鸡蛋孵化早期蛋清抗微生物特点及其作用机制
|
摘要
鸡蛋蛋清具有独特的物理特性和丰富的化学因子,有可能在防止微生物感染、保证卵黄内营养物质免受破坏、保持胚胎活性等方面发挥重要作用。本研究以孵化早期鸡胚蛋蛋清为研究对象,深入挖掘孵化蛋清抗菌特性及其作用机制,旨在揭示蛋清抗菌因子在孵化条件下的作用特点及相互作用关系。主要开展以下三个方面的研究：(1)孵化早期蛋清抗菌防御体系变化及其对鸡蛋蛋清抗菌功能的影响；(2)孵化早期蛋清抗微生物防御作用机制研究；(3)蛋清蛋白质抗菌相互作用关系研究。具体研究内容和结果如下：
研究测定了孵化早期蛋清基本理化性质及体外抗菌活性的变化。结果表明,蛋清pH值在孵化约48h后上升至最高值,而蛋白高度下降到最低值；之后,蛋清pH值开始降低,蛋清开始浓缩,浓蛋清及稀蛋清粘度均快速上升。孵化早期蛋清的理化性质的变化直接影响蛋清的体外抗菌功能。孵化第2d胚蛋蛋清抗菌功能明显增强,尤其是抑制革兰氏阴性菌肠炎沙门氏菌的作用。孵化2d后,随孵化时间的延长,胚蛋蛋清的抑菌功能明显减弱,到孵化第5d时,胚蛋蛋清抑制革兰氏阴性菌的作用能力几乎消失。
卵转铁蛋白和溶菌酶是蛋清内含量最丰富的两种抗菌功能性蛋白质。研究通过SDS-PAGE和RP-HPLC技术对不同孵化阶段蛋清内卵转铁蛋白和溶菌酶含量及活性变化进行了测定。结果显示,随着孵化时间的延长,卵转铁蛋白的浓度不断增加,而溶菌酶的浓度变化很小。表明溶菌酶在禽蛋孵化早期可能存在一定程度上的降解。蛋清总铁结合力不断增强,在孵化第5d时,达到最高值23.78±0.65mg/mL。蛋清溶壁活性在孵化Od时约为30397±2280U/mg,孵化2天后降至15036±2574U/mg。随后,蛋清溶壁活性开始缓慢增加,这种变化可能与孵化蛋清内动态变化的pH有关。
研究采用凝胶层析结合MALDI-TOF MS技术对孵化早期蛋清内小分子量(LMW)蛋白质(肽)组成变化进行监测,从而揭示孵化早期蛋清蛋白质体系的稳定性。研究显示,孵化早期蛋清内LMW蛋白质组成是高度动态变化的。孵化早期(0～5d)蛋清内共出现114个LMW蛋白质信号峰,荷质比分布范围为1035.88～7112.91m/z,不同孵化阶段蛋清内LMW蛋白质组成差异很大。其中,共有28、26、35、35、20、17种LMW蛋白质分别出现在孵化0d、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d蛋清内。研究证实,孵化早期蛋清内部分大分子蛋白质会发生降解。
孵化早期浓蛋清的液化、粘度的下降可能与蛋清内部蛋白质分子间的相互作用或蛋白质的降解有关。比较研究孵化早期浓稀蛋清抗菌特性发现：孵化早期浓蛋清与稀蛋清pH、溶菌酶、卵转铁蛋白含量无明显差异。浓稀蛋清转铁活性、溶壁活性、抗菌活性的变化趋势一致。孵化早期蛋清的液化可能减弱其物理防御作用,甚至导致蛋清抗菌蛋白质溶菌酶的降解或影响蛋清内部蛋白质间的相互作用关系,然而孵化过程中形成的碱性pH环境及逐渐增强的卵转铁蛋白活性可能弥补这种减弱作用。
采用cFDA和PI染料对孵化蛋清作用后的肠炎沙门氏菌进行荧光染色,并在荧光显微镜下进行检测分析。结果表明,在蛋清的环境应激之下,肠炎沙门氏菌表现出三种生存状态：活菌、死菌、膜受损状态。采用流式细胞仪技术对不同群体特征的菌群进行定量分析发现,不同孵化阶段蛋清抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的作用效力存在较大差异。蛋清抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的主要作用机制可能是破坏细菌膜结构,这种作用在孵化温度条件下得到增强；孵化过程中形成的碱性pH环境能够促进蛋清破坏细菌膜结构的作用效力。
通过SEM技术观察孵化蛋清作用后肠炎沙门氏菌细胞形态结构变化发现,细菌细胞表面表观结构发生变化。采用细胞活性荧光探针(SYT09/PI)对孵化蛋清处理后的肠炎沙门氏菌菌群进行荧光染色后发现,经孵化蛋清处理后的细菌群体呈现红、绿两种荧光,进一步证明孵化蛋清能够对肠炎沙门氏菌膜结构产生损伤,使其在蛋清内呈现不同的活性状态。研究采用流式细胞仪技术对经蛋清处理后呈现不同活性状态的细菌群体进行定量分析。结果表明,与新鲜鸡蛋蛋清相比,孵化1d、2d、3d鸡蛋清对肠炎沙门氏菌膜结构的破坏作用能力均有所增强。其中,孵化2d蛋清作用效力最强。孵化早期蛋清还能够抑制肠炎沙门氏菌hilA基因的表达,减弱其黏附及入侵Caco-2细胞活性。
采用细菌活性荧光探针(SYT09/PI)标记技术结合流式细胞仪技术,体外模拟研究了蛋清抗菌因子卵转铁蛋白、溶菌酶在孵化早期过程中的协同抗菌作用效果。研究发现,在体外条件下,卵转铁蛋白能够破坏肠炎沙门氏菌的膜结构；溶菌酶抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的作用能力相对较弱。当环境pH增加时,卵转铁蛋白、溶菌酶抗肠炎沙门氏菌的作用活性均增强。卵转铁蛋白与溶菌酶联合使用时,对肠炎沙门氏菌具有协同抗菌作用,并且碱性pH(9.5)条件能够促进两者的协同抗菌作用效果。卵白蛋白本身不具备抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的作用效果,然而在碱性条件下,卵白蛋白的浓度变化能够影响溶菌酶及卵转铁蛋白的协同抗菌作用效果。可见,孵化早期禽蛋蛋清蛋白质及其作用环境之间存在复杂的抗菌相互作用关系。
Egg albumen has unique physical and chemical properties and contains a network of defenses against microbial infection. It was considered to play an important role in antibacterial defence of the egg yolk and the avian embryo. The antimicrobial system can be activated by incubation due to the changes of physical and chemical properties of egg albumen during egg incubation. The research object of this diploma paper was egg albumen collected from the early incubation stages. And the purpose of this research was to reveal the underline antimicrobial mechanisms and the interaction relationship of egg albumen proteins during early incubation. Including the studies:(1) The changes of antibacterial system and antibacterial activity of egg albumen during egg incubation.(2) The antimicrobial mechanisms of action of egg albumen during egg incubation.(3) In vitro study of the antimicrobial proteins network of egg albumen. Specific content and the results are as follows:
The changes in basic properties and in vitro antimicrobial activity of egg albumen during early incubation were determined. The result has shown that the pH of egg albumen was increased and reached its highest level after48hours incubation while the albumen height decreased to the lowest. Afterwards, the pH was decreased slowly and the viscosity of thick and thin egg albumen increased rapidly. The antimicrobial activity of egg albumen was also changed during the early incubation. The egg albumen collected from the second day of incubation has shown a significant increase of antimicrobial activity, especially to Salmonella enteritidis. However, the antimicrobial activity of egg albumen was decreased as incubation progressed. The antimicrobial effects of egg albumen on gram-negative bacteria would almost disappear after5days of incubation.
The most abundant and well characterized antimicrobials in egg albumen are ovotransferrin and lysozyme. The changes of ovotransferrin and lysozyme content in egg albumen were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the concentration of ovotransferrin in egg albumen was increased closely with the time of incubation but that of lysozyme remained substantially unchanged and was very similar to that of the non-incubated eggs. We supposed that egg incubation conditions may result in the degradation of lysozyme content. In contrast to lysozyme, ovotransferrin content has shown higher stability during the early incubation periods. The iron ion binding capacity and specific lysozyme activity of the egg albumen during early incubation stages was also investigated. The concentration of ovotransferrin determined on the iron-binding capacity was increased gradually and reached nearly23.78±0.65mg/mL after5days of incubation, which implied an increased iron binding capacity. The specific lysozyme activity in egg albumen decreased from30397±2280to15036±2574U/mg during the first two days of incubation. However, in the later stages of incubation, an increase of the enzymatic activity has been found. We inferred that the possible reason for the changes of lysozyme activity in egg albumen during incubation may be due to the dynamic changes of pH in egg albumen.
To further understand the stability of egg albumen proteins during early incubation, an off-line peptidomics approach combining gel chromatography and MALDI-TOF MS was used to map the low molecular weight (LMW) protein profile of egg albumen during early incubation. The observed changes in the LMW protein profile during development were highly dynamic.114mass signal peaks of LMW proteins ranging from1,035.88to7,112.91m/z were detected during the early incubation stages (0-5d). Among them,28,26,35,35,20, and17peaks of proteins were present specifically in egg albumen within0,1,2,3,4,5days of incubation. The research result has confirmed that some large molecular weight proteins would degraded into small fragments during the early incubation stages.
Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA) and propidium iodide (PI) were used in this study to determine the changes of physiological state of Salmeonella enteritidis cells treated by egg albumen. Following egg albumen treatment, Salmonella enteritidis was discriminated into three subpopulations by Fluorescence microscopy and Flow cytometric assessment:viable, dead and membrane-compromised cells. The incubation temperature and pH were both significant factors in anti-Salmonella enteritidis properties of egg albumen. Besides, the main target for antimicrobial factors in egg albumen on Salmonella enteritidis cells would be membrane integrity and the action mechanism of egg white was bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effect during early incubation.
The morphological changes of Salmeonella enteritidis cells treated with egg albumen were investigated by using SEM. The result showed that bacteria cells grown in incubated egg albumen were abnormal in shape and size indicating a disruption of the membrane integrity. As to Salmeonella enteritidis cells treated with incubated egg albumen and double-stained with SYTO9and PI, both green and red fluorescence can be detected. These studies confirmed previously mentioned idea that the main target for antimicrobial factors in incubated egg albumen on Salmonella enteritidis cells would be membrane integrity. Flow cytometric technique was used to quantify different bacteria subpopulations treated with egg albumen incubated for different periods. The result showed that the ability of egg albumen to disrupt bacteria membrane integrity would changed as incubation progressed and the egg albumen incubated for two days has shown to possess the most strong ability. At the same time, egg albumen from the early incubation stages could inhibit the expression of hilA gene of Salmonella enteritidis and minimize its adhesion and invasion activity to Caco-2cell.
The synergistic antimicrobial activity of ovotransferrin and lysozyme to Salmonella enteritidis was determined by using the SYTO9/PI double staining technique in combination with flow cytometry. The result showed that ovotransferrin could disrupt the membrane integrity of Salmonella enteritidis cells and the inhibitory effect of lysozyme to Salmonella enteritidis was weak. Alkaline pH would enhance the antimicrobial activities of ovotransferrin and lysozyme to Salmonella enteritidis and promote the synergistic antimicrobial activity of them. Ovalbumin was the most abundant protein in egg albumen which constitutes a special protein environment for the antimicrobial proteins. It showed little antimicrobial activity on Salmonella enteritidis. However, we found that ovalbumin increased the synergistic activities of ovotransferrin and lysozyme under alkaline pH, which indicated that a complicated interaction relationship was existed between egg albumen proteins and albumen physicochemical environment during egg incubation.
研究测定了孵化早期蛋清基本理化性质及体外抗菌活性的变化。结果表明,蛋清pH值在孵化约48h后上升至最高值,而蛋白高度下降到最低值；之后,蛋清pH值开始降低,蛋清开始浓缩,浓蛋清及稀蛋清粘度均快速上升。孵化早期蛋清的理化性质的变化直接影响蛋清的体外抗菌功能。孵化第2d胚蛋蛋清抗菌功能明显增强,尤其是抑制革兰氏阴性菌肠炎沙门氏菌的作用。孵化2d后,随孵化时间的延长,胚蛋蛋清的抑菌功能明显减弱,到孵化第5d时,胚蛋蛋清抑制革兰氏阴性菌的作用能力几乎消失。
卵转铁蛋白和溶菌酶是蛋清内含量最丰富的两种抗菌功能性蛋白质。研究通过SDS-PAGE和RP-HPLC技术对不同孵化阶段蛋清内卵转铁蛋白和溶菌酶含量及活性变化进行了测定。结果显示,随着孵化时间的延长,卵转铁蛋白的浓度不断增加,而溶菌酶的浓度变化很小。表明溶菌酶在禽蛋孵化早期可能存在一定程度上的降解。蛋清总铁结合力不断增强,在孵化第5d时,达到最高值23.78±0.65mg/mL。蛋清溶壁活性在孵化Od时约为30397±2280U/mg,孵化2天后降至15036±2574U/mg。随后,蛋清溶壁活性开始缓慢增加,这种变化可能与孵化蛋清内动态变化的pH有关。
研究采用凝胶层析结合MALDI-TOF MS技术对孵化早期蛋清内小分子量(LMW)蛋白质(肽)组成变化进行监测,从而揭示孵化早期蛋清蛋白质体系的稳定性。研究显示,孵化早期蛋清内LMW蛋白质组成是高度动态变化的。孵化早期(0～5d)蛋清内共出现114个LMW蛋白质信号峰,荷质比分布范围为1035.88～7112.91m/z,不同孵化阶段蛋清内LMW蛋白质组成差异很大。其中,共有28、26、35、35、20、17种LMW蛋白质分别出现在孵化0d、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d蛋清内。研究证实,孵化早期蛋清内部分大分子蛋白质会发生降解。
孵化早期浓蛋清的液化、粘度的下降可能与蛋清内部蛋白质分子间的相互作用或蛋白质的降解有关。比较研究孵化早期浓稀蛋清抗菌特性发现：孵化早期浓蛋清与稀蛋清pH、溶菌酶、卵转铁蛋白含量无明显差异。浓稀蛋清转铁活性、溶壁活性、抗菌活性的变化趋势一致。孵化早期蛋清的液化可能减弱其物理防御作用,甚至导致蛋清抗菌蛋白质溶菌酶的降解或影响蛋清内部蛋白质间的相互作用关系,然而孵化过程中形成的碱性pH环境及逐渐增强的卵转铁蛋白活性可能弥补这种减弱作用。
采用cFDA和PI染料对孵化蛋清作用后的肠炎沙门氏菌进行荧光染色,并在荧光显微镜下进行检测分析。结果表明,在蛋清的环境应激之下,肠炎沙门氏菌表现出三种生存状态：活菌、死菌、膜受损状态。采用流式细胞仪技术对不同群体特征的菌群进行定量分析发现,不同孵化阶段蛋清抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的作用效力存在较大差异。蛋清抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的主要作用机制可能是破坏细菌膜结构,这种作用在孵化温度条件下得到增强；孵化过程中形成的碱性pH环境能够促进蛋清破坏细菌膜结构的作用效力。
通过SEM技术观察孵化蛋清作用后肠炎沙门氏菌细胞形态结构变化发现,细菌细胞表面表观结构发生变化。采用细胞活性荧光探针(SYT09/PI)对孵化蛋清处理后的肠炎沙门氏菌菌群进行荧光染色后发现,经孵化蛋清处理后的细菌群体呈现红、绿两种荧光,进一步证明孵化蛋清能够对肠炎沙门氏菌膜结构产生损伤,使其在蛋清内呈现不同的活性状态。研究采用流式细胞仪技术对经蛋清处理后呈现不同活性状态的细菌群体进行定量分析。结果表明,与新鲜鸡蛋蛋清相比,孵化1d、2d、3d鸡蛋清对肠炎沙门氏菌膜结构的破坏作用能力均有所增强。其中,孵化2d蛋清作用效力最强。孵化早期蛋清还能够抑制肠炎沙门氏菌hilA基因的表达,减弱其黏附及入侵Caco-2细胞活性。
采用细菌活性荧光探针(SYT09/PI)标记技术结合流式细胞仪技术,体外模拟研究了蛋清抗菌因子卵转铁蛋白、溶菌酶在孵化早期过程中的协同抗菌作用效果。研究发现,在体外条件下,卵转铁蛋白能够破坏肠炎沙门氏菌的膜结构；溶菌酶抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的作用能力相对较弱。当环境pH增加时,卵转铁蛋白、溶菌酶抗肠炎沙门氏菌的作用活性均增强。卵转铁蛋白与溶菌酶联合使用时,对肠炎沙门氏菌具有协同抗菌作用,并且碱性pH(9.5)条件能够促进两者的协同抗菌作用效果。卵白蛋白本身不具备抑制肠炎沙门氏菌的作用效果,然而在碱性条件下,卵白蛋白的浓度变化能够影响溶菌酶及卵转铁蛋白的协同抗菌作用效果。可见,孵化早期禽蛋蛋清蛋白质及其作用环境之间存在复杂的抗菌相互作用关系。
Egg albumen has unique physical and chemical properties and contains a network of defenses against microbial infection. It was considered to play an important role in antibacterial defence of the egg yolk and the avian embryo. The antimicrobial system can be activated by incubation due to the changes of physical and chemical properties of egg albumen during egg incubation. The research object of this diploma paper was egg albumen collected from the early incubation stages. And the purpose of this research was to reveal the underline antimicrobial mechanisms and the interaction relationship of egg albumen proteins during early incubation. Including the studies:(1) The changes of antibacterial system and antibacterial activity of egg albumen during egg incubation.(2) The antimicrobial mechanisms of action of egg albumen during egg incubation.(3) In vitro study of the antimicrobial proteins network of egg albumen. Specific content and the results are as follows:
The changes in basic properties and in vitro antimicrobial activity of egg albumen during early incubation were determined. The result has shown that the pH of egg albumen was increased and reached its highest level after48hours incubation while the albumen height decreased to the lowest. Afterwards, the pH was decreased slowly and the viscosity of thick and thin egg albumen increased rapidly. The antimicrobial activity of egg albumen was also changed during the early incubation. The egg albumen collected from the second day of incubation has shown a significant increase of antimicrobial activity, especially to Salmonella enteritidis. However, the antimicrobial activity of egg albumen was decreased as incubation progressed. The antimicrobial effects of egg albumen on gram-negative bacteria would almost disappear after5days of incubation.
The most abundant and well characterized antimicrobials in egg albumen are ovotransferrin and lysozyme. The changes of ovotransferrin and lysozyme content in egg albumen were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the concentration of ovotransferrin in egg albumen was increased closely with the time of incubation but that of lysozyme remained substantially unchanged and was very similar to that of the non-incubated eggs. We supposed that egg incubation conditions may result in the degradation of lysozyme content. In contrast to lysozyme, ovotransferrin content has shown higher stability during the early incubation periods. The iron ion binding capacity and specific lysozyme activity of the egg albumen during early incubation stages was also investigated. The concentration of ovotransferrin determined on the iron-binding capacity was increased gradually and reached nearly23.78±0.65mg/mL after5days of incubation, which implied an increased iron binding capacity. The specific lysozyme activity in egg albumen decreased from30397±2280to15036±2574U/mg during the first two days of incubation. However, in the later stages of incubation, an increase of the enzymatic activity has been found. We inferred that the possible reason for the changes of lysozyme activity in egg albumen during incubation may be due to the dynamic changes of pH in egg albumen.
To further understand the stability of egg albumen proteins during early incubation, an off-line peptidomics approach combining gel chromatography and MALDI-TOF MS was used to map the low molecular weight (LMW) protein profile of egg albumen during early incubation. The observed changes in the LMW protein profile during development were highly dynamic.114mass signal peaks of LMW proteins ranging from1,035.88to7,112.91m/z were detected during the early incubation stages (0-5d). Among them,28,26,35,35,20, and17peaks of proteins were present specifically in egg albumen within0,1,2,3,4,5days of incubation. The research result has confirmed that some large molecular weight proteins would degraded into small fragments during the early incubation stages.
Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA) and propidium iodide (PI) were used in this study to determine the changes of physiological state of Salmeonella enteritidis cells treated by egg albumen. Following egg albumen treatment, Salmonella enteritidis was discriminated into three subpopulations by Fluorescence microscopy and Flow cytometric assessment:viable, dead and membrane-compromised cells. The incubation temperature and pH were both significant factors in anti-Salmonella enteritidis properties of egg albumen. Besides, the main target for antimicrobial factors in egg albumen on Salmonella enteritidis cells would be membrane integrity and the action mechanism of egg white was bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effect during early incubation.
The morphological changes of Salmeonella enteritidis cells treated with egg albumen were investigated by using SEM. The result showed that bacteria cells grown in incubated egg albumen were abnormal in shape and size indicating a disruption of the membrane integrity. As to Salmeonella enteritidis cells treated with incubated egg albumen and double-stained with SYTO9and PI, both green and red fluorescence can be detected. These studies confirmed previously mentioned idea that the main target for antimicrobial factors in incubated egg albumen on Salmonella enteritidis cells would be membrane integrity. Flow cytometric technique was used to quantify different bacteria subpopulations treated with egg albumen incubated for different periods. The result showed that the ability of egg albumen to disrupt bacteria membrane integrity would changed as incubation progressed and the egg albumen incubated for two days has shown to possess the most strong ability. At the same time, egg albumen from the early incubation stages could inhibit the expression of hilA gene of Salmonella enteritidis and minimize its adhesion and invasion activity to Caco-2cell.
The synergistic antimicrobial activity of ovotransferrin and lysozyme to Salmonella enteritidis was determined by using the SYTO9/PI double staining technique in combination with flow cytometry. The result showed that ovotransferrin could disrupt the membrane integrity of Salmonella enteritidis cells and the inhibitory effect of lysozyme to Salmonella enteritidis was weak. Alkaline pH would enhance the antimicrobial activities of ovotransferrin and lysozyme to Salmonella enteritidis and promote the synergistic antimicrobial activity of them. Ovalbumin was the most abundant protein in egg albumen which constitutes a special protein environment for the antimicrobial proteins. It showed little antimicrobial activity on Salmonella enteritidis. However, we found that ovalbumin increased the synergistic activities of ovotransferrin and lysozyme under alkaline pH, which indicated that a complicated interaction relationship was existed between egg albumen proteins and albumen physicochemical environment during egg incubation.
引文
1. 杭尧.流式细胞仪在猪链球菌粘附细胞研究中的应用.[硕士学位论文]武汉：华中农业大学,2009.
2. 郑建.卵转铁蛋白抗菌活性肽的制备及其抑菌活性的研究.[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2011.
3. Aguilera O, Quiros LM, Fierro JF. Transferrins selectively cause ion efflux through bacterial and artificial membranes. FEBS Letters,2003,548:5-10.
4. Alabdeh M, Lechevalier V, Nau F, Gautier M, Cochet MF, Gonnet F, Jan S, Baron F. Role of incubation conditions and protein fraction on the antimicrobial activity of egg white against Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coil. J Food Prot,2011,74: 24-31.
5. Allcroft WM. Incubation and Hatchery Practise.4. Ed. London UK. Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1964.
6. Ananta EV, Heinz, Knorr D. Assessment of high pressure induced damage on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG by flow cytometry. Food Microbiol,2004,21: 567-577.
7. Araki T, Kuwamura Y, Kuwahara H, Masuda S, Torikata T. Study of the changes of protein and lysozyme of egg white on embryonic development and storage. Proceedings of Faculty of Agriculture,2000,19:29-36.
8. Arnold RR, Russell JE, Champion WJ, Gauthier JJ. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin:Influence of physical conditions and metabolic state of the target microorganism. Infect Immun,1981,32:655-660.
9. Baron F, Gautier M, Brule G. Factors involved in the inhibition of growth of Salmonella enteritidis in liquid egg white. J Food Prot,1997.11:1318-1323.
10. Baron F and Rehault S. Compounds with Antibacterial Activity. In:Rainer H, Rosina L, Marc A, Rudiger S eds. Bioactive Egg Compounds. Springer-Verlag Berlin,2007.191-198.
11. Bajaj VH, wang C, Lee CA. hilA is a novel ompR/toxR family member that activates the expression of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes. Mol Microbiol, 1995,18:715-727.
12. Bajaj V, Lucas RL, Hwang C, Lee CA. Co-ordinate regulation of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes by environmental and regulatory factors is mediated by control of hilA expression. Mol Microbiol,1996,22:703-714.
13. Banks PM, Frizzera G, Anaya JS. Neoplastic plasma cells in follicular lymphomas. Virchows Archiv,1986,409:149-162.
14. Barbesti S, Citterio S, Labra M, Baroni MD, Neri MG,Sgorbati S. Two and three-color fluorescence flow cytometric analysis of immunoidentified viable bacteria. Cytometry,2000,40:214-218.
15. Barrett AJ, Fritz H, Grubb A, Isemura S, Jarvinen M, Katunuma N, Machleidt W, Muller-Esterl W, Sasaki M, and Turk V. Nomenclature and classification of the proteins homologous with the cysteine-proteinase inhibitor chicken cystatin. Biochem J.1986,236:312.
16. Benton CE, Brake J. The effect of broiler breeder flock age and length of egg storage on egg albumen during early incubation. Poult Sci,1996,75:1069-1075.
17. Benton C E, Walsh T J, Brake J. Effects of presence of a blastoderm on albumen height and pH of broiler hatching eggs. Poultry Science,2001,80:955-957.
18. Bera A, Herbert S, Jakob A, Vollmer W, Gotz F. Why are pathogenic staphylococci so lysozyme resistant? The peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase OatA is the major determinant for lysozyme resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol, 2005,55:778-787.
19. Bezkorovainy A. Antimicrobial properties of iron-binding proteins. Find all citations by this author (default). Adv Exp Med Biol,1981,135-139.
20. Board R G, Fuller R. Non-specific antimicrobial defences of the avian egg, embryo and neonate. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc,1974,49:15-49.
21. Brake J, Walsh TJ, Benton CE, Petitte JN, Meijerhof R, Penalva G. Egg handling and storage. Poult Sci,1997,76:144-151.
22. Braun P, Fehlhaber K. Migration of Salmonella enteritidis from the albumen into the egg yolk. Int J Food Microbial,1995,25:95-99.
23. Broquist HP, Snell EE. Biotin and bacterial growth. J Bio Chem,1951,188: 431-444.
24. Burley RW, Vadehra DV.1989. The avian egg:chemistry and biology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
25. Caglayan T, Alasahan S, Cetin O, Kirikic K, Gunlu A. Effects of egg weight and length of storage period on chick weight and hatchability performance of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). J Food Agric Environ,2010,8:407-410.
26. Cason JA, Cox NA, Bailey JS. Transmission of Salmonella typhimurium during hatching of broiler chicks. Avian Dis,1994,38:583-588.
27. Clavijo RI, Loui C. Identification of Genes Associated with Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Chicken Egg Albumen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006,72:1055-1064.
28. Cogan TA, Domingue G, Lappin-scott HM, Benson CE, Woodward MJ, Humphrey TJ. Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in artificially contaminated eggs:the effects of inoculum size and suspending media. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2001,70:131-141.
29. Cook MI, Beissinger SR, Toranzos GA, Arendt WJ. Incubation reduces microbial growth on eggshells and the opportunity for trans-shell infection. Ecology Letters, 2005,8:532-537.
30. Cook MI, Beissinger SR, Toranzos GA, Rodriguez RA, Arendt WJ. Microbial infection affects egg viability and incubation behavior in a tropical passerine. Behav. Ecol.,2005,16:30-36.
31. Cox NA, Bailey JS, Mauldin JM, Blankenship LC. Presence and impact of Salmonella contamination in commercial broiler hatcheries. Poult Sci,1990,69: 1606-1609.
32. D'Ambrosio C, Arena S, Scaloni A, Guerrier L, Boschetti E, Mendieta ME, Citterio A, Righetti PG. Exploring the chicken egg white proteome with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries. J Prot Res,2008,7:3461-3474.
33. Davey H M, Kell D B. Flow cytometry and cell sorting of heterogeneous microbial populations:the importance of single-cell analyses. Microbial Rev,1996,60: 641-696.
34. De Douder C, Marias J. On lysozyme therapy. I. Lysozyme tablets in treatment of some localized and generalized viral skin diseases. Medikon,1974,3:19-20.
35. Deeming DC, Mark WJ. Egg Incubation:Its effects on embryonic developmet in birds and reptiles. The Press syndicate of the university of Cambridge, UK: Cambridge university,1991.
36. Ellison RT, LaForce FM, Giehl TJ, Boose DS, Dunn BE. Lactoferrin and transferrin damage of the Gram-negative outer membrane is modulated by Ca and Mg2+. Gen Microbial,1990,136:143-746.
37. Eriksson S, Lucchini S, Thompson A, Rhen M, Hinton JCD. Unravelling the biology of macropHage infection by gene expression profiling of intracellular Salmonella enterica. Mol Microbiol,2003,47:103-118.
38. Evans EW, Beach GG, Wunderlich J, Harmon BG. Isolation of antimicrobial peptides from avian heterophils. J Leukoc Biol,1994,56:661-665.
39. Fan MZ, Li TJ, Yin YL, Fang RJ, Tang ZY, Hou ZP, Huang RL, Deng ZY, Zhong HY, Zhang RG, Wang B, Schulze H. Effect of phytase supplementation with two levels of phosphorus diets on ileal and faecal digestibilities of nutrients and phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and energy balances in growing pigs. Anim Sci, 2005,81:67-75.
40. Fey A, Eichler S, Flavier S, Christen R, Hofle MG, Guzman CA. Establishment of a real-time PCR-based approach for accurate quantification of bacterial RNA targets in water, using Salmonella as a model organism. Appl Environ Microbiol,2004,70: 3618-3623.
41. Gast RK, Guard-Petter J, Holt PS. Characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis contamination in eggs after oral, aerosol, and intravenous inoculation of laying hens. Avian Diseases,2002,46:629-635.
42. Gast RK, Holt PS. Multiplication in egg yolk and survival in egg albumen of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis strains of phage types 4,8,13a, and 14b. J Food Prot,2001,64:865-868.
43. Gavrilenko TI, Siurin SA, Lolaeva LT, Savchenko VM. The characteristics of lysozyme and carbenicillin action on the clinico-immunological status of patients with chronic bronchitis. Likars'ka sprava,1992,8:5-42.
44. Golab K, Gburek J, Gawel A, Warwas M. Changes in chicken eggwhite cystatin concentration and isoforms during embryogenesis. Br Poult Sci,2001,42:394-398.
45. Gong D, Wilson PW, Bain MM, McDade K, Kalina J., Herve-Grepinet V., Nys Y., and Dunn I.C. Gallin:an antimicrobial peptide member of a new avian defensin family, the ovodefensins, has been subject to recent gene duplication. BMC.2010, Immunol.1,2-12.
46. Gonzalez-escalona N, Hammack TS, Russell M, Jacobason AP, Jesus AJD, Brown WE, Lampel KA. Detection of Live Salmonella sp Cells in Produce by a TaqMan-Based Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time PCR Targeting invA mRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol,2009,75:3714-3720.
47. Guerin-dubiard C, Pasco M, Molle D, Desert C, Croguennec T, Nau F. Proteomic analysis of hen egg white. J Agric Food Chem,2006,54:3901-3910.
48. Gunasekaran P. Laborator manual in microbiology.3rd ed. India. New Age International,2007.
49. Gurtler J B, Conner D E. Survival and growth of salmonella enteritidis in liquid egg products varying by temperature, product composition, and carbon dioxide concentration. Foodborne Pathog Dis,2009,6:561-567.
50. Hammack TS, Sherrod PS, Bruce VR, June GA, Satchell FB, Andrews WH. Research note:growth of Salmonella enteritidis in Grade A eggs during prolonged storage. Poult Sci,1993,72:373-377
51. Hancock, Hancock laboratory:methods. http://www.interchg.ube.ca/both/MIC.html.
52. Hauben KJA, Wuytack EY, Soontjens CCF, Michiels CW. High-pressure transient sensitization of Escherichia coli to lysozyme and nisin by disruption of outer membrane permeability. J Food Prot,1996,59:350-355.
53. Hernmen F, Mahana W, Jolleset P, Paraf A. Common antigenic properties of a g-type (goose) and a c-type (duck) egg white lysozyme:Antibody responses in rabbits and mice. Cell Mol Biol,1992,48:79-84.
54. Herve-Grepinet V, Rehault-Godbert S, Labas V, Magallon T, Derache C, Lavergne M, Gautron J, Lalmanach AC, Nys Y. Purification and characterization of avian beta-defensin 11, an antimicrobial peptide of the hen egg Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2010,54:4401-4408.
55. Hindenburg A, Spitznagel J, Arnheim N. Isozymes of Lysozyme in Leukocytes and Egg White:Evidence for the Species-Specific Control of Egg-White Lysozyme Synthesis. proceeding of the national Academy of Science of the united States of America,1974,71:1653-1657.
56. Holub A, Baranyiova E, Ponizilova E. Changes in hydration in chicken and duck eggs during incubation. Vet Med,1994,39:605-614.
57. Horrocks NPC, Irene TB, Matson KD. A simple assay for measurement of ovotransferrin-a marker of inflammation and infection in birds. Methods Ecol Evol (In press),2011.
58. Hortin G L. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric view of the plasma proteome and peptidome. Clin Chem,2006,52,1223-1237
59. Ibrahim HR, Abdoueleinin AM, Higashiguchi S, Abdou AM. Antimicrobial peptides derived from hen egg lysozyme with inhibitory effect against Bacillus species. Food Control,2007,18:173-178.
60. Ibrahim HR, Iwamori E, Sugimoto Y, Aoki T. Identification of a distinct antibacterial domain within the N-lobe of ovotransferrin. J BBA,1998,3:289-303.
61. Ibrahim HR, Kato A, Kobayashi K.Antimicrobial effects of lysozyme against gram-negative bacteria due to covalent binding of palmitic acid. J Agric Food Chem, 1991,39:2077-2082
62. Ibrahim HR, Matsuzaki T, Aoki T.Genetic evidence that antibacterial activity of lysozyme is independent of its catalytic function.Febs letters,2001,506:27-32.
63. Ibrahim HR, Sugimoto Y, Aoki T. Ovotransferrin antimicrobial peptide (OATP-92) kills bacteria through a membrane damage mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2000,1523:196-205.
64. Ibrahim HR, Thomas U, Pellegrini A. A Helix-Loop-Helix Peptide at the Upper Lip of the Active Site Cleft of Lysozyme Confers Potent Antimicrobial Activity with Membrane Permeabilization Action. J Biol Chem,2001,276:43767-43774.
65. Ibrahim HR. Insights into the structure-function relationship of ovalbumin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme. Yamamoto T, Juneja I R, Hatta H, Kim M, eds. Hen Eggs:Their Basic and Applied Science, New York:CRC Press,1997,37-56.
66. Ibrahim HR. Their basic and applied science. Hen eggs. New York:CRC Press. 1996,37-57.
67. Jakobisiak M, Golab J. Statins can modulate effectiveness of antitumor therapeutic modalities. Medicinal research reviews,2010,30:102-135.
68. Jang A, Lee M, Kim JC. Protein characteristics of ovotransferrin under the pH and temperature and its anti-microbial activity. J Anim Sci,2005,47:1033-1040.
69. Jerzy R, Pysniak DS. Antimicrobial defence mechanisms of chicken eggs and possibilities for their use in protecting human and animal health. Annales UMCS, Medicina Veterinaria,2009,6:1-8.
70. Jones BD. Salmonella invasion gene regulation:A story of environmental awareness. J Microbiol,2005,43:110-117.
71. Joseph S, David WR. Molecular cloning:a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001,3rd ed.
72. Jun Fang, Meihu Ma, Yongguo Jin, et al. Assessment of Salmonella Enteritidis viability in egg white during early incubation stages by fluorescent staining method. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2012,7:556-567.
73. Kamanli S, Durmus I, Demir S. Hatching Characteristics of Abnormal Eggs. Asian J Anim Vet Adv.2010,5:271-274.
74. Kang H, Loui C, Clavilo RI, et al. Survival characteristics of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in chicken egg albumen, Epidemiol Infect,2006,134:967-976.
75. Kato A, Wakinaga T, Matsudomi N, et al. Changes in lysozyme during egg-white thinning. Agric Biol Chem,1978,42:175-176.
76. Keller LH. Invasion of chicken reproductive tissues and forming eggs is not unique to Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Diseases,1997,41:535-539.
77. Keller LH. Salmonella enteritidis colonization of the reproductive tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens. J Infection and Immunity,1995,63:2443-2449.
78. Kim YM, Farrah S, Baney RH. Membrane damage of bacteria by silanols treatment. Electron. J of Biotechn,2007,10:252-259.
79. King'ori AM, Review of the factors that influence egg fertility and hatchabilty in poultry. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2011,10:483-492.
80. Korpela J, Elo HA. The occurrence and production of avidin:a new conception of the high-affinity biotin-binding protein. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Comparative Biochemistry,1984,78:15-20.
81. Kovacs-Nolan J, Phillips M, Mine Y. Advances in the value of eggs and egg components for human health. J Agric Food Chem,2005,53:8421-843.
82. Li-Chan ECY, Powrie WD, Nakai S. The chemistry of eggs and egg products. In: Egg Science and Technology. Stadelman W J, Cotterill O J. eds. The Haworth Press Inc, New York. Stadelman W J & Cotterill O J,1995,105-175.
83. Lineweaver H, Palmer HH, Putnam GW, et al. Egg Pasteurization Manual. USDA Agric Res Serv, Albany, California.1969,74-48
84. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-[Delta][Delta]CT method. Methods,2001,25:402-408.
85. Lopez-ExpositoSyn. Pellegrini A, Amigo L, Recio I. Synergistic Effect Between Different Milk-Derived Peptides and Proteins. Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91: 2184-2189.
86. Lu S, Killoran PB, Riley LW. Association of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis YafD with Resistance to Chicken Egg Albumen. Infect Immun,2003,71: 6734-6741.
87. Lucisano M, Hildago A, Comellig EM, Rossi M. Evolution of chemical and physical albumen characteristics during the storage of shell eggs. J Agric Food Chem,1996,44:1235-1240.
88. Mahdavi M, Jalali M, Kasra KR. Biofilm formation by Salmonella enteritidis on food contact surfaces. J Biol Sci,2008,8:502-505.
89. Maidment C, Dyson A, Beard J. A study into measuring the antibacterial activity of lysozyme-containing foods. Nutrition and Food Science,2009,39:29-35.
90. Main waring MC, Rowe LV, Kelly DJ, Grey J, Bearhop S, Hartley IR. Hatching asynchrony and growth trade-offs within barn swallow broods. Condor,2009, 111:668-674.
91. Mandal PK, Biswas AK, Choi K. Methods for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens:An Overview. Am J Food Technol,2011,6:87-102.
92. Mann K, Mann M, In-depth analysis of the chicken egg white proteome using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos. Proteome. Sci,2011,9:7.
93. Mann K. Proteomic analysis of the chicken egg vitelline membrane. Proteomics, 2008,8:2322-2332.
94. Mann K. The chicken egg white proteome. Proteomics,2007,7:3558-3568.
95. Martens J H, Barg H, Warren M, Jahn D. Microbial production of vitamin B12. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2002,58:275-285.
96. Maruo K, Akaike T, Ono T, Maeda H. Involvement of bradykinin generation in intravascular dissemination of Vibrio vulnificus and prevention of invasion by a bradykinin antagonist. Infect Immun,1998,66:866-869.
97. Mayes FJ, Takeballi MA. Microbial contamination of the hen's egg. J Food Prot, 1983,46:1092-1098.
98. Mayes FJ, Takeballi MA. Microbial contamination of the hen's egg:A review. J Food Prot,1983,46:1092-1098.
99. McClelland RG, Pinder AC, Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in dairy products with flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. Appl Environ Microbial, 1994,60:4255-4262.
100. Meade KG, Higgs R, Lloyd AT, Giles S. Differential antimicrobial peptide gene expression patterns during early chicken embryological development. Dev Comp Immunol,2009,33:516-524.
101. Messens W, Duboccage L, Grijspeerdt K, Heyndirickx M, Herman L. Growth of Salmonella serovars in hens' egg albumen as affected by storage prior to inoculation. Food Microbiol,2004,21:25-32.
102. Meuer HJ, Baumann R. Oxygen pressure in intra-and extraembryonic blood vessels of early chick embryo. Respir Physiol,1988,71:331-341.
103. Miguel M, Manso MA, Lopez-Fandino R, Rames M. Comparative study of egg white proteins from different species by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. Eur Food Res Technol,2005,221:542-546.
104. Miller SM, Kato A, Nakai S. Sedimentation equilibrium study of the interaction between egg white lysozyme and ovomucin. J Agric Food Chem,1982,30: 1127-1132.
105. Mine Y, D'Silva I. Bioactive components in egg white. In:Egg bioscience and biotechnology. Mine Y. Ed. John Wiley and Sons. New York:Hoboken N J,2008.
106. Mine Y, Kovacs-Nolan J. Biologically active hen egg components in human health and disease. J Poult Sci,2004,41:1-29.
107. Mine Y, Kovacs-Nolan J. New insights in biologically active proteins and peptides derived from hen egg. Worlds Poult Sci J,2006,62:87-95.
108. Mine Y, Ma FP, Lauriau S. Antimicrobial peptides released by enzymatic hydrolysis of hen egg white lysozyme. J Agric Food Chem,2004,52:1088-1094.
109. Mine Y, Oberle C, Kassaify Z. Eggshell Matrix Proteins as Defense Mechanism of Avian Eggs. J Agric Food Chem,2002b,51:249-253.
110. Mine Y. Recent advances in egg protein functionality in the food system. World's Poult Sci. J.2002a,58,31-39.
111. Miyagawa S, Kamata R, Matsumoto K, Okamura R, Maeda H. Inhibitory effects of ovomacroglobulin on bacterial keratitis in rabbits. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991,229:281-286.
112. Molla A, Matsumura Y, Yamamoto T, Okamura R, Maeda H. Pathogenic capacity of proteases from Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their suppression by chicken egg white ovomacroglobulin. Infect Immun,1987,55: 2509-2517.
113. Mourguesa F, Brisseta M N, Chevreau E. Activity of different antibacterial peptides on Erwinia amylovora growth, and evaluation of the phytotoxicity and stability of cecropins. Plant Science,1998,139:83-91.
114. Muniyappa K, Adiga PR. Isolation and characterization of thiamin-binding protein from chicken egg white. Biochemical Journal,1979,177:887-894.
115. Nagase H, Harris ED, Jr. Ovostatin:a novel proteinase inhibitor from chicken egg white.2. Mechanism of inhibition studied with collagenase and thermolysin. J Biol Chem,1983,258:7490-7498.
116. Nagase H, Harris E D, Woessner J F, Jr, Brew K. Ovostatin:a novel proteinase inhibitor from chicken egg white. I. Purification, properties, and tissue distribution of ovostatin. J Biol Chem,1983,258:7481-7489.
117. Nakamura R, Hirai M, Takemori Y. Some differences noted between the properties of ovalbumin and S-ovalbumin in native state. Agric Biol Chem,1980,44: 149-153.
118. O'connor RJ. Brood reduction in birds:Selection for fratricide, infanticide and suicide. Anim Behav,1978,26 (Part 1):79-96.
119. Ohno N, Morrison DC. Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme. J Biol Chem, 1989,264:441-443.
120. Omana DA, Liang Y. Proteomic analysis of egg white proteins during storage. Proteomics,2011,11:144-153.
121. Palmer BD, Guillette LJ. Oviductal proteins and their influence on embryonic development in birds and reptiles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.1991.
122. Paparella A, Taccogna L, Aguzzi I, Chaves-Lopez C, Serio A, Marsilio F, Suzzi G. Flow cytometric assessment of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Listeria monocytogene. Food Control,2008,12,1174-1182.
123. Peebles ED, Gardner CW, Brake J, Benton CE, Bruzual JJ, Gerard PD. Albumen Height and Yolk and Embryo Compositions in Broiler Hatching Eggs During Incubation, Poult Sci,2000,79:1373-1377.
124. Pellegrini A, Hulsmeier A J, Hunzikerc P, Thomas U. Proteolytic fragments of ovalbumin display antimicrobial activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects,2004,1672:76-85.
125. Petit JM, Denis-Gay M, Ratinaud MH. Assessment of fluorochromes for cellular structure and function studies by flow cytometry. Biol cell,1993,78:1-13.
126. Phelps CF, Antonini E. A study of the kinetics of iron and copper binding to hen ovotransferrin. J Biol Chem,1975,147:385-391.
127. Ping HZ, Wang WJ, Liu ZQ. Effect of Lactoferrincin B and Cecropin P1 against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in vitro. J Food Agric Environ,2011,9:271-274.
128. Pooart J, Torikata T, Araki T. Enzymatic Properties of Rhea Lysozyme. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2005,69:103-112.
129. Prakash B, Krishnappa G, Muniyappa L, Santhosh Kumar B. Epidemiological characterization of avian Salmonella enterica Serovar infections in India. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2005,4:388-395.
130. Qiu N, Ma MH, Cai ZX, Jin YG, Huang X, Huang Q, Sun SG. Proteomic analysis of egg white proteins during the early phase of embryonic development. Journal of proteomics,2012,75:1895-1905.
131. Raul TT, Andres QR, Rafael RH, Alfonso LS, Daisy PB. A fast, simple, and reliable high-yielding method for DNA extraction from different plant species. J. Mol. Biotechnol.2005,2:137-139.
132. Rehault-Godbert S, Baron F, Grasteau S, Labas V, Gautier M, Hincke MT, Nys Y. Effect of temperature, time of storage and embryonic development on activities of egg white against Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. J Food Prot,2010,73: 1604-1616.
133. Rettger LF, Sperry JA. The antiseptic and bactericidal properties of egg white. J Med Res,1912,26:55-64.
134. Gast RK, Guard-Bouldin J, Guraya R, Holt PS. Effect of prior passage through laying hens on invasion of reproductive organs by Salmonella enteritidis. Int'l J of Poul Sci,2009,8:116-121.
135. Ritz M, Tholozan JL, Federighi M, Pilet MF. Morphplogical and physiological characterization of Listeria momocytogennes subjected to high hydrostatic pressure. J Appl Environ Microb,2001.67,2240-2247.
136. Robinson DS, Monsey JB. Changes in the composition of ovomucin during liquefaction of thick egg white. J Sci Food Agric,1972,23:29-38.
137. Robinson DS. The chemical basis of albumen quality. In:Egg Quality Current Problems and Recent Advances:Wells R G, Belyavin C G. eds. Butterworths, London, UK,1987,171-191.
138. Sahin O, Kobalka P, Zhang Q. Detection and survival of Campylobacter in chicken eggs. J Appl Microbiol,2003,95:1070-1079.
139. Schade AL, Caroline L. Raw hen egg white and the role of iron in growth inhibition of shigella dysenteriae, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science,1944,100:14-15.
140. Schafer A, Drewes W, Schwagele F. Effect of storage temperature and time on egg white protein. Nahrung,1999,43:86-89.
141. Sellier N, Vidal ML, Baron F, Michel J, Gautron J, Protais M, Beaumont C, Gautier M, Nys Y. Estimations of repeatability and heritability of egg albumen antimicrobial activity and of lysozyme and ovotransferrin concentrations. British Poult Sci,2007,48:559-566
142. Sharp PF, Whitaker R. The relation of the hydrogen concentration of egg white to its germicidal action. J Bacteriol,1927,14:17-46.
143. Shawkey MD, Firestonef MK, Brodie EL,. Avian Incubation Inhibits Growth and Diversification of Bacterial Assemblages on Eggs. Plos One,2009,4:1-8.
144. Shawkey M D, Kosciuch K L, Liu M, Beissinge SR. Do birds differentially distribute antimicrobial proteins within clutches of eggs? Behav Ecol,2008,19: 920-927.
145. Shivaprasad HL. Pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis infection in laying chickens. I. Studies on egg transmission, clinical signs, fecal shedding, and serologic responses. Avian Diseases,1990,34:548-557.
146. Si WD, Gong JS, Tsao R, Kalaba M, Yang, R, Yin Y. Bioassay-guided purification and identification of antimicrobial components in Chinese green tea extract. J Chromatogr A,2006,1125:204-210.
147. Silversides FG, Scott TA. Effect of storage and layer age on quality of eggs from two lines of hens. Poult Sci.2001,80:1240-1245.
148. Skaar EP. The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts. PLoS Pathog,2010,6:e1000949.
149. Spratt NT. Development of the early chick blastoderm on synthetic media. J Exp Zool,1948,107:39-64.
150. Stenning MJ. Hatching asynchrony, brood reduction and other rapidly reproducing hypotheses. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11:243-246.
151. Stevens L. Egg proteins:What are their functions?. Sci Prog,1996,79:65-87.
152. Sugiarto H, Yu PL. Avian antimicrobial peptides:the defense role of β-defensins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2004,323:721-727.
153. Suzanne MW, Sahar HM, Fakhriya ST. Solubility pattern of simmondsins, proteins and phenolics of defatted jojoba meal. Am J Food Technol,2011,6:963-973.
154. Tadeusz T, Yousif S, Wieslaw K, Maciej S. Effect of hen's age on the level of cystatin in the chicken egg white. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2004,3:471-477.
155. Thammasirirak S, Torikata T, Takami K, Murata K, Araki T. Purification and Characterization of Goose Type Lysozyme from Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) Egg White. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2001,65:584-592.
156. Tona K, Agbo K, Kamers B, Everaert N, Willemsen H, Decuypere E, Gbeassor M. Comparison of lohmann white and lohmann brown strains in embryo physiology. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2010,9:907-910.
157. Tranter HS, Board RG. The antimicrobial defense of avian eggs:biological perspective and chemical basis. J Appl Biochem,1982,4:295-338.
158. Tranter HS, Board RG. The influence of incubation temperature and pH on the antimicrobial properties of hen egg albumen. J Appl Bacteriol,1984,56:53-61.
159. Vaara M. Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane. Microbial Mol Biol Rev,1992,56:395-411.
160. Valenti AM, Rinaldi AM, Salcher-Cillari I. Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in Xenopus laevis enucleated eggs. Cell Biol Int Rep,1981,5:987-90.
161. Valenti P G, Antonin C, Von Hunolstein, P, Orsi N, Antonini E. Studies of the antimicriobial activity of ovotransferrin. Int J Tissue React,1983,1:97-105.
162. Valenti P, Visca P, Antonini G, Orsi N. Antifungal activity of ovotransferrin towards genus Candida. Mycopathologia,1985,89:169-175.
163. Van IF. Stress-induced survival strategies enable Salmonella Enteritidis to persistently colonize the chicken oviduct tissue and cope with antimicrobial factors in egg white:A hypothesis to explain a pandemic. Gut. Pathog,2010,2:23.
164. Wang C, Shelef LA. Factors contributing to antilisterial effects of raw egg albumen. J Food Sci,1991,56:1251-1254.
165. Wang MZ, Howard B, Campa MJ, Patz Jr EF, Fitzgerald MC. Analysis of human serum proteins by liquid phase isoelectric focusing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. Proteomics,2003,3:1661-1666.
166. Wang SP, Blachier F, Zhao F. Intestinal microbiota:Development, metabolism and functions. J Food Agric Environ,2011b,9:121-129.
167. Wang S P, Yang L Y, Tang X S, et al. Dietary supplementation with high-dose Bacillus subtitles or Lactobacillus refuter modulates cellular and humeral immunities and improves performance in weaned piglets. J Food Agric Environ, 2011a,9:181-187.
168. Wellman-Labadie O, Picman J, Hincke MT. Avian antimicrobial proteins:structure, distribution and activity. Worlds Poul Sci Jour,2007,63:421-438.
169. Williams KC. Some factors affecting albumen quality with particular reference to Haugh unit score. World's Poult Sci J,1992,48:5-16.
170. Woodford N, Palepou MF, Babini GS, Holmes B, Livermore DM. Carbapenemases of Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) meningosepticum:Distribution ofblaB and Characterization of a Novel Metallo-β-Lactamase Gene, blaB3, in the Type Strain, NCTC 10016. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.2000,44:1448-1452.
171. Wooley RE, Blue JL. In vitro effect of EDTA-tris-lysozyme solutions on selected pathogenic bacteria. J Med Microbial,1975,8:189-94.
172. Yu Y, Xiao ZX, Ehrlich ES, Yu XH, Yu XF. Selective assembly of HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-ElonginB-ElonginC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex through a novel SOCS box and upstream cysteines. Genes & development,2004,18:2867-2872.
173. Yadan N, Kvadehra DV. Mechanism of egg white resistance to bacterial growth. J Food Sci,1977,42:97-99.
174. Yamanishi H, Iyama S, Yamaguchi Y, Kanakura Y, Iwatani Y. Modification of fully automated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) assay in serum and comparison with dimension TIBC method. Clin Chem,2002,48:1565-1570.
175. Yasumasu S, Mao KM, Sultana F, Sakaguchi H, Yoshizaki N. cloning of a quail homologue of hatching enzyme:its conserved function and additional function in egg envelope digestion. Dev Genes Evol,2005,215:489-498.
176. Yasushi S, Kato Y, Watanabe K. Effect of Maillard Reaction on Some Physical Properties of Ovalbumin. Journal of Food Science,2006,46:1835-1839.
177. Yesillik S, Yildirim N, Dikici A, Yesillik YS. Antibacterial Effects of Some Fermented Commercial and Homemade Dairy Products and 0.9% Lactic Acid against Selected Foodborne Pathogens. Asian J Anim Vet Adv,2011,6:189-195.
178. Yin YL, Huang RL, Zhang HY, Chen CM, Li TJ, Pan YF. Nutritive value of feedstuffs and diets for pigs. I. Chemical composition, apparent ileal and fecal digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol,1993,44:1-27.
179. Yoshizaki N, Ito Y, Hori H, Saito H, Iwasawa A. Absorption, transportation and digestion of egg white in quail embryos. Dev Growth Differ,2002,44:11-22.
180. Yoshizaki N, Yamaguchi W, Ito SI, K atagiri C. On the hatching mechanism of quail embryos:Participation of ectodermal secretions in the escape of embryos from the vitelline membrane. Zoolog Sci,2000,17:751-758.
181. Zeng XH, Huang HQ, Chen DS, Jin HW, Huang HY. Proteomic study of serum using gel chromatography and MALDI-TOF MS reveals diagnostic biomarkers in male patients with liver-cancer. Int J Mass Spectrom.2007,261:108-114.
2. 郑建.卵转铁蛋白抗菌活性肽的制备及其抑菌活性的研究.[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2011.
3. Aguilera O, Quiros LM, Fierro JF. Transferrins selectively cause ion efflux through bacterial and artificial membranes. FEBS Letters,2003,548:5-10.
4. Alabdeh M, Lechevalier V, Nau F, Gautier M, Cochet MF, Gonnet F, Jan S, Baron F. Role of incubation conditions and protein fraction on the antimicrobial activity of egg white against Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coil. J Food Prot,2011,74: 24-31.
5. Allcroft WM. Incubation and Hatchery Practise.4. Ed. London UK. Her Majesty's Stationery Office,1964.
6. Ananta EV, Heinz, Knorr D. Assessment of high pressure induced damage on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG by flow cytometry. Food Microbiol,2004,21: 567-577.
7. Araki T, Kuwamura Y, Kuwahara H, Masuda S, Torikata T. Study of the changes of protein and lysozyme of egg white on embryonic development and storage. Proceedings of Faculty of Agriculture,2000,19:29-36.
8. Arnold RR, Russell JE, Champion WJ, Gauthier JJ. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin:Influence of physical conditions and metabolic state of the target microorganism. Infect Immun,1981,32:655-660.
9. Baron F, Gautier M, Brule G. Factors involved in the inhibition of growth of Salmonella enteritidis in liquid egg white. J Food Prot,1997.11:1318-1323.
10. Baron F and Rehault S. Compounds with Antibacterial Activity. In:Rainer H, Rosina L, Marc A, Rudiger S eds. Bioactive Egg Compounds. Springer-Verlag Berlin,2007.191-198.
11. Bajaj VH, wang C, Lee CA. hilA is a novel ompR/toxR family member that activates the expression of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes. Mol Microbiol, 1995,18:715-727.
12. Bajaj V, Lucas RL, Hwang C, Lee CA. Co-ordinate regulation of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes by environmental and regulatory factors is mediated by control of hilA expression. Mol Microbiol,1996,22:703-714.
13. Banks PM, Frizzera G, Anaya JS. Neoplastic plasma cells in follicular lymphomas. Virchows Archiv,1986,409:149-162.
14. Barbesti S, Citterio S, Labra M, Baroni MD, Neri MG,Sgorbati S. Two and three-color fluorescence flow cytometric analysis of immunoidentified viable bacteria. Cytometry,2000,40:214-218.
15. Barrett AJ, Fritz H, Grubb A, Isemura S, Jarvinen M, Katunuma N, Machleidt W, Muller-Esterl W, Sasaki M, and Turk V. Nomenclature and classification of the proteins homologous with the cysteine-proteinase inhibitor chicken cystatin. Biochem J.1986,236:312.
16. Benton CE, Brake J. The effect of broiler breeder flock age and length of egg storage on egg albumen during early incubation. Poult Sci,1996,75:1069-1075.
17. Benton C E, Walsh T J, Brake J. Effects of presence of a blastoderm on albumen height and pH of broiler hatching eggs. Poultry Science,2001,80:955-957.
18. Bera A, Herbert S, Jakob A, Vollmer W, Gotz F. Why are pathogenic staphylococci so lysozyme resistant? The peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase OatA is the major determinant for lysozyme resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol, 2005,55:778-787.
19. Bezkorovainy A. Antimicrobial properties of iron-binding proteins. Find all citations by this author (default). Adv Exp Med Biol,1981,135-139.
20. Board R G, Fuller R. Non-specific antimicrobial defences of the avian egg, embryo and neonate. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc,1974,49:15-49.
21. Brake J, Walsh TJ, Benton CE, Petitte JN, Meijerhof R, Penalva G. Egg handling and storage. Poult Sci,1997,76:144-151.
22. Braun P, Fehlhaber K. Migration of Salmonella enteritidis from the albumen into the egg yolk. Int J Food Microbial,1995,25:95-99.
23. Broquist HP, Snell EE. Biotin and bacterial growth. J Bio Chem,1951,188: 431-444.
24. Burley RW, Vadehra DV.1989. The avian egg:chemistry and biology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
25. Caglayan T, Alasahan S, Cetin O, Kirikic K, Gunlu A. Effects of egg weight and length of storage period on chick weight and hatchability performance of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). J Food Agric Environ,2010,8:407-410.
26. Cason JA, Cox NA, Bailey JS. Transmission of Salmonella typhimurium during hatching of broiler chicks. Avian Dis,1994,38:583-588.
27. Clavijo RI, Loui C. Identification of Genes Associated with Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Chicken Egg Albumen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006,72:1055-1064.
28. Cogan TA, Domingue G, Lappin-scott HM, Benson CE, Woodward MJ, Humphrey TJ. Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in artificially contaminated eggs:the effects of inoculum size and suspending media. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2001,70:131-141.
29. Cook MI, Beissinger SR, Toranzos GA, Arendt WJ. Incubation reduces microbial growth on eggshells and the opportunity for trans-shell infection. Ecology Letters, 2005,8:532-537.
30. Cook MI, Beissinger SR, Toranzos GA, Rodriguez RA, Arendt WJ. Microbial infection affects egg viability and incubation behavior in a tropical passerine. Behav. Ecol.,2005,16:30-36.
31. Cox NA, Bailey JS, Mauldin JM, Blankenship LC. Presence and impact of Salmonella contamination in commercial broiler hatcheries. Poult Sci,1990,69: 1606-1609.
32. D'Ambrosio C, Arena S, Scaloni A, Guerrier L, Boschetti E, Mendieta ME, Citterio A, Righetti PG. Exploring the chicken egg white proteome with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries. J Prot Res,2008,7:3461-3474.
33. Davey H M, Kell D B. Flow cytometry and cell sorting of heterogeneous microbial populations:the importance of single-cell analyses. Microbial Rev,1996,60: 641-696.
34. De Douder C, Marias J. On lysozyme therapy. I. Lysozyme tablets in treatment of some localized and generalized viral skin diseases. Medikon,1974,3:19-20.
35. Deeming DC, Mark WJ. Egg Incubation:Its effects on embryonic developmet in birds and reptiles. The Press syndicate of the university of Cambridge, UK: Cambridge university,1991.
36. Ellison RT, LaForce FM, Giehl TJ, Boose DS, Dunn BE. Lactoferrin and transferrin damage of the Gram-negative outer membrane is modulated by Ca and Mg2+. Gen Microbial,1990,136:143-746.
37. Eriksson S, Lucchini S, Thompson A, Rhen M, Hinton JCD. Unravelling the biology of macropHage infection by gene expression profiling of intracellular Salmonella enterica. Mol Microbiol,2003,47:103-118.
38. Evans EW, Beach GG, Wunderlich J, Harmon BG. Isolation of antimicrobial peptides from avian heterophils. J Leukoc Biol,1994,56:661-665.
39. Fan MZ, Li TJ, Yin YL, Fang RJ, Tang ZY, Hou ZP, Huang RL, Deng ZY, Zhong HY, Zhang RG, Wang B, Schulze H. Effect of phytase supplementation with two levels of phosphorus diets on ileal and faecal digestibilities of nutrients and phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and energy balances in growing pigs. Anim Sci, 2005,81:67-75.
40. Fey A, Eichler S, Flavier S, Christen R, Hofle MG, Guzman CA. Establishment of a real-time PCR-based approach for accurate quantification of bacterial RNA targets in water, using Salmonella as a model organism. Appl Environ Microbiol,2004,70: 3618-3623.
41. Gast RK, Guard-Petter J, Holt PS. Characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis contamination in eggs after oral, aerosol, and intravenous inoculation of laying hens. Avian Diseases,2002,46:629-635.
42. Gast RK, Holt PS. Multiplication in egg yolk and survival in egg albumen of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis strains of phage types 4,8,13a, and 14b. J Food Prot,2001,64:865-868.
43. Gavrilenko TI, Siurin SA, Lolaeva LT, Savchenko VM. The characteristics of lysozyme and carbenicillin action on the clinico-immunological status of patients with chronic bronchitis. Likars'ka sprava,1992,8:5-42.
44. Golab K, Gburek J, Gawel A, Warwas M. Changes in chicken eggwhite cystatin concentration and isoforms during embryogenesis. Br Poult Sci,2001,42:394-398.
45. Gong D, Wilson PW, Bain MM, McDade K, Kalina J., Herve-Grepinet V., Nys Y., and Dunn I.C. Gallin:an antimicrobial peptide member of a new avian defensin family, the ovodefensins, has been subject to recent gene duplication. BMC.2010, Immunol.1,2-12.
46. Gonzalez-escalona N, Hammack TS, Russell M, Jacobason AP, Jesus AJD, Brown WE, Lampel KA. Detection of Live Salmonella sp Cells in Produce by a TaqMan-Based Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time PCR Targeting invA mRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol,2009,75:3714-3720.
47. Guerin-dubiard C, Pasco M, Molle D, Desert C, Croguennec T, Nau F. Proteomic analysis of hen egg white. J Agric Food Chem,2006,54:3901-3910.
48. Gunasekaran P. Laborator manual in microbiology.3rd ed. India. New Age International,2007.
49. Gurtler J B, Conner D E. Survival and growth of salmonella enteritidis in liquid egg products varying by temperature, product composition, and carbon dioxide concentration. Foodborne Pathog Dis,2009,6:561-567.
50. Hammack TS, Sherrod PS, Bruce VR, June GA, Satchell FB, Andrews WH. Research note:growth of Salmonella enteritidis in Grade A eggs during prolonged storage. Poult Sci,1993,72:373-377
51. Hancock, Hancock laboratory:methods. http://www.interchg.ube.ca/both/MIC.html.
52. Hauben KJA, Wuytack EY, Soontjens CCF, Michiels CW. High-pressure transient sensitization of Escherichia coli to lysozyme and nisin by disruption of outer membrane permeability. J Food Prot,1996,59:350-355.
53. Hernmen F, Mahana W, Jolleset P, Paraf A. Common antigenic properties of a g-type (goose) and a c-type (duck) egg white lysozyme:Antibody responses in rabbits and mice. Cell Mol Biol,1992,48:79-84.
54. Herve-Grepinet V, Rehault-Godbert S, Labas V, Magallon T, Derache C, Lavergne M, Gautron J, Lalmanach AC, Nys Y. Purification and characterization of avian beta-defensin 11, an antimicrobial peptide of the hen egg Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2010,54:4401-4408.
55. Hindenburg A, Spitznagel J, Arnheim N. Isozymes of Lysozyme in Leukocytes and Egg White:Evidence for the Species-Specific Control of Egg-White Lysozyme Synthesis. proceeding of the national Academy of Science of the united States of America,1974,71:1653-1657.
56. Holub A, Baranyiova E, Ponizilova E. Changes in hydration in chicken and duck eggs during incubation. Vet Med,1994,39:605-614.
57. Horrocks NPC, Irene TB, Matson KD. A simple assay for measurement of ovotransferrin-a marker of inflammation and infection in birds. Methods Ecol Evol (In press),2011.
58. Hortin G L. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric view of the plasma proteome and peptidome. Clin Chem,2006,52,1223-1237
59. Ibrahim HR, Abdoueleinin AM, Higashiguchi S, Abdou AM. Antimicrobial peptides derived from hen egg lysozyme with inhibitory effect against Bacillus species. Food Control,2007,18:173-178.
60. Ibrahim HR, Iwamori E, Sugimoto Y, Aoki T. Identification of a distinct antibacterial domain within the N-lobe of ovotransferrin. J BBA,1998,3:289-303.
61. Ibrahim HR, Kato A, Kobayashi K.Antimicrobial effects of lysozyme against gram-negative bacteria due to covalent binding of palmitic acid. J Agric Food Chem, 1991,39:2077-2082
62. Ibrahim HR, Matsuzaki T, Aoki T.Genetic evidence that antibacterial activity of lysozyme is independent of its catalytic function.Febs letters,2001,506:27-32.
63. Ibrahim HR, Sugimoto Y, Aoki T. Ovotransferrin antimicrobial peptide (OATP-92) kills bacteria through a membrane damage mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2000,1523:196-205.
64. Ibrahim HR, Thomas U, Pellegrini A. A Helix-Loop-Helix Peptide at the Upper Lip of the Active Site Cleft of Lysozyme Confers Potent Antimicrobial Activity with Membrane Permeabilization Action. J Biol Chem,2001,276:43767-43774.
65. Ibrahim HR. Insights into the structure-function relationship of ovalbumin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme. Yamamoto T, Juneja I R, Hatta H, Kim M, eds. Hen Eggs:Their Basic and Applied Science, New York:CRC Press,1997,37-56.
66. Ibrahim HR. Their basic and applied science. Hen eggs. New York:CRC Press. 1996,37-57.
67. Jakobisiak M, Golab J. Statins can modulate effectiveness of antitumor therapeutic modalities. Medicinal research reviews,2010,30:102-135.
68. Jang A, Lee M, Kim JC. Protein characteristics of ovotransferrin under the pH and temperature and its anti-microbial activity. J Anim Sci,2005,47:1033-1040.
69. Jerzy R, Pysniak DS. Antimicrobial defence mechanisms of chicken eggs and possibilities for their use in protecting human and animal health. Annales UMCS, Medicina Veterinaria,2009,6:1-8.
70. Jones BD. Salmonella invasion gene regulation:A story of environmental awareness. J Microbiol,2005,43:110-117.
71. Joseph S, David WR. Molecular cloning:a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001,3rd ed.
72. Jun Fang, Meihu Ma, Yongguo Jin, et al. Assessment of Salmonella Enteritidis viability in egg white during early incubation stages by fluorescent staining method. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2012,7:556-567.
73. Kamanli S, Durmus I, Demir S. Hatching Characteristics of Abnormal Eggs. Asian J Anim Vet Adv.2010,5:271-274.
74. Kang H, Loui C, Clavilo RI, et al. Survival characteristics of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in chicken egg albumen, Epidemiol Infect,2006,134:967-976.
75. Kato A, Wakinaga T, Matsudomi N, et al. Changes in lysozyme during egg-white thinning. Agric Biol Chem,1978,42:175-176.
76. Keller LH. Invasion of chicken reproductive tissues and forming eggs is not unique to Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Diseases,1997,41:535-539.
77. Keller LH. Salmonella enteritidis colonization of the reproductive tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens. J Infection and Immunity,1995,63:2443-2449.
78. Kim YM, Farrah S, Baney RH. Membrane damage of bacteria by silanols treatment. Electron. J of Biotechn,2007,10:252-259.
79. King'ori AM, Review of the factors that influence egg fertility and hatchabilty in poultry. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2011,10:483-492.
80. Korpela J, Elo HA. The occurrence and production of avidin:a new conception of the high-affinity biotin-binding protein. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Comparative Biochemistry,1984,78:15-20.
81. Kovacs-Nolan J, Phillips M, Mine Y. Advances in the value of eggs and egg components for human health. J Agric Food Chem,2005,53:8421-843.
82. Li-Chan ECY, Powrie WD, Nakai S. The chemistry of eggs and egg products. In: Egg Science and Technology. Stadelman W J, Cotterill O J. eds. The Haworth Press Inc, New York. Stadelman W J & Cotterill O J,1995,105-175.
83. Lineweaver H, Palmer HH, Putnam GW, et al. Egg Pasteurization Manual. USDA Agric Res Serv, Albany, California.1969,74-48
84. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-[Delta][Delta]CT method. Methods,2001,25:402-408.
85. Lopez-ExpositoSyn. Pellegrini A, Amigo L, Recio I. Synergistic Effect Between Different Milk-Derived Peptides and Proteins. Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91: 2184-2189.
86. Lu S, Killoran PB, Riley LW. Association of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis YafD with Resistance to Chicken Egg Albumen. Infect Immun,2003,71: 6734-6741.
87. Lucisano M, Hildago A, Comellig EM, Rossi M. Evolution of chemical and physical albumen characteristics during the storage of shell eggs. J Agric Food Chem,1996,44:1235-1240.
88. Mahdavi M, Jalali M, Kasra KR. Biofilm formation by Salmonella enteritidis on food contact surfaces. J Biol Sci,2008,8:502-505.
89. Maidment C, Dyson A, Beard J. A study into measuring the antibacterial activity of lysozyme-containing foods. Nutrition and Food Science,2009,39:29-35.
90. Main waring MC, Rowe LV, Kelly DJ, Grey J, Bearhop S, Hartley IR. Hatching asynchrony and growth trade-offs within barn swallow broods. Condor,2009, 111:668-674.
91. Mandal PK, Biswas AK, Choi K. Methods for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens:An Overview. Am J Food Technol,2011,6:87-102.
92. Mann K, Mann M, In-depth analysis of the chicken egg white proteome using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos. Proteome. Sci,2011,9:7.
93. Mann K. Proteomic analysis of the chicken egg vitelline membrane. Proteomics, 2008,8:2322-2332.
94. Mann K. The chicken egg white proteome. Proteomics,2007,7:3558-3568.
95. Martens J H, Barg H, Warren M, Jahn D. Microbial production of vitamin B12. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2002,58:275-285.
96. Maruo K, Akaike T, Ono T, Maeda H. Involvement of bradykinin generation in intravascular dissemination of Vibrio vulnificus and prevention of invasion by a bradykinin antagonist. Infect Immun,1998,66:866-869.
97. Mayes FJ, Takeballi MA. Microbial contamination of the hen's egg. J Food Prot, 1983,46:1092-1098.
98. Mayes FJ, Takeballi MA. Microbial contamination of the hen's egg:A review. J Food Prot,1983,46:1092-1098.
99. McClelland RG, Pinder AC, Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in dairy products with flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. Appl Environ Microbial, 1994,60:4255-4262.
100. Meade KG, Higgs R, Lloyd AT, Giles S. Differential antimicrobial peptide gene expression patterns during early chicken embryological development. Dev Comp Immunol,2009,33:516-524.
101. Messens W, Duboccage L, Grijspeerdt K, Heyndirickx M, Herman L. Growth of Salmonella serovars in hens' egg albumen as affected by storage prior to inoculation. Food Microbiol,2004,21:25-32.
102. Meuer HJ, Baumann R. Oxygen pressure in intra-and extraembryonic blood vessels of early chick embryo. Respir Physiol,1988,71:331-341.
103. Miguel M, Manso MA, Lopez-Fandino R, Rames M. Comparative study of egg white proteins from different species by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. Eur Food Res Technol,2005,221:542-546.
104. Miller SM, Kato A, Nakai S. Sedimentation equilibrium study of the interaction between egg white lysozyme and ovomucin. J Agric Food Chem,1982,30: 1127-1132.
105. Mine Y, D'Silva I. Bioactive components in egg white. In:Egg bioscience and biotechnology. Mine Y. Ed. John Wiley and Sons. New York:Hoboken N J,2008.
106. Mine Y, Kovacs-Nolan J. Biologically active hen egg components in human health and disease. J Poult Sci,2004,41:1-29.
107. Mine Y, Kovacs-Nolan J. New insights in biologically active proteins and peptides derived from hen egg. Worlds Poult Sci J,2006,62:87-95.
108. Mine Y, Ma FP, Lauriau S. Antimicrobial peptides released by enzymatic hydrolysis of hen egg white lysozyme. J Agric Food Chem,2004,52:1088-1094.
109. Mine Y, Oberle C, Kassaify Z. Eggshell Matrix Proteins as Defense Mechanism of Avian Eggs. J Agric Food Chem,2002b,51:249-253.
110. Mine Y. Recent advances in egg protein functionality in the food system. World's Poult Sci. J.2002a,58,31-39.
111. Miyagawa S, Kamata R, Matsumoto K, Okamura R, Maeda H. Inhibitory effects of ovomacroglobulin on bacterial keratitis in rabbits. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991,229:281-286.
112. Molla A, Matsumura Y, Yamamoto T, Okamura R, Maeda H. Pathogenic capacity of proteases from Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their suppression by chicken egg white ovomacroglobulin. Infect Immun,1987,55: 2509-2517.
113. Mourguesa F, Brisseta M N, Chevreau E. Activity of different antibacterial peptides on Erwinia amylovora growth, and evaluation of the phytotoxicity and stability of cecropins. Plant Science,1998,139:83-91.
114. Muniyappa K, Adiga PR. Isolation and characterization of thiamin-binding protein from chicken egg white. Biochemical Journal,1979,177:887-894.
115. Nagase H, Harris ED, Jr. Ovostatin:a novel proteinase inhibitor from chicken egg white.2. Mechanism of inhibition studied with collagenase and thermolysin. J Biol Chem,1983,258:7490-7498.
116. Nagase H, Harris E D, Woessner J F, Jr, Brew K. Ovostatin:a novel proteinase inhibitor from chicken egg white. I. Purification, properties, and tissue distribution of ovostatin. J Biol Chem,1983,258:7481-7489.
117. Nakamura R, Hirai M, Takemori Y. Some differences noted between the properties of ovalbumin and S-ovalbumin in native state. Agric Biol Chem,1980,44: 149-153.
118. O'connor RJ. Brood reduction in birds:Selection for fratricide, infanticide and suicide. Anim Behav,1978,26 (Part 1):79-96.
119. Ohno N, Morrison DC. Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme. J Biol Chem, 1989,264:441-443.
120. Omana DA, Liang Y. Proteomic analysis of egg white proteins during storage. Proteomics,2011,11:144-153.
121. Palmer BD, Guillette LJ. Oviductal proteins and their influence on embryonic development in birds and reptiles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.1991.
122. Paparella A, Taccogna L, Aguzzi I, Chaves-Lopez C, Serio A, Marsilio F, Suzzi G. Flow cytometric assessment of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Listeria monocytogene. Food Control,2008,12,1174-1182.
123. Peebles ED, Gardner CW, Brake J, Benton CE, Bruzual JJ, Gerard PD. Albumen Height and Yolk and Embryo Compositions in Broiler Hatching Eggs During Incubation, Poult Sci,2000,79:1373-1377.
124. Pellegrini A, Hulsmeier A J, Hunzikerc P, Thomas U. Proteolytic fragments of ovalbumin display antimicrobial activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects,2004,1672:76-85.
125. Petit JM, Denis-Gay M, Ratinaud MH. Assessment of fluorochromes for cellular structure and function studies by flow cytometry. Biol cell,1993,78:1-13.
126. Phelps CF, Antonini E. A study of the kinetics of iron and copper binding to hen ovotransferrin. J Biol Chem,1975,147:385-391.
127. Ping HZ, Wang WJ, Liu ZQ. Effect of Lactoferrincin B and Cecropin P1 against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in vitro. J Food Agric Environ,2011,9:271-274.
128. Pooart J, Torikata T, Araki T. Enzymatic Properties of Rhea Lysozyme. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2005,69:103-112.
129. Prakash B, Krishnappa G, Muniyappa L, Santhosh Kumar B. Epidemiological characterization of avian Salmonella enterica Serovar infections in India. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2005,4:388-395.
130. Qiu N, Ma MH, Cai ZX, Jin YG, Huang X, Huang Q, Sun SG. Proteomic analysis of egg white proteins during the early phase of embryonic development. Journal of proteomics,2012,75:1895-1905.
131. Raul TT, Andres QR, Rafael RH, Alfonso LS, Daisy PB. A fast, simple, and reliable high-yielding method for DNA extraction from different plant species. J. Mol. Biotechnol.2005,2:137-139.
132. Rehault-Godbert S, Baron F, Grasteau S, Labas V, Gautier M, Hincke MT, Nys Y. Effect of temperature, time of storage and embryonic development on activities of egg white against Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. J Food Prot,2010,73: 1604-1616.
133. Rettger LF, Sperry JA. The antiseptic and bactericidal properties of egg white. J Med Res,1912,26:55-64.
134. Gast RK, Guard-Bouldin J, Guraya R, Holt PS. Effect of prior passage through laying hens on invasion of reproductive organs by Salmonella enteritidis. Int'l J of Poul Sci,2009,8:116-121.
135. Ritz M, Tholozan JL, Federighi M, Pilet MF. Morphplogical and physiological characterization of Listeria momocytogennes subjected to high hydrostatic pressure. J Appl Environ Microb,2001.67,2240-2247.
136. Robinson DS, Monsey JB. Changes in the composition of ovomucin during liquefaction of thick egg white. J Sci Food Agric,1972,23:29-38.
137. Robinson DS. The chemical basis of albumen quality. In:Egg Quality Current Problems and Recent Advances:Wells R G, Belyavin C G. eds. Butterworths, London, UK,1987,171-191.
138. Sahin O, Kobalka P, Zhang Q. Detection and survival of Campylobacter in chicken eggs. J Appl Microbiol,2003,95:1070-1079.
139. Schade AL, Caroline L. Raw hen egg white and the role of iron in growth inhibition of shigella dysenteriae, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science,1944,100:14-15.
140. Schafer A, Drewes W, Schwagele F. Effect of storage temperature and time on egg white protein. Nahrung,1999,43:86-89.
141. Sellier N, Vidal ML, Baron F, Michel J, Gautron J, Protais M, Beaumont C, Gautier M, Nys Y. Estimations of repeatability and heritability of egg albumen antimicrobial activity and of lysozyme and ovotransferrin concentrations. British Poult Sci,2007,48:559-566
142. Sharp PF, Whitaker R. The relation of the hydrogen concentration of egg white to its germicidal action. J Bacteriol,1927,14:17-46.
143. Shawkey MD, Firestonef MK, Brodie EL,. Avian Incubation Inhibits Growth and Diversification of Bacterial Assemblages on Eggs. Plos One,2009,4:1-8.
144. Shawkey M D, Kosciuch K L, Liu M, Beissinge SR. Do birds differentially distribute antimicrobial proteins within clutches of eggs? Behav Ecol,2008,19: 920-927.
145. Shivaprasad HL. Pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis infection in laying chickens. I. Studies on egg transmission, clinical signs, fecal shedding, and serologic responses. Avian Diseases,1990,34:548-557.
146. Si WD, Gong JS, Tsao R, Kalaba M, Yang, R, Yin Y. Bioassay-guided purification and identification of antimicrobial components in Chinese green tea extract. J Chromatogr A,2006,1125:204-210.
147. Silversides FG, Scott TA. Effect of storage and layer age on quality of eggs from two lines of hens. Poult Sci.2001,80:1240-1245.
148. Skaar EP. The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts. PLoS Pathog,2010,6:e1000949.
149. Spratt NT. Development of the early chick blastoderm on synthetic media. J Exp Zool,1948,107:39-64.
150. Stenning MJ. Hatching asynchrony, brood reduction and other rapidly reproducing hypotheses. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11:243-246.
151. Stevens L. Egg proteins:What are their functions?. Sci Prog,1996,79:65-87.
152. Sugiarto H, Yu PL. Avian antimicrobial peptides:the defense role of β-defensins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2004,323:721-727.
153. Suzanne MW, Sahar HM, Fakhriya ST. Solubility pattern of simmondsins, proteins and phenolics of defatted jojoba meal. Am J Food Technol,2011,6:963-973.
154. Tadeusz T, Yousif S, Wieslaw K, Maciej S. Effect of hen's age on the level of cystatin in the chicken egg white. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2004,3:471-477.
155. Thammasirirak S, Torikata T, Takami K, Murata K, Araki T. Purification and Characterization of Goose Type Lysozyme from Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) Egg White. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2001,65:584-592.
156. Tona K, Agbo K, Kamers B, Everaert N, Willemsen H, Decuypere E, Gbeassor M. Comparison of lohmann white and lohmann brown strains in embryo physiology. Int'l J Of Poul Sci,2010,9:907-910.
157. Tranter HS, Board RG. The antimicrobial defense of avian eggs:biological perspective and chemical basis. J Appl Biochem,1982,4:295-338.
158. Tranter HS, Board RG. The influence of incubation temperature and pH on the antimicrobial properties of hen egg albumen. J Appl Bacteriol,1984,56:53-61.
159. Vaara M. Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane. Microbial Mol Biol Rev,1992,56:395-411.
160. Valenti AM, Rinaldi AM, Salcher-Cillari I. Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in Xenopus laevis enucleated eggs. Cell Biol Int Rep,1981,5:987-90.
161. Valenti P G, Antonin C, Von Hunolstein, P, Orsi N, Antonini E. Studies of the antimicriobial activity of ovotransferrin. Int J Tissue React,1983,1:97-105.
162. Valenti P, Visca P, Antonini G, Orsi N. Antifungal activity of ovotransferrin towards genus Candida. Mycopathologia,1985,89:169-175.
163. Van IF. Stress-induced survival strategies enable Salmonella Enteritidis to persistently colonize the chicken oviduct tissue and cope with antimicrobial factors in egg white:A hypothesis to explain a pandemic. Gut. Pathog,2010,2:23.
164. Wang C, Shelef LA. Factors contributing to antilisterial effects of raw egg albumen. J Food Sci,1991,56:1251-1254.
165. Wang MZ, Howard B, Campa MJ, Patz Jr EF, Fitzgerald MC. Analysis of human serum proteins by liquid phase isoelectric focusing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. Proteomics,2003,3:1661-1666.
166. Wang SP, Blachier F, Zhao F. Intestinal microbiota:Development, metabolism and functions. J Food Agric Environ,2011b,9:121-129.
167. Wang S P, Yang L Y, Tang X S, et al. Dietary supplementation with high-dose Bacillus subtitles or Lactobacillus refuter modulates cellular and humeral immunities and improves performance in weaned piglets. J Food Agric Environ, 2011a,9:181-187.
168. Wellman-Labadie O, Picman J, Hincke MT. Avian antimicrobial proteins:structure, distribution and activity. Worlds Poul Sci Jour,2007,63:421-438.
169. Williams KC. Some factors affecting albumen quality with particular reference to Haugh unit score. World's Poult Sci J,1992,48:5-16.
170. Woodford N, Palepou MF, Babini GS, Holmes B, Livermore DM. Carbapenemases of Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) meningosepticum:Distribution ofblaB and Characterization of a Novel Metallo-β-Lactamase Gene, blaB3, in the Type Strain, NCTC 10016. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.2000,44:1448-1452.
171. Wooley RE, Blue JL. In vitro effect of EDTA-tris-lysozyme solutions on selected pathogenic bacteria. J Med Microbial,1975,8:189-94.
172. Yu Y, Xiao ZX, Ehrlich ES, Yu XH, Yu XF. Selective assembly of HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-ElonginB-ElonginC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex through a novel SOCS box and upstream cysteines. Genes & development,2004,18:2867-2872.
173. Yadan N, Kvadehra DV. Mechanism of egg white resistance to bacterial growth. J Food Sci,1977,42:97-99.
174. Yamanishi H, Iyama S, Yamaguchi Y, Kanakura Y, Iwatani Y. Modification of fully automated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) assay in serum and comparison with dimension TIBC method. Clin Chem,2002,48:1565-1570.
175. Yasumasu S, Mao KM, Sultana F, Sakaguchi H, Yoshizaki N. cloning of a quail homologue of hatching enzyme:its conserved function and additional function in egg envelope digestion. Dev Genes Evol,2005,215:489-498.
176. Yasushi S, Kato Y, Watanabe K. Effect of Maillard Reaction on Some Physical Properties of Ovalbumin. Journal of Food Science,2006,46:1835-1839.
177. Yesillik S, Yildirim N, Dikici A, Yesillik YS. Antibacterial Effects of Some Fermented Commercial and Homemade Dairy Products and 0.9% Lactic Acid against Selected Foodborne Pathogens. Asian J Anim Vet Adv,2011,6:189-195.
178. Yin YL, Huang RL, Zhang HY, Chen CM, Li TJ, Pan YF. Nutritive value of feedstuffs and diets for pigs. I. Chemical composition, apparent ileal and fecal digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol,1993,44:1-27.
179. Yoshizaki N, Ito Y, Hori H, Saito H, Iwasawa A. Absorption, transportation and digestion of egg white in quail embryos. Dev Growth Differ,2002,44:11-22.
180. Yoshizaki N, Yamaguchi W, Ito SI, K atagiri C. On the hatching mechanism of quail embryos:Participation of ectodermal secretions in the escape of embryos from the vitelline membrane. Zoolog Sci,2000,17:751-758.
181. Zeng XH, Huang HQ, Chen DS, Jin HW, Huang HY. Proteomic study of serum using gel chromatography and MALDI-TOF MS reveals diagnostic biomarkers in male patients with liver-cancer. Int J Mass Spectrom.2007,261:108-114.