浙江省城乡收入差距统计研究
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摘要
收入分配问题是社会学、经济学研究中一个古老的话题,近年来随着中国体制改革,特别是收入分配领域改革的深入、城乡居民的生活水平得到了极大的改善,同时利益主体和社会结构也发生了重要的变化,各地区、各阶层、居民与居民之间财富占有状况的不同使得收入差距日趋扩大,而其中又以城乡收入差距最为突出。目前我国是世界上仅有的少数几个城乡收入比超过3倍的国家之一。收入差距的存在一定意义上可以发挥人的生产积极性,促进效率增长,但如果差距过大或持续扩大,其对社会、经济的负面影响是十分显见的。也与党和国家倡导的“和谐”局面格格不入。因此,及时了解目前城乡收入差距的客观状况、形成原因及其影响,对于促进经济、社会的稳定增长,对于构建和谐社会具有重要的现实意义。
本论文主要研究浙江省的城乡收入差距问题,文章在阐述研究背景、意义、国内外相关问题研究综述的基础上,梳理了有关城乡、收入分配、收入差距测度指标等概念。对浙江省城乡收入差距的具体表现、影响城乡居民家庭收入的微观因素、城乡收入差距的形成原因以及城乡收入差距的效应等问题进行了深入的分析,并对缩小城乡收入差距给出了若干对策建议。
全文共分八个部分,前两章主要讨论论文研究的一些理论问题,包括背景、意义、国内外相关问题研究综述、以及有关城乡收入差距的定义、测度指标等;第三章是对浙江省城乡差异的具体状况的描述;第四章讨论城乡居民收入的来源构成及微观影响因素;第五章对城乡收入差距的形成原因进行了理论诠释和模型分析;第六章讨论了城乡收入差距在浙江的发展轨迹以及产生的效应:第七章给出了缩小城乡收入差距,协调城乡发展的政策建议;最后是结论与展望。
全文的创新点有三:一是通过多种指标对浙江省改革开放以来的城乡收入差距状况进行了较为全面、细致、系统的描述,特别是对指标的选择、数据处理(包括指标口径的调整、历史数据的动态对比等方面)等做了反复的比较和验证,提高了描述分析的真实性和可靠性。二是在本文的写作期间进行了两次针对浙江城乡居民收入方面的抽样调查,两次调查共回收有效问卷近500份,并进行了一些实地走访,对城乡差距问题有了感性认识,并从问卷的开放式问题及相关访谈中得到了一些启发。特别是利用第二次的问卷数据构建了城乡收入函数,引入虚拟变量对城乡居民家庭的收入来源及影响因素进行了模拟,并给出了相对合理的解释。三是在分析城乡收入差距的形成原因时,结合自己的理论判断,对反映发展因素和二元化因素的22个统计指标进行了综合,进行了主成分回归,既克服了多变量分析中容易产生共线性的矛盾,又能给出绝大多数指标对城乡收入差距的影响方向甚至程度,得到了比较全面的结论。此外作者用面板数据对浙江各地收入差距的倒U型曲线进行解析也具有一定的独到性。
通过全面的分析研究,本论文得出以下几点主要结论:
1.浙江的收入差距在20世纪80年代以来呈动态扩大趋势。无论是从基尼系数、收入极差、收入不良指数、库滋涅茨指数、阿鲁瓦利亚指数还是从城乡收入比数据看,浙江的收入差距都在动态扩大中。其中农村居民内部差异程度比城市严重。城乡居民的收入差距的变动在二十多年中经历了相对稳定、波动中上扬和持续扩大的三个阶段。
2.浙江的城乡收入差距大大低于全国平均水平,但与国际同类地区对比,甚至与江苏等发达地区相比,仍不算低。值得注意的是2005年浙江省内已经有11个县、市城乡收入比在3倍以上。浙西北地区的城乡收入差距显著高于浙江东北部地区。如果加上城乡居民在消费、教育、文化、服务等方面的差距,城乡差距问题已比较突出。何况收入差距的扩大趋势还在延续,如果不引起足够的重视并采取必要的预防措施将对经济社会的发展造成不利影响。
3.浙江农村居民家庭收入与家庭所在的区域位置(或经济发展水平)、农业固定资产数量、家庭主要劳动者的文化程度、就业性质等有显著关系。平原、海岛、城郊地区的农户家庭收入水平明显高于山区;农民从事农业生产以外的经营、服务或其他活动的工作,其家庭收入明显高于从事农业经营活动的收入和打工收入;而农村家庭的劳动力数量及农业用地数量增加并不会显著提高家庭收入。
4.浙江城镇居民家庭收入与城镇家庭所在的区域位置、家庭劳动力数量、主要劳动力的文化程度、职业、所在的行业性质、经济类型等显著相关。其中地级城市的收入优势最为明显,省城、县城的收入也显著优于其他小城镇;垄断行业、房地产业、商业经营单位从业者可能具有较高的收入:私营经济或国有经济较其他经济类型的收入高;从职业看,商业从业者、公务员,技术人员收入相对较高。而劳动者的职务、职称对收入的影响并不显著。
5.城乡之间的收入差距产生既有其固有的经济规律,同时更与经济发展布局及我国特有的二元强化特征有关。具体分析,农业比较劳动生产率落后、农业增加值占GDP比重小、对农村投资大大落后于城镇,这些二元化的经济特征直接导致了城乡居民的收入差距,而经济发展、工业化程度的提高、第三产业的发展、劳动力就业结构的转变等在一定程度上加剧了城乡收入的差距;城市失业率的提高、人口的城市化、城乡教育投资上的差距也会间接扩大城乡收入差距。相反民营经济越发展、对外开放的程度越高、政府对农业支持的力度越大可以显著地改善城乡收入差距。
6.浙江的城乡收入差距变动符合库兹涅茨倒U假说,浙江全部11个地市的城乡收入差距均呈典型的倒U型发展。就各地而言,杭州、宁波等经济相对发达地区的经济发展影响城乡差距的程度要小于经济相对不发达地区。而总体看,浙江绝大多数地区城乡收入差距的在2003、2004年左右到达或接近拐点。可以说随着浙江经济的进一步城乡收入差距有望逐渐缩小。但个别地区,如绍兴、金华、台州等地其城乡收入差距仍可能继续扩大,需要引起足够的重视。
7.城乡收入差距的扩大,从理论上说对于构造和谐社会、促进需求、刺激经济增长以及对于农村自身的建设等都具有一定的负面影响。但实证检验显示浙江省的城乡收入差距对经济增长具有正向效应,即收入差距促进经济增长。究其原因与浙江省具有相当数量的富裕群体有关。他们对投资及对奢侈品消费的贡献对经济增长具有较大的贡献。
8.尽管现实的城乡收入差距对经济增长具有一定的促进作用,但这并不意味着我们可以无视城乡收入差距的存在和继续扩大,相反如果任由城乡收入差距继续扩大则会对整个社会的持续、稳定发展带来不确定性和威胁,因此我们必须采取一系列有效措施,促进社会、经济、人口的稳定与和谐。
The problem of income distribution is an old topic in sociological and economic research. In recent years, with China's system reform, especially the deepening reform in income distribution field, the living standards of both urban and rural residents have been greatly improved. At the same time, the income gap has been continually widened with the changes of wealth owned in different areas, different classes and different residents. Among those, the income gap between the urban and rural residents is the most obvious. At the present time, China is among the few countries that the income ratio of urban-rural is above 3. The existence of income gap can unleash people's subjective imitative, however, if the income gap is too wide or continually widening, the impact to society and economic growth is apparent, and it is also in disagreement with the "harmonious" situation which our party and government has promoted. So, Examining the present state of income gap between rural and urban people, Understanding the reason why income gap exist and how the income gap affects is great importance to the stable growth of economics and society and the construction of a harmonious society.
This paper has mainly studied on the problem of income gap between rural and urban residents in Zhejiang province. After elaborating the research background, significance and review of interrelated topics both domestic and abroad, the concepts of income distribution、the measure of income gap and so on ,The paper deeply studied the situation of income gap of urban-rural in Zhejiang province, the micro factors influencing the family income of both urban and rural areas, the reason why the income gap exists and how the income gap affected. Finally, some suggestions for reducing the income gap were put forward.
This paper can be divided into eight chapters, the former two chapters has mainly discussed some theoretic problems, such as the background, the significance and the current research state of the interrelated problems, and the concepts of income gap between the urban and the rural areas, the index of measurement etc. The third chapter has made a description of the situation of income gap in Zhejiang province; the forth chapter has discussed the structure of income source and those micro factors that has impact on family income; the fifth chapter has made theoretic explanation and model analysis of the form of income gap between the urban and the rural areas; the sixth chapter has discussed the developing course and influence of income gap in Zhejiang, the seventh chapter has put forward some suggestions for decreasing the income gap, the end is the conclusion and the prospect.
There are three innovations in this paper: the first is making a thorough and systematic corroboration of the income gap between the urban and rural residents in Zhejiang province. ,a lot of work has been made in the choosing of indexes, the processing of data including the adjustment of history data and dynamic comparison, those work has greatly upgraded the authenticity and reliability. The second innovation is that during the writing of this paper, I have organized two sample surveys which are about the income of Zhejiang residents, the questionnaires that received are about 500.I have attained some illumination from the questionnaire and interview. I have constructed an urban-rural income function by the data sorted from the second sample survey and simulated the source of family income and influencing factors by introducing dummy variable, the explanation is comparably reasonable. The third innovation is that when analyzing the reason of the formation of income gap between the urban and the rural areas, this paper has adopted principal components analysis that integrates the 22 statistical indexes which reflecting the development and duality. The principal component regression not only can overcome the multicollinearity in multivariable analysis but also can tell the influencing direction or even the degree of most variables to the income gap between the urban-rural areas. Besides, the analysis of explaining the inverted -U shape of income gap among every area in Zhejiang by panel data has some originality to some extent.
The main findings of the study are that:
1. The income gap of Zhejiang has appeared the trend of dynamic widening from the 1980s. No matter we employ the gini coefficient, the income range, the income condition index, KUZNETS index or the income ratio of the urban-rural, the income gap of Zhejiang is continually widening. Among that, the interior income gap in the rural areas is more serious than that in the urban area. The income gap between the urban and the rural area has come through three phrases: the comparably stable, the rising in fluctuation and continually widening.
2. The income gap in Zhejiang is far below the average level of the whole country, however it is not low when compared with the like areas in the world, or even with developed areas in our own country such as Jiangsu. The point deserved our attention is that the number of counties that the income ratio is above 3 has also reached 11. The income gap of the urban-rural area of the northwestern Zhejiang is significantly higher than that of the northeastern Zhejiang. If the gap in consumption, education, culture and service are considered, the income gap between the urban-rural areas is also apparent, the worse is that the gap shows the trend of widening, if enough attention were not paid to the problem and necessary measures were not adopted, the development of society and economic growth would suffer unfavorable attack.
3. The income of rural families in Zhejiang has significant relations with the area where the family is, the number of farming fixed-asset, the education level of the principal labor force. The income of those rural families in the plane, island and suburbs is obviously higher than that of those families in mountain area. Peasants who have been engaged in work other than farming have more income than those peasants who have been engaged in fanning or doing work for others. The increase of farming labor forces or farming land cannot obviously increase the family income.
4. The income of urban family has significant correlations with the place of the family, the number of manpower, the education level, and profession of the principle labor force. For example, the income superiority of the prefecture-level city is the most obvious; the income of those family in the provincial capital and county is also obviously superior that of those family in small town. Those professionals in monopoly industry, realty business and business professions maybe have higher income; according to the profession, businessmen, civil servants and tecnicists have comparably high income, however, the position and the professional title has no significant influence on income.
5. The occurrence of income gap between the urban-rural areas not only has business with the economic law but also with the economic layout and the duality of our country. Specific analysis shows that such duality as the comparable labor capacity of agriculture is low, the ratio of added value of agriculture to GDP is low, the investment to countryside is far low than that to the city have directly lead to the income gap between the urban-rural area, however, the development of economic, the rising of industrialization, and the development of the third industry has aggravated the income gap between the urban-rural areas to some extent. The increasing of the rate of urban unemployment, the urbanization, and the gap between the educational investments in the urban-rural areas has indirectly widened the income gap in the urban-rural areas. On the other hand, the development of the private economic ,the degree of opening system, the support to the agriculture from government can significantly decrease the income gap of urban-rural residents.
6. The change of the income gap between the urban-rural areas in Zhenjiang is in accordance with the hypothesis of the inverted-U shape of KUZNETS. As far as every area is concerned, the degree of the influence of economic growth to income gap of those comparably developed areas such as Hangzhou, Ningbo is smaller than that of those undeveloped areas. On the whole, the income gap of most of the areas of Zhejiang has reached the turning point in 2003 or 2004. It can be said that with the development of the economic growth, the income gap in most areas will continually decreased. But the income gap in some areas such as Shaoxing, Jinhua, Taizhou maybe continually widen, to which we should pay great attention.
7. From the point of the theory, the widening of the income gap between the urban-rural areas has some downside influence to the construction of harmonious society, the provocation of demand, and the construction of the rural area. But the empirical research shows that the income gap between the urban-rural areas in Zhejiang has positive effect on the economic growth. The reason maybe is that there exist quite a lot of rich residents in Zhejiang. Their investments and demands of luxury goods provoke the rise of economic growth.
8. Although the income gap between the urban-rural area has some positive impact on the economic growth, it doesn't mean that we can ignore the existence and continual widening of income gap between the urban and rural areas, on the contrary, if we let the income gap continually widen, it would bring uncertainty to and threaten the continual and stable development of the whole country, so we have to adopt effective measures to promote the stable rise of economic growth and the stability of the whole society.
本论文主要研究浙江省的城乡收入差距问题,文章在阐述研究背景、意义、国内外相关问题研究综述的基础上,梳理了有关城乡、收入分配、收入差距测度指标等概念。对浙江省城乡收入差距的具体表现、影响城乡居民家庭收入的微观因素、城乡收入差距的形成原因以及城乡收入差距的效应等问题进行了深入的分析,并对缩小城乡收入差距给出了若干对策建议。
全文共分八个部分,前两章主要讨论论文研究的一些理论问题,包括背景、意义、国内外相关问题研究综述、以及有关城乡收入差距的定义、测度指标等;第三章是对浙江省城乡差异的具体状况的描述;第四章讨论城乡居民收入的来源构成及微观影响因素;第五章对城乡收入差距的形成原因进行了理论诠释和模型分析;第六章讨论了城乡收入差距在浙江的发展轨迹以及产生的效应:第七章给出了缩小城乡收入差距,协调城乡发展的政策建议;最后是结论与展望。
全文的创新点有三:一是通过多种指标对浙江省改革开放以来的城乡收入差距状况进行了较为全面、细致、系统的描述,特别是对指标的选择、数据处理(包括指标口径的调整、历史数据的动态对比等方面)等做了反复的比较和验证,提高了描述分析的真实性和可靠性。二是在本文的写作期间进行了两次针对浙江城乡居民收入方面的抽样调查,两次调查共回收有效问卷近500份,并进行了一些实地走访,对城乡差距问题有了感性认识,并从问卷的开放式问题及相关访谈中得到了一些启发。特别是利用第二次的问卷数据构建了城乡收入函数,引入虚拟变量对城乡居民家庭的收入来源及影响因素进行了模拟,并给出了相对合理的解释。三是在分析城乡收入差距的形成原因时,结合自己的理论判断,对反映发展因素和二元化因素的22个统计指标进行了综合,进行了主成分回归,既克服了多变量分析中容易产生共线性的矛盾,又能给出绝大多数指标对城乡收入差距的影响方向甚至程度,得到了比较全面的结论。此外作者用面板数据对浙江各地收入差距的倒U型曲线进行解析也具有一定的独到性。
通过全面的分析研究,本论文得出以下几点主要结论:
1.浙江的收入差距在20世纪80年代以来呈动态扩大趋势。无论是从基尼系数、收入极差、收入不良指数、库滋涅茨指数、阿鲁瓦利亚指数还是从城乡收入比数据看,浙江的收入差距都在动态扩大中。其中农村居民内部差异程度比城市严重。城乡居民的收入差距的变动在二十多年中经历了相对稳定、波动中上扬和持续扩大的三个阶段。
2.浙江的城乡收入差距大大低于全国平均水平,但与国际同类地区对比,甚至与江苏等发达地区相比,仍不算低。值得注意的是2005年浙江省内已经有11个县、市城乡收入比在3倍以上。浙西北地区的城乡收入差距显著高于浙江东北部地区。如果加上城乡居民在消费、教育、文化、服务等方面的差距,城乡差距问题已比较突出。何况收入差距的扩大趋势还在延续,如果不引起足够的重视并采取必要的预防措施将对经济社会的发展造成不利影响。
3.浙江农村居民家庭收入与家庭所在的区域位置(或经济发展水平)、农业固定资产数量、家庭主要劳动者的文化程度、就业性质等有显著关系。平原、海岛、城郊地区的农户家庭收入水平明显高于山区;农民从事农业生产以外的经营、服务或其他活动的工作,其家庭收入明显高于从事农业经营活动的收入和打工收入;而农村家庭的劳动力数量及农业用地数量增加并不会显著提高家庭收入。
4.浙江城镇居民家庭收入与城镇家庭所在的区域位置、家庭劳动力数量、主要劳动力的文化程度、职业、所在的行业性质、经济类型等显著相关。其中地级城市的收入优势最为明显,省城、县城的收入也显著优于其他小城镇;垄断行业、房地产业、商业经营单位从业者可能具有较高的收入:私营经济或国有经济较其他经济类型的收入高;从职业看,商业从业者、公务员,技术人员收入相对较高。而劳动者的职务、职称对收入的影响并不显著。
5.城乡之间的收入差距产生既有其固有的经济规律,同时更与经济发展布局及我国特有的二元强化特征有关。具体分析,农业比较劳动生产率落后、农业增加值占GDP比重小、对农村投资大大落后于城镇,这些二元化的经济特征直接导致了城乡居民的收入差距,而经济发展、工业化程度的提高、第三产业的发展、劳动力就业结构的转变等在一定程度上加剧了城乡收入的差距;城市失业率的提高、人口的城市化、城乡教育投资上的差距也会间接扩大城乡收入差距。相反民营经济越发展、对外开放的程度越高、政府对农业支持的力度越大可以显著地改善城乡收入差距。
6.浙江的城乡收入差距变动符合库兹涅茨倒U假说,浙江全部11个地市的城乡收入差距均呈典型的倒U型发展。就各地而言,杭州、宁波等经济相对发达地区的经济发展影响城乡差距的程度要小于经济相对不发达地区。而总体看,浙江绝大多数地区城乡收入差距的在2003、2004年左右到达或接近拐点。可以说随着浙江经济的进一步城乡收入差距有望逐渐缩小。但个别地区,如绍兴、金华、台州等地其城乡收入差距仍可能继续扩大,需要引起足够的重视。
7.城乡收入差距的扩大,从理论上说对于构造和谐社会、促进需求、刺激经济增长以及对于农村自身的建设等都具有一定的负面影响。但实证检验显示浙江省的城乡收入差距对经济增长具有正向效应,即收入差距促进经济增长。究其原因与浙江省具有相当数量的富裕群体有关。他们对投资及对奢侈品消费的贡献对经济增长具有较大的贡献。
8.尽管现实的城乡收入差距对经济增长具有一定的促进作用,但这并不意味着我们可以无视城乡收入差距的存在和继续扩大,相反如果任由城乡收入差距继续扩大则会对整个社会的持续、稳定发展带来不确定性和威胁,因此我们必须采取一系列有效措施,促进社会、经济、人口的稳定与和谐。
The problem of income distribution is an old topic in sociological and economic research. In recent years, with China's system reform, especially the deepening reform in income distribution field, the living standards of both urban and rural residents have been greatly improved. At the same time, the income gap has been continually widened with the changes of wealth owned in different areas, different classes and different residents. Among those, the income gap between the urban and rural residents is the most obvious. At the present time, China is among the few countries that the income ratio of urban-rural is above 3. The existence of income gap can unleash people's subjective imitative, however, if the income gap is too wide or continually widening, the impact to society and economic growth is apparent, and it is also in disagreement with the "harmonious" situation which our party and government has promoted. So, Examining the present state of income gap between rural and urban people, Understanding the reason why income gap exist and how the income gap affects is great importance to the stable growth of economics and society and the construction of a harmonious society.
This paper has mainly studied on the problem of income gap between rural and urban residents in Zhejiang province. After elaborating the research background, significance and review of interrelated topics both domestic and abroad, the concepts of income distribution、the measure of income gap and so on ,The paper deeply studied the situation of income gap of urban-rural in Zhejiang province, the micro factors influencing the family income of both urban and rural areas, the reason why the income gap exists and how the income gap affected. Finally, some suggestions for reducing the income gap were put forward.
This paper can be divided into eight chapters, the former two chapters has mainly discussed some theoretic problems, such as the background, the significance and the current research state of the interrelated problems, and the concepts of income gap between the urban and the rural areas, the index of measurement etc. The third chapter has made a description of the situation of income gap in Zhejiang province; the forth chapter has discussed the structure of income source and those micro factors that has impact on family income; the fifth chapter has made theoretic explanation and model analysis of the form of income gap between the urban and the rural areas; the sixth chapter has discussed the developing course and influence of income gap in Zhejiang, the seventh chapter has put forward some suggestions for decreasing the income gap, the end is the conclusion and the prospect.
There are three innovations in this paper: the first is making a thorough and systematic corroboration of the income gap between the urban and rural residents in Zhejiang province. ,a lot of work has been made in the choosing of indexes, the processing of data including the adjustment of history data and dynamic comparison, those work has greatly upgraded the authenticity and reliability. The second innovation is that during the writing of this paper, I have organized two sample surveys which are about the income of Zhejiang residents, the questionnaires that received are about 500.I have attained some illumination from the questionnaire and interview. I have constructed an urban-rural income function by the data sorted from the second sample survey and simulated the source of family income and influencing factors by introducing dummy variable, the explanation is comparably reasonable. The third innovation is that when analyzing the reason of the formation of income gap between the urban and the rural areas, this paper has adopted principal components analysis that integrates the 22 statistical indexes which reflecting the development and duality. The principal component regression not only can overcome the multicollinearity in multivariable analysis but also can tell the influencing direction or even the degree of most variables to the income gap between the urban-rural areas. Besides, the analysis of explaining the inverted -U shape of income gap among every area in Zhejiang by panel data has some originality to some extent.
The main findings of the study are that:
1. The income gap of Zhejiang has appeared the trend of dynamic widening from the 1980s. No matter we employ the gini coefficient, the income range, the income condition index, KUZNETS index or the income ratio of the urban-rural, the income gap of Zhejiang is continually widening. Among that, the interior income gap in the rural areas is more serious than that in the urban area. The income gap between the urban and the rural area has come through three phrases: the comparably stable, the rising in fluctuation and continually widening.
2. The income gap in Zhejiang is far below the average level of the whole country, however it is not low when compared with the like areas in the world, or even with developed areas in our own country such as Jiangsu. The point deserved our attention is that the number of counties that the income ratio is above 3 has also reached 11. The income gap of the urban-rural area of the northwestern Zhejiang is significantly higher than that of the northeastern Zhejiang. If the gap in consumption, education, culture and service are considered, the income gap between the urban-rural areas is also apparent, the worse is that the gap shows the trend of widening, if enough attention were not paid to the problem and necessary measures were not adopted, the development of society and economic growth would suffer unfavorable attack.
3. The income of rural families in Zhejiang has significant relations with the area where the family is, the number of farming fixed-asset, the education level of the principal labor force. The income of those rural families in the plane, island and suburbs is obviously higher than that of those families in mountain area. Peasants who have been engaged in work other than farming have more income than those peasants who have been engaged in fanning or doing work for others. The increase of farming labor forces or farming land cannot obviously increase the family income.
4. The income of urban family has significant correlations with the place of the family, the number of manpower, the education level, and profession of the principle labor force. For example, the income superiority of the prefecture-level city is the most obvious; the income of those family in the provincial capital and county is also obviously superior that of those family in small town. Those professionals in monopoly industry, realty business and business professions maybe have higher income; according to the profession, businessmen, civil servants and tecnicists have comparably high income, however, the position and the professional title has no significant influence on income.
5. The occurrence of income gap between the urban-rural areas not only has business with the economic law but also with the economic layout and the duality of our country. Specific analysis shows that such duality as the comparable labor capacity of agriculture is low, the ratio of added value of agriculture to GDP is low, the investment to countryside is far low than that to the city have directly lead to the income gap between the urban-rural area, however, the development of economic, the rising of industrialization, and the development of the third industry has aggravated the income gap between the urban-rural areas to some extent. The increasing of the rate of urban unemployment, the urbanization, and the gap between the educational investments in the urban-rural areas has indirectly widened the income gap in the urban-rural areas. On the other hand, the development of the private economic ,the degree of opening system, the support to the agriculture from government can significantly decrease the income gap of urban-rural residents.
6. The change of the income gap between the urban-rural areas in Zhenjiang is in accordance with the hypothesis of the inverted-U shape of KUZNETS. As far as every area is concerned, the degree of the influence of economic growth to income gap of those comparably developed areas such as Hangzhou, Ningbo is smaller than that of those undeveloped areas. On the whole, the income gap of most of the areas of Zhejiang has reached the turning point in 2003 or 2004. It can be said that with the development of the economic growth, the income gap in most areas will continually decreased. But the income gap in some areas such as Shaoxing, Jinhua, Taizhou maybe continually widen, to which we should pay great attention.
7. From the point of the theory, the widening of the income gap between the urban-rural areas has some downside influence to the construction of harmonious society, the provocation of demand, and the construction of the rural area. But the empirical research shows that the income gap between the urban-rural areas in Zhejiang has positive effect on the economic growth. The reason maybe is that there exist quite a lot of rich residents in Zhejiang. Their investments and demands of luxury goods provoke the rise of economic growth.
8. Although the income gap between the urban-rural area has some positive impact on the economic growth, it doesn't mean that we can ignore the existence and continual widening of income gap between the urban and rural areas, on the contrary, if we let the income gap continually widen, it would bring uncertainty to and threaten the continual and stable development of the whole country, so we have to adopt effective measures to promote the stable rise of economic growth and the stability of the whole society.
引文
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