柔性直流输配电系统控制策略研究
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摘要
柔性直流输配电系统具有快速控制系统潮流,稳定交流电网电压和能够接入无源系统等优点,可以广泛的应用于电网互联、可再生能源并网、提高电能质量以及向孤岛供电等场合。同时,随着大功率电力电子器件的发展,柔性直流输配电系统的造价、运行和维护费用逐步降低,其传输容量和电压等级逐步提高。该技术极大地拓展了直流输电的应用范围,成为当前输配电领域的研究热点之一。目前我国对于该输配电技术的研究还处于起步阶段,在这样的背景下,本文就柔性直流输配电系统的结构、工作原理、数学模型以及控制策略等方面进行了研究,其主要完成以下几个方面的内容：
(1)首先分析了柔性直流输配电系统的基本结构及其工作原理,然后对柔性直流输配电系统中的换流系统进行数学建模,利用开关函数对其数学模型进行线性化处理,最后通过坐标变换导出了换流系统在各个坐标系下的等效电路。在此基础之上,利用直接功率控制算法对换流系统的控制系统进行了设计,提出了基于二自由度的电压平方外环的直接功率控制算法,完成了适用于双端互联的柔性直流输配电系统的控制设计,论文通过计算机仿真验证了换流系统数学模型的正确性以及所提出的控制策略的有效性。
(2)分析了电网在不对称故障情况下,柔性直流输电系统中直流电压波动和直流传输功率出现波动的机理,提出利用陷波器与PI控制器相结合的直流电压外环设计方案。同时,提出采用瞬时正序功率替代瞬时功率从而完成了对直接功率控制算法的改进,最后通过计算机对不对称故障情况的双端柔性直流输电系统进行仿真,其仿真结果验证了该提出的改进算法能够有效的抑制直流电压的波动,并且降低电流谐波畸变率。
(3)提出了三相—单相牵引换流系统向牵引网供电的技术方案,分析了牵引换流系统的基本结构和工作原理,推导了单相换流系统的数学模型并利用滑模控制算法完成了单相换流系统向牵引网独立供电的控制系统设计。最后论文以FPGA和DSP为核心控制器,IPM模块为主电路,设计了一套三相—单相的实验系统。论文通过计算机仿真和模拟实验验证了所采用控制算法能够有效性的控制单相换流系统的电压和频率,同时也验证了牵引换流系统能够有效的解决电气化铁路的负序问题。
(4)针对多端柔性直流输配电系统中直流电压控制的问题,论文提出采用主从控制与直流电压跌落控制相结合的控制方案,通过仿真检验了所提方案在稳态和暂态情况下整个多端系统运行的控制效果。
Flexible DC transmission and distribution system has many advantages, like rapidly and independent control the active and reactive power, stabilize AC voltage and being able to delivery power to the wack or passive network. It can be widely used in asynchronous power grids interconnection, renewable energy grid, improving power quality and deliverying power to inland. With the development of full-controlled power semiconductor devices, not only the cost of installing and operating of flexible DC transmission and distribution system is reduced, its transmission capacity and voltage levels are improving gradually. The flexible DC transmission and distribution technology has greatly expanded the field of application for DC system and attracted more and more home and abroad scholars to engage in the research on it. Right now, the research on flexible DC transmission and distribution system is still at beginning. This dissertation focuses on the system structure, mathematical modeling and control strategy. It includes the following contents:
1. The system structure and principle have been analyzed and then the mathematical model of converter system has been deduced. With the help of coordinate transformation matrix, the equivalent circuit of converter system is obtained under different axes. The controller of converter system has been designed based on direct power control (DPC) algorithm. The two degrees of freedom based outer voltage square loop of DPC algorithm has been applied in two terminal flexible DC transmission and distribution system controller design. The mathematical model and controller's performance has been verifed by simulation.
2. The DC voltage and active power fluctuation has been analyzed when the unsymmetrical fault happened in grid. An improved DPC algorithm, which uses trap filter and PI controller as an outer loop and applies instantaneous positive sequence power instead of instantaneous power as an inner loop has been proposed. The simulation results show the new controller can suppress the DC voltage fluctuated and reduce the current harmonic distortion effectively.
3. Based on three-phase to single-phase traction converter system, a new cophase traction power supply system scheme has been proposed. The system structure and principle have been analyzed and the controller of single-phase converter system has been designed by synovial control theory. The scheme has been verified by simulation and prototype test and its result shows that the controller can keep the voltage and frequency stable and the proposed scheme can solve the power quality problems effectively.
4. The control strategy of the multiterminal system has been researched. A scheme combined the master-salve DC voltage control strategy and DC voltage droop control strategy is proposed. This scheme can realize automatic switching control modes according to the system's performance.
(1)首先分析了柔性直流输配电系统的基本结构及其工作原理,然后对柔性直流输配电系统中的换流系统进行数学建模,利用开关函数对其数学模型进行线性化处理,最后通过坐标变换导出了换流系统在各个坐标系下的等效电路。在此基础之上,利用直接功率控制算法对换流系统的控制系统进行了设计,提出了基于二自由度的电压平方外环的直接功率控制算法,完成了适用于双端互联的柔性直流输配电系统的控制设计,论文通过计算机仿真验证了换流系统数学模型的正确性以及所提出的控制策略的有效性。
(2)分析了电网在不对称故障情况下,柔性直流输电系统中直流电压波动和直流传输功率出现波动的机理,提出利用陷波器与PI控制器相结合的直流电压外环设计方案。同时,提出采用瞬时正序功率替代瞬时功率从而完成了对直接功率控制算法的改进,最后通过计算机对不对称故障情况的双端柔性直流输电系统进行仿真,其仿真结果验证了该提出的改进算法能够有效的抑制直流电压的波动,并且降低电流谐波畸变率。
(3)提出了三相—单相牵引换流系统向牵引网供电的技术方案,分析了牵引换流系统的基本结构和工作原理,推导了单相换流系统的数学模型并利用滑模控制算法完成了单相换流系统向牵引网独立供电的控制系统设计。最后论文以FPGA和DSP为核心控制器,IPM模块为主电路,设计了一套三相—单相的实验系统。论文通过计算机仿真和模拟实验验证了所采用控制算法能够有效性的控制单相换流系统的电压和频率,同时也验证了牵引换流系统能够有效的解决电气化铁路的负序问题。
(4)针对多端柔性直流输配电系统中直流电压控制的问题,论文提出采用主从控制与直流电压跌落控制相结合的控制方案,通过仿真检验了所提方案在稳态和暂态情况下整个多端系统运行的控制效果。
Flexible DC transmission and distribution system has many advantages, like rapidly and independent control the active and reactive power, stabilize AC voltage and being able to delivery power to the wack or passive network. It can be widely used in asynchronous power grids interconnection, renewable energy grid, improving power quality and deliverying power to inland. With the development of full-controlled power semiconductor devices, not only the cost of installing and operating of flexible DC transmission and distribution system is reduced, its transmission capacity and voltage levels are improving gradually. The flexible DC transmission and distribution technology has greatly expanded the field of application for DC system and attracted more and more home and abroad scholars to engage in the research on it. Right now, the research on flexible DC transmission and distribution system is still at beginning. This dissertation focuses on the system structure, mathematical modeling and control strategy. It includes the following contents:
1. The system structure and principle have been analyzed and then the mathematical model of converter system has been deduced. With the help of coordinate transformation matrix, the equivalent circuit of converter system is obtained under different axes. The controller of converter system has been designed based on direct power control (DPC) algorithm. The two degrees of freedom based outer voltage square loop of DPC algorithm has been applied in two terminal flexible DC transmission and distribution system controller design. The mathematical model and controller's performance has been verifed by simulation.
2. The DC voltage and active power fluctuation has been analyzed when the unsymmetrical fault happened in grid. An improved DPC algorithm, which uses trap filter and PI controller as an outer loop and applies instantaneous positive sequence power instead of instantaneous power as an inner loop has been proposed. The simulation results show the new controller can suppress the DC voltage fluctuated and reduce the current harmonic distortion effectively.
3. Based on three-phase to single-phase traction converter system, a new cophase traction power supply system scheme has been proposed. The system structure and principle have been analyzed and the controller of single-phase converter system has been designed by synovial control theory. The scheme has been verified by simulation and prototype test and its result shows that the controller can keep the voltage and frequency stable and the proposed scheme can solve the power quality problems effectively.
4. The control strategy of the multiterminal system has been researched. A scheme combined the master-salve DC voltage control strategy and DC voltage droop control strategy is proposed. This scheme can realize automatic switching control modes according to the system's performance.
引文
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