企业活力理性研究
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摘要
全球经济竞争的不断加剧,使得企业活动的复杂性、不确定性不断提高,企业运营难度和运营风险也在显著攀升。在中国,每年有近100万家企业倒闭,中小企业的平均寿命只有2.6年。虽然企业陷入危机的原因是多样性的,但企业作为一个有机生命体,缺乏能有效支撑其健康生存发展的内在活力,则是根本原因。由于企业一切活动都是建立在企业理性基础之上的,因此,企业内在活力匮乏,本质上是指导企业行为的企业理性存在严重缺陷所导致的结果。企业理性问题的研究,是关于企业运营结构、运营机制、运营体系、运营动力等其他一切问题研究的重要基础和基本前提。选择和建构怎样的企业理性,对于企业生存发展命运有着不可替代的影响。学界目前关于支撑企业健康生存发展的企业理性问题的研究还比较少见,对企业理性问题的研究,基本上还处在滞后于企业运营实践的状态。本文研究的目的,在于通过探索和建构有效的企业理性,为关于企业问题的研究提供一个理性层面的研究视角,同时,为企业运营实践摆脱人为制造的危机提供较为有效的企业理性理论的支持。
本文主要基于非欧几里得思维模式,采用系统论的研究方法,在前人关于理性理论、组织理性理论、企业活力理论研究的基础上,对企业活力理性问题进行了初步的、尝试性的研究。论文的主要结论与创新点体现在以下几方面：
(1)提出企业管理活动存在于非欧几里得空间的假设。
不同于现有学界普遍以笛卡儿-欧几里得思维模式的研究思路,指出企业活动存在的空间,是具有非均匀、不平坦、富有弹性的非欧几里得空间。任何企业无不存在于复杂的社会背景之中,来自企业内外各种不同性质的“力”将企业置于非欧几里得空间中,企业得以健康生存发展的最优路径不可能是欧几里得空间中平直路径,而是需要企业活力理性引领的“扭曲、弯折”的路径。
(2)协调了经济学理论与企业实践关于企业目的的矛盾观点。
经济学理论认为,企业目的是追求利润最大化,而企业实践的结论是,企业利润并不是经营企业的最终目的,只是企业经营得法的副产品和必然结果。在非欧几里得空间,企业管理目的是以企业目的与企业行为人目的的张量积形式存在着：企业管理目的既要反映出企业的工具性目的,又要反映出企业相关利益者的工具性、价值性双重目的。这一观点,使得经济学理论与企业实践关于企业目的的冲突结论得以协调。企业管理活动是以追求企业活力而非利润最大化为目的的活动。单纯的企业经济目的不能直接作为指导企业的经营管理活动目标。只有通过实现企业活力,企业目的才可能最大限度地实现。
(3)提出并初步解释了“企业活力理性”概念。
扩展深化了支撑企业发展的既有理性观念,为企业的发展能够基业长青提供了相应理论基础。企业活动本质上是一种理性活动,企业活力是企业存在发展的根本保障,是企业目的得以实现的前提。企业的管理行为或活动是否合理的评价准则是：该活动或行为是否有利于企业的活力建设。任何有害于企业活力的行为,都不是企业理性的行为。企业活力理性强调,企业活力的建设与提升,是企业活力理性中诸元素相互适应、相互契合的结果,其中任何元素的功能都离不开其他元素的作用与支撑。当企业活力理性的各元素关系不协调时,企业无论在各个要素上付出多大的努力,对提升企业活力都可能是无效的。
(4)企业创新活动存在着有效性边界。
基于企业活力理性的企业创新活动,存在着有效性边界问题。约束企业创新活动有效性的因素是复杂的、不断变化的；企业创新不是越多越好。对创新的时机、领域、数量、方式把握不当,将会使企业“招致致命打击”。企业创新供给与创新需求只有处于动态均衡状态,企业的创新活动才是有效的。破坏这种平衡,要么就会导致创新有效性空间的闲置和浪费,市场占有率低,使企业赢利不足；要么就会导致创新无效,加大企业运营成本,形成企业要素的浪费,加大企业风险。
(5)企业对其短期收益的追求,属于“力的逻辑规律”,是企业的感性选择。企业对其长期收益的追求行为,则属于“能量或势的逻辑规律”。企业行为人并不能自发地实现和维持其长期收益和短期收益的均衡,需要企业活力理性的有效指导、规范才能实现这样的均衡。
Along with the global economic competition unceasing aggravating, enterprise activities' complexity and uncertainty are enhancing unceasingly, enterprises operation difficulty and the operation risk obviously are also climbing. Statistics data indicated that in China, has nearly 1,000,000 business failures every year, the small and medium-sized enterprise mean lifetime is only for 2.6 years. Although the reasons of enterprise falls into crisis are multiple, but it is the basic reason that the enterprise being an organic life body, which lack the intrinsic vigor for the supporting of its health survival effective development, because all activities of enterprise are the establishment above the enterprise rational foundation and the enterprise rationality restraint, which have decided that the enterprise intrinsic vigor is deficient. The enterprise rational question's research is the basic premise and all other question research is based on the enterprise operation structure, the mechanism, the system, the power and so on. The choice what kind of enterprise rationality, has the irreplaceable influence regarding the enterprise survival development destiny. At present, however, is also quite rare about the research on the support enterprise health survival development's enterprise rational questions, and so the research on enterprise rational question, which basically also occupies the lag in the enterprise operation practice condition. The goal of this article lies in through the exploration and the construction effective enterprise rationality, to provide a rational stratification plane about the enterprise question's research the research angle of view. At the same time, this article gets rid of the artificial manufacture for the enterprise operation practice the crisis, and to provide support for the more effective enterprise rational theory.
This article is mainly based on the non-Euclid ideological mode, the research technique of the system theory is used in the predecessor's study about the rational theory, the organization rational theory, and the enterprise vitality fundamental research's foundation, the experimental research on the enterprise vitality rational question has been conducted preliminary. The paper's main conclusions and the innovation spot manifest are as the following:
Firstly, it's been proposed that the business management activity existing in the non-Euclid space supposition. Is different in the existing academic circle generally by the Euclid ideological mode research mentality, it's been pointed out that the space of the enterprise activities, is non-Euclid space of the inhomogeneous, no smooth, the high resilience. Any enterprise exists all in the complex social background, each heterogeneity "the strength" puts from the enterprise inside and outside the enterprise in the non-Euclid space, the optimal choice of enterprise is impossible at the straight way for the enterprise health survival development in the Euclid space, but the way of "the distortion, the bend" that the enterprise vitality rationality eagerly anticipates.
Secondly, the viewpoint on enterprise goal contradictory has been coordinated for the economic theory and the enterprise practices. The economic theory have believed that the enterprise goal is to pursuing the profit maximization, but the conclusion of the enterprise practices is that the profit of enterprise is not the operation of business's final goal, and the sideline product is just the inevitable result that the enterprise manages gets the knack. In the non-Euclid space, the business management goal is accumulates the form by the enterprise goal and the enterprise author goal tensor to exist:The business management goal both must reflect enterprise's utilizable goal, and so as to reflect enterprise related benefit utilizable of the value double objects. This viewpoint can coordinate the conflict conclusion on the enterprise goal of the economic theory and the enterprise practices. The business management activity is to pursue the enterprise vitality, and the non-profit maximization for goal activity. The pure business economic goal cannot take the instruction enterprise's management and operation moving target directly. Only by realizing the enterprise vitality, the enterprise goal can be maximize to realize.
Thirdly, this paper proposes the concept of "the enterprise vitality rationality". The expansion has deepened the rational idea for enterprise development, and provided basic rationale for enterprise's development:The enterprise activities are all rational activity essentially. The enterprise vitality is the enterprise'basic safeguard, and which is the premise for the enterprise goal. Enterprise's administrative action whether the reasonable rational appraisal criterion is:this activity or behavior to be whether advantageous to enterprise's vigor construction, any behavior of the enterprise development vigor constructions is not harmfully enterprise's rational choice. The enterprise vitality rationality stress that enterprise vitality's construction and the promotion are in the enterprise vitality rationality various elements and the relational close coordination result, any element's function cannot leave the function and the support coming from other elements. When the various elements relations of enterprise vitality rational are uncoordinated, regardless making the great effort of the enterprise in each essential factor, it is invalid to promote the enterprise vitality.
Fourthly, the innovative activities of enterprise have the valid boundary. The enterprise innovative activity has the valid boundary problem based on the enterprise vitality rational. The limiting factors of enterprise innovative activities' validity are complex and changes are unceasingly. If not well grasp the innovation opportunity, the domain, quantity, the way, it will cause the enterprise "to incur the fatal blow". Enterprise's innovative activities are effective when the enterprise innovation supplies and the innovation demand must be at the dynamic equalization condition. To destroy this balance, the innovation valid space the idle and the waste will be caused, the market share will be low, the enterprise profit is insufficient; the innovation is invalid, the enterprise operation cost will be enlarges, the enterprise essential factor the will be waste, the business risk will be enlarged.
Fifthly, the enterprise pursuits for short-term profit belong to "the strength logical rule" and are enterprise's perceptual choice. The enterprise pursuits for Long-term profit belong to "the energy or the potential logical rule". The enterprise managers must realize and maintain the balance with long-term income and short-term yield spontaneously, its needs rational effective instruction of enterprise vitality so as to realize balance status.
本文主要基于非欧几里得思维模式,采用系统论的研究方法,在前人关于理性理论、组织理性理论、企业活力理论研究的基础上,对企业活力理性问题进行了初步的、尝试性的研究。论文的主要结论与创新点体现在以下几方面：
(1)提出企业管理活动存在于非欧几里得空间的假设。
不同于现有学界普遍以笛卡儿-欧几里得思维模式的研究思路,指出企业活动存在的空间,是具有非均匀、不平坦、富有弹性的非欧几里得空间。任何企业无不存在于复杂的社会背景之中,来自企业内外各种不同性质的“力”将企业置于非欧几里得空间中,企业得以健康生存发展的最优路径不可能是欧几里得空间中平直路径,而是需要企业活力理性引领的“扭曲、弯折”的路径。
(2)协调了经济学理论与企业实践关于企业目的的矛盾观点。
经济学理论认为,企业目的是追求利润最大化,而企业实践的结论是,企业利润并不是经营企业的最终目的,只是企业经营得法的副产品和必然结果。在非欧几里得空间,企业管理目的是以企业目的与企业行为人目的的张量积形式存在着：企业管理目的既要反映出企业的工具性目的,又要反映出企业相关利益者的工具性、价值性双重目的。这一观点,使得经济学理论与企业实践关于企业目的的冲突结论得以协调。企业管理活动是以追求企业活力而非利润最大化为目的的活动。单纯的企业经济目的不能直接作为指导企业的经营管理活动目标。只有通过实现企业活力,企业目的才可能最大限度地实现。
(3)提出并初步解释了“企业活力理性”概念。
扩展深化了支撑企业发展的既有理性观念,为企业的发展能够基业长青提供了相应理论基础。企业活动本质上是一种理性活动,企业活力是企业存在发展的根本保障,是企业目的得以实现的前提。企业的管理行为或活动是否合理的评价准则是：该活动或行为是否有利于企业的活力建设。任何有害于企业活力的行为,都不是企业理性的行为。企业活力理性强调,企业活力的建设与提升,是企业活力理性中诸元素相互适应、相互契合的结果,其中任何元素的功能都离不开其他元素的作用与支撑。当企业活力理性的各元素关系不协调时,企业无论在各个要素上付出多大的努力,对提升企业活力都可能是无效的。
(4)企业创新活动存在着有效性边界。
基于企业活力理性的企业创新活动,存在着有效性边界问题。约束企业创新活动有效性的因素是复杂的、不断变化的；企业创新不是越多越好。对创新的时机、领域、数量、方式把握不当,将会使企业“招致致命打击”。企业创新供给与创新需求只有处于动态均衡状态,企业的创新活动才是有效的。破坏这种平衡,要么就会导致创新有效性空间的闲置和浪费,市场占有率低,使企业赢利不足；要么就会导致创新无效,加大企业运营成本,形成企业要素的浪费,加大企业风险。
(5)企业对其短期收益的追求,属于“力的逻辑规律”,是企业的感性选择。企业对其长期收益的追求行为,则属于“能量或势的逻辑规律”。企业行为人并不能自发地实现和维持其长期收益和短期收益的均衡,需要企业活力理性的有效指导、规范才能实现这样的均衡。
Along with the global economic competition unceasing aggravating, enterprise activities' complexity and uncertainty are enhancing unceasingly, enterprises operation difficulty and the operation risk obviously are also climbing. Statistics data indicated that in China, has nearly 1,000,000 business failures every year, the small and medium-sized enterprise mean lifetime is only for 2.6 years. Although the reasons of enterprise falls into crisis are multiple, but it is the basic reason that the enterprise being an organic life body, which lack the intrinsic vigor for the supporting of its health survival effective development, because all activities of enterprise are the establishment above the enterprise rational foundation and the enterprise rationality restraint, which have decided that the enterprise intrinsic vigor is deficient. The enterprise rational question's research is the basic premise and all other question research is based on the enterprise operation structure, the mechanism, the system, the power and so on. The choice what kind of enterprise rationality, has the irreplaceable influence regarding the enterprise survival development destiny. At present, however, is also quite rare about the research on the support enterprise health survival development's enterprise rational questions, and so the research on enterprise rational question, which basically also occupies the lag in the enterprise operation practice condition. The goal of this article lies in through the exploration and the construction effective enterprise rationality, to provide a rational stratification plane about the enterprise question's research the research angle of view. At the same time, this article gets rid of the artificial manufacture for the enterprise operation practice the crisis, and to provide support for the more effective enterprise rational theory.
This article is mainly based on the non-Euclid ideological mode, the research technique of the system theory is used in the predecessor's study about the rational theory, the organization rational theory, and the enterprise vitality fundamental research's foundation, the experimental research on the enterprise vitality rational question has been conducted preliminary. The paper's main conclusions and the innovation spot manifest are as the following:
Firstly, it's been proposed that the business management activity existing in the non-Euclid space supposition. Is different in the existing academic circle generally by the Euclid ideological mode research mentality, it's been pointed out that the space of the enterprise activities, is non-Euclid space of the inhomogeneous, no smooth, the high resilience. Any enterprise exists all in the complex social background, each heterogeneity "the strength" puts from the enterprise inside and outside the enterprise in the non-Euclid space, the optimal choice of enterprise is impossible at the straight way for the enterprise health survival development in the Euclid space, but the way of "the distortion, the bend" that the enterprise vitality rationality eagerly anticipates.
Secondly, the viewpoint on enterprise goal contradictory has been coordinated for the economic theory and the enterprise practices. The economic theory have believed that the enterprise goal is to pursuing the profit maximization, but the conclusion of the enterprise practices is that the profit of enterprise is not the operation of business's final goal, and the sideline product is just the inevitable result that the enterprise manages gets the knack. In the non-Euclid space, the business management goal is accumulates the form by the enterprise goal and the enterprise author goal tensor to exist:The business management goal both must reflect enterprise's utilizable goal, and so as to reflect enterprise related benefit utilizable of the value double objects. This viewpoint can coordinate the conflict conclusion on the enterprise goal of the economic theory and the enterprise practices. The business management activity is to pursue the enterprise vitality, and the non-profit maximization for goal activity. The pure business economic goal cannot take the instruction enterprise's management and operation moving target directly. Only by realizing the enterprise vitality, the enterprise goal can be maximize to realize.
Thirdly, this paper proposes the concept of "the enterprise vitality rationality". The expansion has deepened the rational idea for enterprise development, and provided basic rationale for enterprise's development:The enterprise activities are all rational activity essentially. The enterprise vitality is the enterprise'basic safeguard, and which is the premise for the enterprise goal. Enterprise's administrative action whether the reasonable rational appraisal criterion is:this activity or behavior to be whether advantageous to enterprise's vigor construction, any behavior of the enterprise development vigor constructions is not harmfully enterprise's rational choice. The enterprise vitality rationality stress that enterprise vitality's construction and the promotion are in the enterprise vitality rationality various elements and the relational close coordination result, any element's function cannot leave the function and the support coming from other elements. When the various elements relations of enterprise vitality rational are uncoordinated, regardless making the great effort of the enterprise in each essential factor, it is invalid to promote the enterprise vitality.
Fourthly, the innovative activities of enterprise have the valid boundary. The enterprise innovative activity has the valid boundary problem based on the enterprise vitality rational. The limiting factors of enterprise innovative activities' validity are complex and changes are unceasingly. If not well grasp the innovation opportunity, the domain, quantity, the way, it will cause the enterprise "to incur the fatal blow". Enterprise's innovative activities are effective when the enterprise innovation supplies and the innovation demand must be at the dynamic equalization condition. To destroy this balance, the innovation valid space the idle and the waste will be caused, the market share will be low, the enterprise profit is insufficient; the innovation is invalid, the enterprise operation cost will be enlarges, the enterprise essential factor the will be waste, the business risk will be enlarged.
Fifthly, the enterprise pursuits for short-term profit belong to "the strength logical rule" and are enterprise's perceptual choice. The enterprise pursuits for Long-term profit belong to "the energy or the potential logical rule". The enterprise managers must realize and maintain the balance with long-term income and short-term yield spontaneously, its needs rational effective instruction of enterprise vitality so as to realize balance status.
引文
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