given tolocate the defect. T wo groups of defect-l ocation experim ents are carried out. Thelocation errors of via holes in the ship-block and factors affecting positioning error areanalyzed.
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