长白山云冷杉林幼树结构和生长动态分析
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摘要
为了研究长白山地区云冷杉林天然更新幼树的结构和生长动态,基于吉林汪清县金沟岭林场检查法1大区内的连续两年定位观测的70块10m×10m方形更新样地的调查数据60株云冷杉解析木数据,本文运用森林经理学、数量生态学和统计学的方法研究了长白山云冷杉混交林天然更新幼树的地径-株数分布以及地径和高度的相关关系、树种结构、水平空间结构、垂直空间结构、单株幼树生长模型、生长过程模型并根据建立的单株幼树生长模型结合计算机技术开发了单株幼树生长模拟系统。具体结果如下：
不分树种时幼树的数量随着地径和高度的增大而减小,呈倒“J”型分布。主要树种云杉、冷杉、红松和色木幼树的数量均随着地径的增大而减小,但是椴树幼树随地径的增大先增大后减少。分别用线性、指数、乘幂和威布尔分布函数等方程拟合了幼树株数和地径、株数和高度以及高度与地径之间的关系,结果显示,不分树种和分树种幼树的株数-地径和株数-高度分布的最佳拟合方程均为威布尔分布,而高度与地径的关系用线性方程的拟合最好；
运用重要值、多样性指数和种间联结分析方法分析了幼树上层木的树种结构。通过重要值计算发现,云冷杉上层木的优势树种为云杉、冷杉、红松和椴树,而在下层木中,色木、冷杉、椴树、云杉和红松共同构成了幼树的主体；通过计算上层林木和下层幼树的多样性指数发现,上层木的树种多样性要大于下层幼树的多样性；幼树树种种间联结分析显示,冷杉、色木槭、椴树、红松和云杉之间呈正联结关系,说明这些树种可以稳定地共存。
运用方差/均值比率、平均拥挤指标和聚块性指标、丛生指标、负二项参数(K)、Cassie指标(CA)等方法研究了幼树的空间水平分布结构,结果显示,幼树呈聚集分布,且随着高度的增加,总体上聚集程度减弱。通过运用最近邻体分析方法分析云杉、冷杉、椴树和红松四个树种的幼树随成树的分布格局显示,四种优势种幼树最易在冷杉成树的树冠下及其附近更新,在椴树成树的树冠下更新较为困难。
运用Lundqvist提出的基于幼树高度级生长建模方法建立了长白山云冷杉林天然更新幼树基于高度级的生长模型。根据每个高度级幼树的株数和高生长量,计算了每个高度级幼树的进级株数和任意两个相邻的高度级幼树的枯损率,从而计算出了所有幼树的平均枯损率和进入最小高度级的株数,并以五年为一个间隔,模拟了50年中每个高度级的幼树数量变化。
运用广义线性混合模型和线性混合模型方法建立了长白山云冷杉林天然更新幼树单木生长模型。该模型包括幼苗更新概率和条件株数密度模型和高分布模型、幼树枯损、胸径和高度、地径和冠幅生长模型。验证结果显示,除了更新概率模型以外,其它模型拟合的精度均较好,从而说明在中国东北地区结构异质的天然林中,建立单株幼树的更新模型可以更好地模拟幼树短期的生长动态。更新的概率和数量主要与上层木的密度和组成有关,幼树的枯损和生长与自身大小和竞争程度有关。
根据60株云冷杉解析木数据,分别运用逻辑斯蒂(Logistic)模型、严格苏马克(Schumacher)模型、理查德(Richards)模型、坎派兹(Compertz)模型、莱瓦科威克2(Levakovic2)模型、莱瓦科威克3(Levakovic3)模型、豪斯费尔德(Hossefld)模型、平移Allometric对数解法模型分析了云杉和冷杉的地径、胸径、材积和树高的生长过程。结果显示,冷杉的胸径和树高的生长方程均以理查德模型为佳,材积和胸径的生长过程模型以坎派兹为佳；云杉的胸径和树高生长过程模型以逻辑斯蒂为佳,材积生长过程模型以坎派兹为佳,地径的生长过程模型以理查德为佳。
Based on the data coming from 60 analytic trees and 70 10 m×10 m square plots of region I at Jingouling Experimental Forest Farm, Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province, the structure and growth dynamics of saplings were studied in spruce-fir forest. Based on the methods of quantitative ecology, forest management and statistics, ground diameter distribution, the relationship between ground diameter and tree height, species structure, horizontal spatial structure, vertical spatial structure, single tree growh models and growth process models were studied, and then sapling growth simulation system was established with computer technology. The main conclusions were as follow:
(1) In spruce-fir forest, the number of saplings decreased with the increasment of ground diameter. The distribution shows the shape of inverse "J". The number of saplings of spruce, fir, Korean pine and maple decreased with increasment of ground diameter, whose distribution was also inverse "J". However, the number of saplings was decreased when ground diameter increased. The Weibull distribution function was the optimal equation which express the distribution of ground diameter grades for all species and species-specific.
(2) Importance value, diversity and interspecific associations of upper tree species and lower layer tree species were analyzed. According to the analysis of importance value, the upper dominant species were spruce, fir, Korean pine and lime and the lower dominant species were maple, fir, spruce, Korean pine and lime. The diversity index of tree species of upper layer was bigger than the lower. Positive interspecific association among five tree species shows that fir, spruce, Korean pine, maple, lime can steadily coexistence.
(3) The horizontal spatial structure of saplings was studied through calculating the ratio of variance/mean, mean crowded index and aggregation index, index of clumping, negative binomial parameters (K) and Cassie index (CA). The results indicated that the saplings fell under the pattern of the aggregated distribution and aggregation degree increased with height. Nearest neighbor analysis showed that saplings of spruce, fir, lime and Korean pine are most likely to regenerate under the canopy of fir adult trees and are least likely to establish under lime adult trees.
(4)The height class-based model of saplings was established by using the method of height class-based modeling firstly proposed by Lundqvist in uneven-aged spruce-fir forest in Northeastern China. According to the number and height increment of saplings in each height class, the number of saplings growing out of the size stratum in each height classes and mortality rate in two adjacent size classes can be calculated, and then mean mortality rate and mean annual recruitment number of all height classes also computed. Finally, the number of saplings in each height class was predicted with 5 years for an interval in the following fifty years.
(5) Based on generalized linear models and mixed linear models method, recruitment probability and density, and individual tree survival and growth of understory saplings in uneven-aged spruce-fir forest in Northeastern China were studied for all species. According to the test data, most of models for simulation systems were successfully established, though recruitment probability models do not have sound precision. Recruitment probability and density grew in direct proportion to upper tree density and composition. The size of saplings and competition among saplings had a significant effect on its mortality and increment.
(6) Based on 60 fir-spruce analytic trees data, applied Logistic model, Schumacher model, Richards model, Compertz model, Levakovic2 model, Levakovic3 model, Hossefld model and Allometric logarithmic model, the ground diameter, DBH, tree volume and growth process of fir and spruce were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal diameter and tree height growth model for spruce was Richards model; its optimal diameter and tree volume growth model was Compertz model. The optimal diameter and tree height growth model for fir was Logistic model; its optimal diameter and tree volume growth model and ground diameter model were separately Compertz model and Richards model.
不分树种时幼树的数量随着地径和高度的增大而减小,呈倒“J”型分布。主要树种云杉、冷杉、红松和色木幼树的数量均随着地径的增大而减小,但是椴树幼树随地径的增大先增大后减少。分别用线性、指数、乘幂和威布尔分布函数等方程拟合了幼树株数和地径、株数和高度以及高度与地径之间的关系,结果显示,不分树种和分树种幼树的株数-地径和株数-高度分布的最佳拟合方程均为威布尔分布,而高度与地径的关系用线性方程的拟合最好；
运用重要值、多样性指数和种间联结分析方法分析了幼树上层木的树种结构。通过重要值计算发现,云冷杉上层木的优势树种为云杉、冷杉、红松和椴树,而在下层木中,色木、冷杉、椴树、云杉和红松共同构成了幼树的主体；通过计算上层林木和下层幼树的多样性指数发现,上层木的树种多样性要大于下层幼树的多样性；幼树树种种间联结分析显示,冷杉、色木槭、椴树、红松和云杉之间呈正联结关系,说明这些树种可以稳定地共存。
运用方差/均值比率、平均拥挤指标和聚块性指标、丛生指标、负二项参数(K)、Cassie指标(CA)等方法研究了幼树的空间水平分布结构,结果显示,幼树呈聚集分布,且随着高度的增加,总体上聚集程度减弱。通过运用最近邻体分析方法分析云杉、冷杉、椴树和红松四个树种的幼树随成树的分布格局显示,四种优势种幼树最易在冷杉成树的树冠下及其附近更新,在椴树成树的树冠下更新较为困难。
运用Lundqvist提出的基于幼树高度级生长建模方法建立了长白山云冷杉林天然更新幼树基于高度级的生长模型。根据每个高度级幼树的株数和高生长量,计算了每个高度级幼树的进级株数和任意两个相邻的高度级幼树的枯损率,从而计算出了所有幼树的平均枯损率和进入最小高度级的株数,并以五年为一个间隔,模拟了50年中每个高度级的幼树数量变化。
运用广义线性混合模型和线性混合模型方法建立了长白山云冷杉林天然更新幼树单木生长模型。该模型包括幼苗更新概率和条件株数密度模型和高分布模型、幼树枯损、胸径和高度、地径和冠幅生长模型。验证结果显示,除了更新概率模型以外,其它模型拟合的精度均较好,从而说明在中国东北地区结构异质的天然林中,建立单株幼树的更新模型可以更好地模拟幼树短期的生长动态。更新的概率和数量主要与上层木的密度和组成有关,幼树的枯损和生长与自身大小和竞争程度有关。
根据60株云冷杉解析木数据,分别运用逻辑斯蒂(Logistic)模型、严格苏马克(Schumacher)模型、理查德(Richards)模型、坎派兹(Compertz)模型、莱瓦科威克2(Levakovic2)模型、莱瓦科威克3(Levakovic3)模型、豪斯费尔德(Hossefld)模型、平移Allometric对数解法模型分析了云杉和冷杉的地径、胸径、材积和树高的生长过程。结果显示,冷杉的胸径和树高的生长方程均以理查德模型为佳,材积和胸径的生长过程模型以坎派兹为佳；云杉的胸径和树高生长过程模型以逻辑斯蒂为佳,材积生长过程模型以坎派兹为佳,地径的生长过程模型以理查德为佳。
Based on the data coming from 60 analytic trees and 70 10 m×10 m square plots of region I at Jingouling Experimental Forest Farm, Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province, the structure and growth dynamics of saplings were studied in spruce-fir forest. Based on the methods of quantitative ecology, forest management and statistics, ground diameter distribution, the relationship between ground diameter and tree height, species structure, horizontal spatial structure, vertical spatial structure, single tree growh models and growth process models were studied, and then sapling growth simulation system was established with computer technology. The main conclusions were as follow:
(1) In spruce-fir forest, the number of saplings decreased with the increasment of ground diameter. The distribution shows the shape of inverse "J". The number of saplings of spruce, fir, Korean pine and maple decreased with increasment of ground diameter, whose distribution was also inverse "J". However, the number of saplings was decreased when ground diameter increased. The Weibull distribution function was the optimal equation which express the distribution of ground diameter grades for all species and species-specific.
(2) Importance value, diversity and interspecific associations of upper tree species and lower layer tree species were analyzed. According to the analysis of importance value, the upper dominant species were spruce, fir, Korean pine and lime and the lower dominant species were maple, fir, spruce, Korean pine and lime. The diversity index of tree species of upper layer was bigger than the lower. Positive interspecific association among five tree species shows that fir, spruce, Korean pine, maple, lime can steadily coexistence.
(3) The horizontal spatial structure of saplings was studied through calculating the ratio of variance/mean, mean crowded index and aggregation index, index of clumping, negative binomial parameters (K) and Cassie index (CA). The results indicated that the saplings fell under the pattern of the aggregated distribution and aggregation degree increased with height. Nearest neighbor analysis showed that saplings of spruce, fir, lime and Korean pine are most likely to regenerate under the canopy of fir adult trees and are least likely to establish under lime adult trees.
(4)The height class-based model of saplings was established by using the method of height class-based modeling firstly proposed by Lundqvist in uneven-aged spruce-fir forest in Northeastern China. According to the number and height increment of saplings in each height class, the number of saplings growing out of the size stratum in each height classes and mortality rate in two adjacent size classes can be calculated, and then mean mortality rate and mean annual recruitment number of all height classes also computed. Finally, the number of saplings in each height class was predicted with 5 years for an interval in the following fifty years.
(5) Based on generalized linear models and mixed linear models method, recruitment probability and density, and individual tree survival and growth of understory saplings in uneven-aged spruce-fir forest in Northeastern China were studied for all species. According to the test data, most of models for simulation systems were successfully established, though recruitment probability models do not have sound precision. Recruitment probability and density grew in direct proportion to upper tree density and composition. The size of saplings and competition among saplings had a significant effect on its mortality and increment.
(6) Based on 60 fir-spruce analytic trees data, applied Logistic model, Schumacher model, Richards model, Compertz model, Levakovic2 model, Levakovic3 model, Hossefld model and Allometric logarithmic model, the ground diameter, DBH, tree volume and growth process of fir and spruce were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal diameter and tree height growth model for spruce was Richards model; its optimal diameter and tree volume growth model was Compertz model. The optimal diameter and tree height growth model for fir was Logistic model; its optimal diameter and tree volume growth model and ground diameter model were separately Compertz model and Richards model.
引文
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