提高频域OCT性能的若干关键技术研究
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摘要
光学相干层析成像技术(Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT)作为一种全新的光学断层成像技术,以其无辐射、非侵入、高分辨及高探测灵敏度等特点,在临床医学领域具有巨大的发展潜力。传统的OCT技术为时域OCT,其特点是需要参考臂的深度扫描,对应样品的不同深度。深度扫描限制了时域OCT的采集速度,影响了其更广泛的应用,如活体在体测量。最近兴起的频域OCT技术用光谱仪替代了光电二极管进行检测,通过采集干涉光谱并作傅立叶变换就能得出样品内部一个深度方向的全部信息,实现了深度方向信息的并行采集,使系统更为简单和稳定,极大地提高了成像速度。为了有效地扩大频域OCT的应用范围,提高其应用价值,实现高速实时成像,本文对频域OCT图像质量、成像速度、信噪比和轴向分辨率等性能进行了分析,对提高频域OCT性能进行了若干关键技术的研究。
论文主要研究内容包括:
1.根据一阶Born近似理论和多次散射理论将背向散射光子分成两类;建立了频域OCT的蒙特卡罗仿真模型,由仿真结果可知,二类光子比一类光子有更广的空间和角度分布,正是由于该特点使得频域OCT成像成为可能;通过对比频域OCT和时域OCT的仿真结果可知,在相同的条件下,在满足相干条件的探测深度下时域OCT出射的光子数要大于频域OCT,但是其成像速度要小于频域OCT的成像速度,时域OCT在进行轴向扫描过程中,更多的扫描位置是在同层介质的区域中,因此提高扫描效率得到真正有意义的位置也是时域OCT所需要解决问题;为了解决样品每层析面的图像灰度随深度递减的问题,对于复杂的生物组织样品利用蒙特卡罗仿真法对图像灰度值进行了补偿,提高了频域OCT的图像质量。
2.构建了频域OCT的数学模型,推出了频域OCT图像函数,分析了频域OCT成像机理及图像结构。采用相移谱频域OCT、相移差分谱频域OCT和复谱频域OCT来提高图像质量,实现全量程的有效探测。采用采用2帧相移算法来提高成像的速度,结果表明它比经典的5帧相移算法在速度上提高了一倍。
3.为了改善图像质量和提高信噪比,采用了一种新的带有特殊镀膜分束器的干涉仪结构,并对该系统的性能进行了分析。该结构使参考光强衰减了25倍,减小了参考光与信号光之间的能量差距,图像干涉对比度大约提高了100倍,同时这种特殊结构的干涉仪可以使样品臂的出射光强提高4倍,并且使真实图像信号的信噪比提高了6dB。
4.为了抑制相移器的线性相移误差,采用了频域和空域两种分析方法对利于OCT成像的定步长算法进行了分析,结果证明两种分析方法结论的一致性:相移步距为π/ 2的五帧算法性能最优,并且从空域分析方法中能更直观地看出:五帧相移算法对真实层析结构影响较小,对镜像尾迹有很好的抑制作用,能够真正地实现全量程的有效探测。
5.为了提高频域OCT系统的轴向分辨率和信噪比,分析频域OCT图像的轴向分辨率理论,提出了光源的相干长度及频域OCT图像的轴向分辨率测量法。为了减小干涉谱的非线性相位对相干包络分辨率的影响,采用零补偿法补偿非线性相位引起的轴向分辨率的下降。建立了基于子光谱分析的白光频域OCT,该系统通过选择所需要的白光光源及其接收频段,这样既可以兼顾最大探测深度和高轴向分辨率,并且提高信噪比。
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), as a new imaging technique, has great potential in clinical medicine due to its non-invasion, non-radiation, high resolution and high sensitiveness. OCT is traditionally considered as Time-domain OCT (TDOCT). It needs depth scanning of reference arm. Different depth corresponds to different depth information of the sample. However, the collection time is limited by depth-scanning with no further application in vivo. Spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT) uses spectrometer instead of photoelectric cell, and it able to obtain the whole depth information through Fourier Transform of the collected interference spectrum. The system is more simple and steady under a higher speed. In order to apply high speed OCT in more fields, the imaging quality, the imaging speed, the signal to noise ratio, the axial resolution and several other key techniques are studied in this paper.
The research mainly includes:
1. Scattering signals are classified into two categories according to One Order Born Approximation and multiple scattering theory. The simulation results on the basic of SDOCT Monte-Carlo module indicate that the second category photons have wider spatial and angular distribution, and the phenomenon explains why SDOCT is likely to be implemented. The number of emitting photons of TDOCT are much lager than that of SDOCT under the coherent condition, however the imaging speed is much slower, for the axial scanning is carried out in the TDOCT, and the scanning point is located in the same layer of media, it is a problem needed to be solved by TDOCT to get an actual and meaningful position to improving scanning efficiency. In order to resolve the problem of gray scale’s degression of layers in the media, Monte-Carlo simulation is adopted.
2. Mathematical model of SDOCT is set up to obtain image function and then the principals and image structures of SDOCT are analyzed. The Phase shift spectral domain OCT, the phase difference OCT and the complex spectral OCT all manage to enhance image quality, and make the full range measurement possible. Two step phase shift method is adopted to speed up the measurements and the result tells us that it is more efficient than conditional five step phase shift method.
3. A new interferometer with special coating beam splitter is designed to manage to enhance the image quality. The design reduces the intensity in reference arm to 25 times less than before and lessens the energy gap between two arms. The image contrast goes up to 100 times more than before. Meanwhile, signal to noise ratio improves by 6dB.
4. In order to restrict the linear phase shift error, two methods (spatial domain and time domain) are applied to study the phase shift method. They have the same result: five step phase shift method is the optimal image construction method. It has little influence on the image structures, restricts more for the mirror image and the full range measurement is implemented.
5. To improve the axial resolution and signal to noise ratio of SDOCT image, a new measurement of coherent length and axial resolution is brought forward in the paper. Zero-padding technique is used to compensate the degression of axial resolution induced by nonlinear phase shift error. White spectral OCT is set up on partial spectrum analysis,the system chooses required white light source and receiving spectral. It would have more detection depth, higher resolution and improving signal to noise ratio.
论文主要研究内容包括:
1.根据一阶Born近似理论和多次散射理论将背向散射光子分成两类;建立了频域OCT的蒙特卡罗仿真模型,由仿真结果可知,二类光子比一类光子有更广的空间和角度分布,正是由于该特点使得频域OCT成像成为可能;通过对比频域OCT和时域OCT的仿真结果可知,在相同的条件下,在满足相干条件的探测深度下时域OCT出射的光子数要大于频域OCT,但是其成像速度要小于频域OCT的成像速度,时域OCT在进行轴向扫描过程中,更多的扫描位置是在同层介质的区域中,因此提高扫描效率得到真正有意义的位置也是时域OCT所需要解决问题;为了解决样品每层析面的图像灰度随深度递减的问题,对于复杂的生物组织样品利用蒙特卡罗仿真法对图像灰度值进行了补偿,提高了频域OCT的图像质量。
2.构建了频域OCT的数学模型,推出了频域OCT图像函数,分析了频域OCT成像机理及图像结构。采用相移谱频域OCT、相移差分谱频域OCT和复谱频域OCT来提高图像质量,实现全量程的有效探测。采用采用2帧相移算法来提高成像的速度,结果表明它比经典的5帧相移算法在速度上提高了一倍。
3.为了改善图像质量和提高信噪比,采用了一种新的带有特殊镀膜分束器的干涉仪结构,并对该系统的性能进行了分析。该结构使参考光强衰减了25倍,减小了参考光与信号光之间的能量差距,图像干涉对比度大约提高了100倍,同时这种特殊结构的干涉仪可以使样品臂的出射光强提高4倍,并且使真实图像信号的信噪比提高了6dB。
4.为了抑制相移器的线性相移误差,采用了频域和空域两种分析方法对利于OCT成像的定步长算法进行了分析,结果证明两种分析方法结论的一致性:相移步距为π/ 2的五帧算法性能最优,并且从空域分析方法中能更直观地看出:五帧相移算法对真实层析结构影响较小,对镜像尾迹有很好的抑制作用,能够真正地实现全量程的有效探测。
5.为了提高频域OCT系统的轴向分辨率和信噪比,分析频域OCT图像的轴向分辨率理论,提出了光源的相干长度及频域OCT图像的轴向分辨率测量法。为了减小干涉谱的非线性相位对相干包络分辨率的影响,采用零补偿法补偿非线性相位引起的轴向分辨率的下降。建立了基于子光谱分析的白光频域OCT,该系统通过选择所需要的白光光源及其接收频段,这样既可以兼顾最大探测深度和高轴向分辨率,并且提高信噪比。
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), as a new imaging technique, has great potential in clinical medicine due to its non-invasion, non-radiation, high resolution and high sensitiveness. OCT is traditionally considered as Time-domain OCT (TDOCT). It needs depth scanning of reference arm. Different depth corresponds to different depth information of the sample. However, the collection time is limited by depth-scanning with no further application in vivo. Spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT) uses spectrometer instead of photoelectric cell, and it able to obtain the whole depth information through Fourier Transform of the collected interference spectrum. The system is more simple and steady under a higher speed. In order to apply high speed OCT in more fields, the imaging quality, the imaging speed, the signal to noise ratio, the axial resolution and several other key techniques are studied in this paper.
The research mainly includes:
1. Scattering signals are classified into two categories according to One Order Born Approximation and multiple scattering theory. The simulation results on the basic of SDOCT Monte-Carlo module indicate that the second category photons have wider spatial and angular distribution, and the phenomenon explains why SDOCT is likely to be implemented. The number of emitting photons of TDOCT are much lager than that of SDOCT under the coherent condition, however the imaging speed is much slower, for the axial scanning is carried out in the TDOCT, and the scanning point is located in the same layer of media, it is a problem needed to be solved by TDOCT to get an actual and meaningful position to improving scanning efficiency. In order to resolve the problem of gray scale’s degression of layers in the media, Monte-Carlo simulation is adopted.
2. Mathematical model of SDOCT is set up to obtain image function and then the principals and image structures of SDOCT are analyzed. The Phase shift spectral domain OCT, the phase difference OCT and the complex spectral OCT all manage to enhance image quality, and make the full range measurement possible. Two step phase shift method is adopted to speed up the measurements and the result tells us that it is more efficient than conditional five step phase shift method.
3. A new interferometer with special coating beam splitter is designed to manage to enhance the image quality. The design reduces the intensity in reference arm to 25 times less than before and lessens the energy gap between two arms. The image contrast goes up to 100 times more than before. Meanwhile, signal to noise ratio improves by 6dB.
4. In order to restrict the linear phase shift error, two methods (spatial domain and time domain) are applied to study the phase shift method. They have the same result: five step phase shift method is the optimal image construction method. It has little influence on the image structures, restricts more for the mirror image and the full range measurement is implemented.
5. To improve the axial resolution and signal to noise ratio of SDOCT image, a new measurement of coherent length and axial resolution is brought forward in the paper. Zero-padding technique is used to compensate the degression of axial resolution induced by nonlinear phase shift error. White spectral OCT is set up on partial spectrum analysis,the system chooses required white light source and receiving spectral. It would have more detection depth, higher resolution and improving signal to noise ratio.
引文
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