木醋对小浆果生长发育的影响及调节机理研究
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摘要
木醋具有促进植物生长、土壤消毒、改良土壤环境、杀菌、防虫、防腐、脱臭等多种功效,可以应用于农林业、畜牧业、医药、食品等多个领域。本研究的目的在于研究不同浓度的木醋对小浆果生长发育的影响,探讨其调节机理。为木醋在小浆果栽培上的应用提供理论依据,促进小浆果大面积的人工栽培,并获得高产优质。
结果表明：木醋能够缩短各种插穗的生根时间,对嫩枝扦插的效果优于硬枝扦插。嫩枝扦插中能缩短生根最长时间为蓝莓7d,树莓和黑加仑5d,蓝靛果6d,枸杞4d。硬枝扦插中能缩短生根最长时间为蓝莓和蓝靛果1d、树莓和枸杞2d,黑加仑4d。嫩枝扦插中,蓝莓100倍处理、树莓和枸杞200和300倍处理,蓝靛果300倍处理、黑加仑200倍处理在提高生根时间上效果最显著。硬枝扦插中,蓝莓、黑加仑和枸杞的300倍处理,树莓200和300倍处理,蓝靛果200倍处理效果最显著。从生根综合质量来看,木醋的喷施改变了扦插的生根情况,但是不同插穗种类,不同扦插方式,最适宜的木醋浓度不同。从插穗染菌情况看,无论是嫩枝扦插还是硬枝扦插,木醋都能降低插穗的染菌率。100倍处理抑菌效果最好。
木醋对小浆果株高产生了一定的促进作用。蓝莓200倍处理,蓝靛果300倍处理表现最好。猕猴桃200倍处理表现最好,8-9月时300倍与200倍处理差异不显著。黑加仑7月时200倍处理表现最好,8月后300倍处理表现最好。树莓栽培初期100倍处理表现最好,栽培中期三个处理差异不显著,栽培后期300倍处理表现最好。木醋对小浆果展叶时间基本没有影响,适宜稀释倍数的木醋能够提早开花时间和坐果时间,进而使得果实成熟时间也相应提前。木醋能够显著提高各种小浆果的单株产量。蓝莓稀释100倍,蓝靛果和猕猴桃稀释300倍,黑加仑和树莓稀释200倍单株产量最高。木醋对蓝莓和黑加仑可溶性总糖含量影响不显著,对其他三种小浆果200倍处理所起的促进作用最大。对猕猴桃和树莓可溶性蛋白质含量影响不显著,蓝靛果200倍处理所起的促进作用最大。黑加仑100倍处理,蓝莓100和300倍处理可溶性蛋白质含量比对照下降。对树莓维生素C含量影响不显著。蓝莓和猕猴桃维生素C含量200倍处理,蓝靛果100和200倍处理,黑加仑200和300倍处理表现最好。对花色苷含量蓝莓和黑加仑100倍处理,蓝靛果和树莓100和200倍处理所起作用最大。对黑加仑可溶固形物含量影响不显著,蓝莓和猕猴桃200倍处坪,蓝靛果100倍处理所起作用最大。树莓各处理均比对照提高,处理间差异不显著。对可滴定酸度除蓝莓外其他小浆果影响均不显著。蓝莓200倍处理酸度最低。
木醋虽然对蓝莓叶片和茎段的愈伤组织形成有抑制作用,但对茎段增殖效应显著。木醋、玉米素和6-BA对蓝莓增殖无交互作用,试验中所选模型显著,该模型与试验实际拟合良好,可以解释96.56%响应值的变化；1/2WPM+1.0mg/L NAA+0.5mg/L IBA+10ml/L木醋的培养基对蓝莓生根最有利,比不添加木醋处理的生根率提高了66%；木醋能显著提高组培苗移栽的成活率,木醋20mL/kg处理的移栽成活率达93.3%,株高8.1cm,且苗生长健壮,颜色浓绿。添加木醋可减少玉米素的使用量,能够降低约70%的试剂成本。
随着温度的降低,除了300倍木醋喷施的处理外,各处理电解质外渗率出现了逐渐上升的趋势,100倍和200倍处理比对照低。可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸和SOD活性均出现先升后降的现象。只是各处理应对低温的反应不一致,最大值出现的温度各异。与对照相比,100倍和200倍处理能够提高各种物质的含量,有利于提高抗寒性。
木醋及松针对植株的生长产生了促进作用。处理C(田园土：松针=3：1+木醋20ml/盆)植株最高,美登和北陆两个品种株高分别为32.3cm和37.7cm,比对照分别增加了19.0cm和14.6cm。木醋和松针能够降低土壤pH值,处理D(田园土：松针=3：1+木醋30ml/盆)pH值降低最大。美登和北陆分别为4.87和4.73。木醋和松针能够增加土壤养分含量,对于土壤碱解氮的增加,木醋有个适宜的使用量,过量反而不利。美登和北陆两个品种中碱解氮含量比对照增加最大量分别为29.6mg/g和69.6mg/g。在速效磷含量方面,木醋使用量越大,速效磷含量越高。美登和北陆两个品种中速效磷最大含量比对照分别增加了88.8mg/g和78.0mg/g。在速效钾含量上,数量的增加主要是松针在起作用,木醋不起作用。松针和木醋的添加均能提高土壤有机质的含量。“美登”处理C和“北陆”处理D土壤有机质含量达到最高,分别为47.0g/kg和55.0g/kg。松针及木醋的添加使各处理微生物数量增加。木醋的不同添加量对土壤微生物可以起到不同的调控作用。
综上所述,木醋可以应用于小浆果的栽培中,能够起到促进植株生长发育,改善果实品质,改良上壤环境等作用。
Wood vinegar can promote plant growth, soil disinfection and improve soil environment, and it has the multiple effect, such as sterilization, insect-resistant, anticorrosive, deodorization etc. It can be used in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, medicine, food et al. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of different concentrations of wood vinegar on small berries growth, and its regulating mechanism. It can provide the theoritical basis for application of wood vinegar in cultivation of small berries, promote the artificial cultivation of small berries, and obtain high yield and good quality.
The results showed that wood vinegar could shorten the rooting time of all cuttings. And the effect on softwood cutting was better than that of hardwood cutting. It could shorten the longest rooting time in softwood cutting that was blueberry7d, the raspberry and blackcurrant5d, Lonicera edulis6d, Chinese wolfberry4d. And in hardwood cutting it could shorten the longest rooting time that was blueberry and L. edulis Id, raspberry and Chinese wolfberry2d, blackcurrant4d. In softwood cutting, treatment100times of blueberry, treatment200and300times of raspberry and Chinese wolfberry, treatment300times of L. edulis, treatment200times of blackcurrant had the most obvious effect in improving root time. In hardwood cutting, treatment300times of blueberry, blackberry and Chinese wolfberry, treatment200and300times of raspberry and treatment200times of L. edulis were the best. From the rooting comprehensive quality view, wood vinegar changed the rooting situation. It needed different concentration of wood vinegar between different cuttings types, different cutting ways. From the contamination, whether softwood cutting or hardwood cutting, wood vinegar could reduce the rate of contamination. Bacteriostatic activity of treatment100times was the best.
Wood vinegar had a certain effect in promoting plant height of small berries. Treatment200times of blueberry, treatment300times of Lonicera edulis were the best. Treatment200times of kiwifruit was the best, and it had no significant difference between treatment300and200times from August to September. Treatment200times of blackcurrant was the best at July, however treatment300times was the best after August. Treatment100times of raspberry was the best at early period, and it had no significant difference between three treatments at middle period, treatment300times was the best at last period. Wood vinegar had no effect on lamina time of small berries. Wood vinegar could early flowering and flushing time, and thereby it made the ripening time of fruit also in advance accordingly. Wood vinegar could significantly increase the yield of all sorts of small berries.100times of blueberry,300times of Lonicera edulis and kiwifruit,200times of blackcurrant and raspberry had the highest yield. Wood vinegar had no significant effect on soluble total sugar content of blueberry and blackcurrant. For the other three small berries, treatment200times was the best to soluble total sugar content. Wood vinegar had no significant effect on soluble protein content of kiwifruit and raspberry. Treatment200times of Lonicera edulis played a role in promoting soluble protein content. Soluble protein contents of treatment100times of blackcurrant and treatment100and300times of blueberry were lower than contrast. It had no significant effects on vitamin C content of blackcurrant. Treatment200times of blueberry and kiwifruit was the best in promoting vitamin C. Treatment100and200times of Lonicera edulis, treatment200and300times of blackcurrant were the best. Treatment100times of blueberry and blackcurrant, treatment100and200times of Lonicera edulis and raspberry were the best in promoting anthocyanins content. It had no significant effect on soluble solids content of blackcurrant. Treatment200times of blueberry and kiwifruit, treatment100times of Lonicera edulis were the best. All treatments of raspberry were higher than contrast, and it had no significant difference between treatments. It had no significant effects on titratable acidity except blueberry. Treatment200times of blueberry was the lowest.
Wood vinegar inhibited the callus formation from leaves and stem, but had significant effects on the propagation of blueberry stem. Wood vinegar, zeatin and6-BA had not interaction on proliferation. The selected model was fitted well with actual test, and it could explain96.56%of the response value.1/2WPM+1.0mg/L NAA+0.5mg/L IBA+10mL/L wood vinegar was the best medium for rooting with an increase of66%in rooting rate compared with contrast. Furthermore, wood vinegar greatly increased the survival rate of transplanting, and addition of20mL/kg wood vinegar resulted in a survival rate of93.3%. The seedling grew strong with a dark green leaves, and the height reached8.1cm. Addition of wood vinegar could reduce the usage of the zeatin, which could reduce70%of the reagent cost.
With the decrease of temperature, except treatment of300times dilution, the ion leakage percentage of other treatment appeared gradually rising trend. Treatment of100and200times dilution were lower than contrast. The content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline and SOD activity decreased after an initial increase. But the reaction of different treatment to low temperature was not consistent. The temperature of appearing maximum was different. Treatment of100and200times dilution could improve the content of various substances and help to improve the frost resistance.
Wood vinegar and pine needle had positive effect on plant growth. The plant height of treatment C was best. And plant heights of Blomidon and Northland were32.3cm and37.7cm, which increased19.0cm and14.6cm compared with contrast. Wood vinegar and pine needle could reduce the soil pH, the pH of treatment D was the lowest. Blomidon and Northland were respectively4.87and4.73. Wood vinegar and pine needle could increase the soil nutrient content. For soil available nitrogen, wood vinegar had a suitable content, too much was adverse instead. The available nitrogen content of Blomidon and Northland increased29.6mg/g and69.6mg/g compared with contrast. For soil available P, the more wood vinegar usage, the greater the available P content. The available P content of Blomidon and Northland increased88.8mg/g and78.0mg/g compared with contrast. For soil available K, the increased amount was mainly made by pine needle, wood vinegar had not effect. Pine needle and wood vinegar could increase soil organic matter content. Treatment C of Blomidon and treatment D of Northland were the highest, and that were47.0g/kg and55.0g/kg respectively. Pine needle and wood vinegar could increase the number of microorganism. Wood vinegar of different additives had different control function.
In conclusion, wood vinegar can be used in the cultivation of small berries. It can promote growth and development of plant, improve fruit quality, improve soil environment, and so on.
结果表明：木醋能够缩短各种插穗的生根时间,对嫩枝扦插的效果优于硬枝扦插。嫩枝扦插中能缩短生根最长时间为蓝莓7d,树莓和黑加仑5d,蓝靛果6d,枸杞4d。硬枝扦插中能缩短生根最长时间为蓝莓和蓝靛果1d、树莓和枸杞2d,黑加仑4d。嫩枝扦插中,蓝莓100倍处理、树莓和枸杞200和300倍处理,蓝靛果300倍处理、黑加仑200倍处理在提高生根时间上效果最显著。硬枝扦插中,蓝莓、黑加仑和枸杞的300倍处理,树莓200和300倍处理,蓝靛果200倍处理效果最显著。从生根综合质量来看,木醋的喷施改变了扦插的生根情况,但是不同插穗种类,不同扦插方式,最适宜的木醋浓度不同。从插穗染菌情况看,无论是嫩枝扦插还是硬枝扦插,木醋都能降低插穗的染菌率。100倍处理抑菌效果最好。
木醋对小浆果株高产生了一定的促进作用。蓝莓200倍处理,蓝靛果300倍处理表现最好。猕猴桃200倍处理表现最好,8-9月时300倍与200倍处理差异不显著。黑加仑7月时200倍处理表现最好,8月后300倍处理表现最好。树莓栽培初期100倍处理表现最好,栽培中期三个处理差异不显著,栽培后期300倍处理表现最好。木醋对小浆果展叶时间基本没有影响,适宜稀释倍数的木醋能够提早开花时间和坐果时间,进而使得果实成熟时间也相应提前。木醋能够显著提高各种小浆果的单株产量。蓝莓稀释100倍,蓝靛果和猕猴桃稀释300倍,黑加仑和树莓稀释200倍单株产量最高。木醋对蓝莓和黑加仑可溶性总糖含量影响不显著,对其他三种小浆果200倍处理所起的促进作用最大。对猕猴桃和树莓可溶性蛋白质含量影响不显著,蓝靛果200倍处理所起的促进作用最大。黑加仑100倍处理,蓝莓100和300倍处理可溶性蛋白质含量比对照下降。对树莓维生素C含量影响不显著。蓝莓和猕猴桃维生素C含量200倍处理,蓝靛果100和200倍处理,黑加仑200和300倍处理表现最好。对花色苷含量蓝莓和黑加仑100倍处理,蓝靛果和树莓100和200倍处理所起作用最大。对黑加仑可溶固形物含量影响不显著,蓝莓和猕猴桃200倍处坪,蓝靛果100倍处理所起作用最大。树莓各处理均比对照提高,处理间差异不显著。对可滴定酸度除蓝莓外其他小浆果影响均不显著。蓝莓200倍处理酸度最低。
木醋虽然对蓝莓叶片和茎段的愈伤组织形成有抑制作用,但对茎段增殖效应显著。木醋、玉米素和6-BA对蓝莓增殖无交互作用,试验中所选模型显著,该模型与试验实际拟合良好,可以解释96.56%响应值的变化；1/2WPM+1.0mg/L NAA+0.5mg/L IBA+10ml/L木醋的培养基对蓝莓生根最有利,比不添加木醋处理的生根率提高了66%；木醋能显著提高组培苗移栽的成活率,木醋20mL/kg处理的移栽成活率达93.3%,株高8.1cm,且苗生长健壮,颜色浓绿。添加木醋可减少玉米素的使用量,能够降低约70%的试剂成本。
随着温度的降低,除了300倍木醋喷施的处理外,各处理电解质外渗率出现了逐渐上升的趋势,100倍和200倍处理比对照低。可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸和SOD活性均出现先升后降的现象。只是各处理应对低温的反应不一致,最大值出现的温度各异。与对照相比,100倍和200倍处理能够提高各种物质的含量,有利于提高抗寒性。
木醋及松针对植株的生长产生了促进作用。处理C(田园土：松针=3：1+木醋20ml/盆)植株最高,美登和北陆两个品种株高分别为32.3cm和37.7cm,比对照分别增加了19.0cm和14.6cm。木醋和松针能够降低土壤pH值,处理D(田园土：松针=3：1+木醋30ml/盆)pH值降低最大。美登和北陆分别为4.87和4.73。木醋和松针能够增加土壤养分含量,对于土壤碱解氮的增加,木醋有个适宜的使用量,过量反而不利。美登和北陆两个品种中碱解氮含量比对照增加最大量分别为29.6mg/g和69.6mg/g。在速效磷含量方面,木醋使用量越大,速效磷含量越高。美登和北陆两个品种中速效磷最大含量比对照分别增加了88.8mg/g和78.0mg/g。在速效钾含量上,数量的增加主要是松针在起作用,木醋不起作用。松针和木醋的添加均能提高土壤有机质的含量。“美登”处理C和“北陆”处理D土壤有机质含量达到最高,分别为47.0g/kg和55.0g/kg。松针及木醋的添加使各处理微生物数量增加。木醋的不同添加量对土壤微生物可以起到不同的调控作用。
综上所述,木醋可以应用于小浆果的栽培中,能够起到促进植株生长发育,改善果实品质,改良上壤环境等作用。
Wood vinegar can promote plant growth, soil disinfection and improve soil environment, and it has the multiple effect, such as sterilization, insect-resistant, anticorrosive, deodorization etc. It can be used in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, medicine, food et al. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of different concentrations of wood vinegar on small berries growth, and its regulating mechanism. It can provide the theoritical basis for application of wood vinegar in cultivation of small berries, promote the artificial cultivation of small berries, and obtain high yield and good quality.
The results showed that wood vinegar could shorten the rooting time of all cuttings. And the effect on softwood cutting was better than that of hardwood cutting. It could shorten the longest rooting time in softwood cutting that was blueberry7d, the raspberry and blackcurrant5d, Lonicera edulis6d, Chinese wolfberry4d. And in hardwood cutting it could shorten the longest rooting time that was blueberry and L. edulis Id, raspberry and Chinese wolfberry2d, blackcurrant4d. In softwood cutting, treatment100times of blueberry, treatment200and300times of raspberry and Chinese wolfberry, treatment300times of L. edulis, treatment200times of blackcurrant had the most obvious effect in improving root time. In hardwood cutting, treatment300times of blueberry, blackberry and Chinese wolfberry, treatment200and300times of raspberry and treatment200times of L. edulis were the best. From the rooting comprehensive quality view, wood vinegar changed the rooting situation. It needed different concentration of wood vinegar between different cuttings types, different cutting ways. From the contamination, whether softwood cutting or hardwood cutting, wood vinegar could reduce the rate of contamination. Bacteriostatic activity of treatment100times was the best.
Wood vinegar had a certain effect in promoting plant height of small berries. Treatment200times of blueberry, treatment300times of Lonicera edulis were the best. Treatment200times of kiwifruit was the best, and it had no significant difference between treatment300and200times from August to September. Treatment200times of blackcurrant was the best at July, however treatment300times was the best after August. Treatment100times of raspberry was the best at early period, and it had no significant difference between three treatments at middle period, treatment300times was the best at last period. Wood vinegar had no effect on lamina time of small berries. Wood vinegar could early flowering and flushing time, and thereby it made the ripening time of fruit also in advance accordingly. Wood vinegar could significantly increase the yield of all sorts of small berries.100times of blueberry,300times of Lonicera edulis and kiwifruit,200times of blackcurrant and raspberry had the highest yield. Wood vinegar had no significant effect on soluble total sugar content of blueberry and blackcurrant. For the other three small berries, treatment200times was the best to soluble total sugar content. Wood vinegar had no significant effect on soluble protein content of kiwifruit and raspberry. Treatment200times of Lonicera edulis played a role in promoting soluble protein content. Soluble protein contents of treatment100times of blackcurrant and treatment100and300times of blueberry were lower than contrast. It had no significant effects on vitamin C content of blackcurrant. Treatment200times of blueberry and kiwifruit was the best in promoting vitamin C. Treatment100and200times of Lonicera edulis, treatment200and300times of blackcurrant were the best. Treatment100times of blueberry and blackcurrant, treatment100and200times of Lonicera edulis and raspberry were the best in promoting anthocyanins content. It had no significant effect on soluble solids content of blackcurrant. Treatment200times of blueberry and kiwifruit, treatment100times of Lonicera edulis were the best. All treatments of raspberry were higher than contrast, and it had no significant difference between treatments. It had no significant effects on titratable acidity except blueberry. Treatment200times of blueberry was the lowest.
Wood vinegar inhibited the callus formation from leaves and stem, but had significant effects on the propagation of blueberry stem. Wood vinegar, zeatin and6-BA had not interaction on proliferation. The selected model was fitted well with actual test, and it could explain96.56%of the response value.1/2WPM+1.0mg/L NAA+0.5mg/L IBA+10mL/L wood vinegar was the best medium for rooting with an increase of66%in rooting rate compared with contrast. Furthermore, wood vinegar greatly increased the survival rate of transplanting, and addition of20mL/kg wood vinegar resulted in a survival rate of93.3%. The seedling grew strong with a dark green leaves, and the height reached8.1cm. Addition of wood vinegar could reduce the usage of the zeatin, which could reduce70%of the reagent cost.
With the decrease of temperature, except treatment of300times dilution, the ion leakage percentage of other treatment appeared gradually rising trend. Treatment of100and200times dilution were lower than contrast. The content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline and SOD activity decreased after an initial increase. But the reaction of different treatment to low temperature was not consistent. The temperature of appearing maximum was different. Treatment of100and200times dilution could improve the content of various substances and help to improve the frost resistance.
Wood vinegar and pine needle had positive effect on plant growth. The plant height of treatment C was best. And plant heights of Blomidon and Northland were32.3cm and37.7cm, which increased19.0cm and14.6cm compared with contrast. Wood vinegar and pine needle could reduce the soil pH, the pH of treatment D was the lowest. Blomidon and Northland were respectively4.87and4.73. Wood vinegar and pine needle could increase the soil nutrient content. For soil available nitrogen, wood vinegar had a suitable content, too much was adverse instead. The available nitrogen content of Blomidon and Northland increased29.6mg/g and69.6mg/g compared with contrast. For soil available P, the more wood vinegar usage, the greater the available P content. The available P content of Blomidon and Northland increased88.8mg/g and78.0mg/g compared with contrast. For soil available K, the increased amount was mainly made by pine needle, wood vinegar had not effect. Pine needle and wood vinegar could increase soil organic matter content. Treatment C of Blomidon and treatment D of Northland were the highest, and that were47.0g/kg and55.0g/kg respectively. Pine needle and wood vinegar could increase the number of microorganism. Wood vinegar of different additives had different control function.
In conclusion, wood vinegar can be used in the cultivation of small berries. It can promote growth and development of plant, improve fruit quality, improve soil environment, and so on.
引文
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