论战时军事刑事诉讼制度
摘要
国防和军事历来与战争紧密相联,对群众生活安危、民族兴衰乃至国家存亡都有重大影响。在现代法制国家,军事刑事诉讼成为国家刑事诉讼制度中不可缺少的组成部分,应当与国家的民主与法制建设发展水平相适应。因此,战时军事刑事诉讼制度研究成为军事法学术界当前和今后一段时期的重要课题。
然而,由于多方面的原因,与军事刑事诉讼有关的法律规范至今尚不健全,战时军事刑事诉讼立法还是空白,造成我国的军事刑事诉讼规范体系长期落后于国家刑事诉讼制度、国防法制建设和国际刑事诉讼改革的发展趋势。
为此,本文试从分析和研究战时军事刑事诉讼本身具有的特殊性入手,剖析相关司法理念、基本原则和价值取向,坚持理论与实践相结合、国外经验与我国实际相结合,在比较分析中对战时军事刑事诉讼中的一些主要问题,如概念、原则、管辖和战时诉讼程序等进行探讨,以期探求我国战时军事刑事诉讼的发展脉络和内在规律,并借鉴发达国家的做法,进一步构架了战时军事司法管辖制度、战时军事侦查制度、战时军事检察制度、战时军事审判制度和战时刑罚的执行等制度,以期为充实和完善具有中国特色的战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度服务。
Theoretical researches of military law is the important aspect of national defense and army building, which plays vital roles under the general policy of running the armed forces in accordance with the law and with high standards. People’s army not only requires strong sense of crisis and sense of mission, but also puts the philosophy of democratic rule by law and strengthening the army by operation of law into practice and continuously strengthens the democratic and legal building of army, especially paying attention to the theoretical researches and construction of military law in wartime. Based on the above, researches on the military law in wartime including the system of military criminal procedure in wartime become the important task in the academic circles of military law at present and in the near future.
From the angle of theoretical research and practical requirement, the reasons that researches on the system of military criminal procedure in wartime in this country are serious lagging are analyzed in the paper. Elaborate the manifestations and reasons for the lagging researches on the system of military criminal procedure in wartime in this country: firstly, restricted by the overall situation of legal research, researches on science of military law in this country have not formed proper scale. Secondly, the inadequate researches on military criminal procedure in wartime and the underemphasis of legislative practice lead to that the legislation of military criminal procedure in wartime seriously lags behind. Thirdly, influenced by historical tradition and practical national conditions and restricted by the unified idea to pursue to law, the supporting construction of military criminal procedure in wartime can’t meet the requirements of reality.
Starting from analyzing and researching on the particularity owned by the military criminal procedure in wartime itself, drawing lessons from the results of military criminal procedure theoretical research in wartime at home and abroad and making comparison, the meaning of wartime is defined in the paper through combining the national and military situations in this country, that is, the unforeseen event appeared in a whole country or part of the country. At the same time, it is pointed out that the meaning of wartime defined by the criminal law in this country has defects: only stipulate the beginning of wartime and don’t stipulate the ending of wartime, which will lead to the uncertainty of the ending of wartime and wartime application of law.
Through taking apart the judicial philosophy of military criminal procedure in wartime which pays more attention to safety value and deeply analyzing the value orientation of military criminal procedure in wartime, arrive at a conclusion: from state common criminal procedure to military criminal procedure in peacetime, than to military criminal procedure in wartime, the value composition implied in it is the dynamic change process that safety value is changed from weak to strong and freedom value is changed from strong to weak. In wartime state, safety value should trend towards leading position and freedom value should be in subordinate position. Based on the above, through analyzing the characteristics of compatibility of the safety value and freedom value of military criminal procedure in wartime, it is obtained that what the military criminal procedure in wartime pursued is only the optimum harmony of safety value and freedom value on the whole but not the separation of safety and freedom.
During comparative analysis and overall comparison, analyze the fundamental principle of military criminal procedure in peacetime proposed by some scholars, propose the contents of fundamental principle of military criminal procedure in wartime: principle of protecting military efficiency, principle of close restraint, principle of rapidness and simplicity and principle of severity and leniency. Expound on the fundamental principle of military criminal procedure in wartime as well as the value of each military procedure in wartime, because each value of judicial proceeding plays a decisive role on restricting the establishment of fundamental principle.
Based on the above, insisting on the combination of theory and practice as well as the combination of drawing lessons from external experiences and basing upon the actual situation in this country, deeply investigate the military judicial control in wartime and the military criminal procedure in wartime, and frame the following systems, such as the system of wartime military judicial control, the system of wartime military investigation, wartime military procuratorial system, the system of wartime martial justice, the system of wartime execution of punishment etc., so as to enriching and completing the service of legal system of military criminal procedure in wartime with Chinese characteristics.
On the aspect of military judicial control in wartime, adjusting the scope of wartime general jurisdiction is proposed in the paper, which including (1) enlarge the scope of nationality jurisdiction, that is, in the condition of war, bring any crimes carried out by military staff and prisoners of war, the crimes of local personnel temporarily collected for providing services and guarantees for army as well as other crimes which seriously destroy the relation of military laws carried out by civilian personnel into the scope of military judicial control in wartime. (2) Strictly carry out regional jurisdiction. In order to prevent the applicable scope of system of military criminal procedure in wartime from enlarging so as to destroy state judicial system and constitutional order, except for taking place the nationwide war or world war, every country in the world limits the applicable scope of military judicial procedure in wartime to war area, therefore, it is very necessary for our country to define wartime regional jurisdiction. (3) Restrict jurisdiction of legal case. There are two kinds of jurisdiction of legal case for military criminal procedure in wartime: one is the case about the crimes of soldiers violating military duties and crimes of impairing the interests of national defense, the other is ordinary criminal case. At the same time, in order to save the resources of wartime military justice, the scope of accepting and hearing of a case should also be restricted. Generally, cases involving in military and civil matters which have little influence on military benefits as well as the private prosecuting cases which have no direct connection with military action or have little harmfulness are not administered by the military judicial organs in wartime.
On the aspect of the system of military criminal investigation in wartime, contrasting the difficult problems probably encountered by the current system of military criminal investigation in wartime application, propose solutions: firstly, establish wartime criminal investigation center. Transfer the manning of security body of different units above the army of war zone, and carry out double leadership and responsibility system. Secondly, military commanders are given certain wartime power of investigation with respect. In order to adapt to battlefield emergency under the condition of informationization, military commanders are given certain criminal investigation and control power through legal rule, which mainly include petty criminal offence and military offence violated by their subordinates. At the same time, military commanders have the rights to adopt temporary enforcement measures, but effective inspecting and supervising measures should be adopted so as to prevent the destroying to wartime military justice because of the unlimited expanding of their rights. Thirdly, complete wartime enforcement measures. In order to guarantee the timeliness of military criminal procedure in wartime, the procedure of wartime enforcement measures should be simplified with propriety: one is to allow adopting urgent enforcement measures. Under emergent situations, judicial authorities can adopt the enforcement measures, such as detention, arrest etc., without legal proceedings, and make up relevant judicial proceeding afterwards. The other is to allow adopting scene investigating measures. When the situation is urgent, in connection with the current criminal suspects of battlefield, investigators can directly adopt the following investigation measures, interrogation, search, inquisition, inspection etc., and make corresponding records on spot, make up judicial proceeding afterwards. At the same time, for drawing lessons from foreign successful experiences and measures, it also should make clear: two kinds of enforcement measures: the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving and supervision of residence, can’t be applied to wartime criminal suspect and accused person, because there is no condition to adopt the two kinds of enforcement measures under the battlefield environment.
On the aspect of wartime military criminal procuratorial system, in order to adapt to the requirements of military criminal procedure in wartime, through drawing lessons from foreign experiences, the following aspects are proposed: firstly, flexibly set up military procuratorial organ. Under the special situation in wartime, military prosecutors are transferred by PLA military procuratorate to form special military procuratorial committee and accredited to the military court of combat zone and battlefield military court to exercise right of complaint and carry out judicial supervision through combining the reality of battlefield; in addition, military procuratorial commissioners can be accredited to the units at the brigade or regimental level of each combat troop, coordinating and supervising security department to carry out the work. Secondly, simplify mode to review and make a decision of prosecution. Establish wartime special procedure to review and make a decision of prosecution, simplify investigation formalities and cut down the time limit to review and make a decision of prosecution. Except for the cases which must be reviewed and made a decision of prosecution according to law by military procuratorate, battlefield military commanders should be given the rights to participate in reviewing and making a decision of prosecution conditionally, and participate in deciding issues related to review and make a decision of prosecution. Thirdly, flexibly bring in an indictment. Battlefield military commanders should be given certain rights of judicial urgent disposal, the decision to bring in an indictment made by procuratorial organ generally should listen to the opinion of military commanders of the army of incidence of criminal offenses.
On the aspect of the system of wartime martial criminal justice, firstly, establish wartime institution of martial justice. In connection with the characteristics of the high degree of strong flexibility and unbalanced incidence of criminal offenses of armies involved, army’s discipline and wartime order must be maintained in rapid and flexible judicial mode, therefore, the configuration mode of military court in peacetime should be reformed and the martial justice institution of war area in wartime should be built: one is to set up special military court of war area with responsibility for hearing some major cases of armies in the region within the jurisdiction and war area; the other is to set up wartime military commission in division participating in a war and combat troop of brigade level, specifically hearing the cases of responsible armies and within war area and accepting the wartime cases of criminal offence which are relatively slight, serious crime cases are transferred to military court of war area to hear. Secondly, optimize wartime judicial procedure. First is to reduce the period of litigation. Second is to simplify judicial proceeding. Relax the applicable condition of simple programmed cases and extend the scope of trying a case by a single military judge. Third is to simplify the formalities to handle a case. Under the condition that ensures the basic procedural rights of criminal suspect and accused person, restrict to propose the scope of extempore application; persons involved can’t apply to reconsideration again after withdrawal by petition is out of court etc. Thirdly, carry out officers and soldiers to attend judgment. Fourthly, limit wartime appeal. For this reason, strengthen the authority of the arbitral award of wartime military court. However, after condition of war ends, the accused person should be allowed to file a complaint or submit counterappeal to procuratorial organ.
On the aspect of wartime execution of punishment, in order to ensure that legally effective judgment is carried out, the executive mode of wartime punishment should be flexible. First is to establish and complete wartime commutation and pardon institution as well as wartime system of probationary suspension. Broaden the conditions and applicable scope of wartime commutation and pardon, and extend the applicable conditions and scope of the case of redeeming by good service etc. second is to properly expand wartime executive subject. Establish disciplined service responsible for the execution of punishment for petty criminals. The legally effective judgment which can’t be executed without the conditions under the battlefield environment should be transferred to the rear to carry out.
In the paper, propose the opinions such as give full play to the function of military lawyer to protect servicemen’s rights and interests, restrict the discretion of commander, etc., further establish the value orientation of wartime military justice, ensure the right value of serviceman submit to protect military order value, and its final foothold lies in creating a harmonious, stable, coordinated and ordered external environment to protect the fundamental rights of all the people including servicemen and providing reliable judicial guarantee for armies to complete diversified military missions and cope with various kinds of safety threat.
然而,由于多方面的原因,与军事刑事诉讼有关的法律规范至今尚不健全,战时军事刑事诉讼立法还是空白,造成我国的军事刑事诉讼规范体系长期落后于国家刑事诉讼制度、国防法制建设和国际刑事诉讼改革的发展趋势。
为此,本文试从分析和研究战时军事刑事诉讼本身具有的特殊性入手,剖析相关司法理念、基本原则和价值取向,坚持理论与实践相结合、国外经验与我国实际相结合,在比较分析中对战时军事刑事诉讼中的一些主要问题,如概念、原则、管辖和战时诉讼程序等进行探讨,以期探求我国战时军事刑事诉讼的发展脉络和内在规律,并借鉴发达国家的做法,进一步构架了战时军事司法管辖制度、战时军事侦查制度、战时军事检察制度、战时军事审判制度和战时刑罚的执行等制度,以期为充实和完善具有中国特色的战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度服务。
Theoretical researches of military law is the important aspect of national defense and army building, which plays vital roles under the general policy of running the armed forces in accordance with the law and with high standards. People’s army not only requires strong sense of crisis and sense of mission, but also puts the philosophy of democratic rule by law and strengthening the army by operation of law into practice and continuously strengthens the democratic and legal building of army, especially paying attention to the theoretical researches and construction of military law in wartime. Based on the above, researches on the military law in wartime including the system of military criminal procedure in wartime become the important task in the academic circles of military law at present and in the near future.
From the angle of theoretical research and practical requirement, the reasons that researches on the system of military criminal procedure in wartime in this country are serious lagging are analyzed in the paper. Elaborate the manifestations and reasons for the lagging researches on the system of military criminal procedure in wartime in this country: firstly, restricted by the overall situation of legal research, researches on science of military law in this country have not formed proper scale. Secondly, the inadequate researches on military criminal procedure in wartime and the underemphasis of legislative practice lead to that the legislation of military criminal procedure in wartime seriously lags behind. Thirdly, influenced by historical tradition and practical national conditions and restricted by the unified idea to pursue to law, the supporting construction of military criminal procedure in wartime can’t meet the requirements of reality.
Starting from analyzing and researching on the particularity owned by the military criminal procedure in wartime itself, drawing lessons from the results of military criminal procedure theoretical research in wartime at home and abroad and making comparison, the meaning of wartime is defined in the paper through combining the national and military situations in this country, that is, the unforeseen event appeared in a whole country or part of the country. At the same time, it is pointed out that the meaning of wartime defined by the criminal law in this country has defects: only stipulate the beginning of wartime and don’t stipulate the ending of wartime, which will lead to the uncertainty of the ending of wartime and wartime application of law.
Through taking apart the judicial philosophy of military criminal procedure in wartime which pays more attention to safety value and deeply analyzing the value orientation of military criminal procedure in wartime, arrive at a conclusion: from state common criminal procedure to military criminal procedure in peacetime, than to military criminal procedure in wartime, the value composition implied in it is the dynamic change process that safety value is changed from weak to strong and freedom value is changed from strong to weak. In wartime state, safety value should trend towards leading position and freedom value should be in subordinate position. Based on the above, through analyzing the characteristics of compatibility of the safety value and freedom value of military criminal procedure in wartime, it is obtained that what the military criminal procedure in wartime pursued is only the optimum harmony of safety value and freedom value on the whole but not the separation of safety and freedom.
During comparative analysis and overall comparison, analyze the fundamental principle of military criminal procedure in peacetime proposed by some scholars, propose the contents of fundamental principle of military criminal procedure in wartime: principle of protecting military efficiency, principle of close restraint, principle of rapidness and simplicity and principle of severity and leniency. Expound on the fundamental principle of military criminal procedure in wartime as well as the value of each military procedure in wartime, because each value of judicial proceeding plays a decisive role on restricting the establishment of fundamental principle.
Based on the above, insisting on the combination of theory and practice as well as the combination of drawing lessons from external experiences and basing upon the actual situation in this country, deeply investigate the military judicial control in wartime and the military criminal procedure in wartime, and frame the following systems, such as the system of wartime military judicial control, the system of wartime military investigation, wartime military procuratorial system, the system of wartime martial justice, the system of wartime execution of punishment etc., so as to enriching and completing the service of legal system of military criminal procedure in wartime with Chinese characteristics.
On the aspect of military judicial control in wartime, adjusting the scope of wartime general jurisdiction is proposed in the paper, which including (1) enlarge the scope of nationality jurisdiction, that is, in the condition of war, bring any crimes carried out by military staff and prisoners of war, the crimes of local personnel temporarily collected for providing services and guarantees for army as well as other crimes which seriously destroy the relation of military laws carried out by civilian personnel into the scope of military judicial control in wartime. (2) Strictly carry out regional jurisdiction. In order to prevent the applicable scope of system of military criminal procedure in wartime from enlarging so as to destroy state judicial system and constitutional order, except for taking place the nationwide war or world war, every country in the world limits the applicable scope of military judicial procedure in wartime to war area, therefore, it is very necessary for our country to define wartime regional jurisdiction. (3) Restrict jurisdiction of legal case. There are two kinds of jurisdiction of legal case for military criminal procedure in wartime: one is the case about the crimes of soldiers violating military duties and crimes of impairing the interests of national defense, the other is ordinary criminal case. At the same time, in order to save the resources of wartime military justice, the scope of accepting and hearing of a case should also be restricted. Generally, cases involving in military and civil matters which have little influence on military benefits as well as the private prosecuting cases which have no direct connection with military action or have little harmfulness are not administered by the military judicial organs in wartime.
On the aspect of the system of military criminal investigation in wartime, contrasting the difficult problems probably encountered by the current system of military criminal investigation in wartime application, propose solutions: firstly, establish wartime criminal investigation center. Transfer the manning of security body of different units above the army of war zone, and carry out double leadership and responsibility system. Secondly, military commanders are given certain wartime power of investigation with respect. In order to adapt to battlefield emergency under the condition of informationization, military commanders are given certain criminal investigation and control power through legal rule, which mainly include petty criminal offence and military offence violated by their subordinates. At the same time, military commanders have the rights to adopt temporary enforcement measures, but effective inspecting and supervising measures should be adopted so as to prevent the destroying to wartime military justice because of the unlimited expanding of their rights. Thirdly, complete wartime enforcement measures. In order to guarantee the timeliness of military criminal procedure in wartime, the procedure of wartime enforcement measures should be simplified with propriety: one is to allow adopting urgent enforcement measures. Under emergent situations, judicial authorities can adopt the enforcement measures, such as detention, arrest etc., without legal proceedings, and make up relevant judicial proceeding afterwards. The other is to allow adopting scene investigating measures. When the situation is urgent, in connection with the current criminal suspects of battlefield, investigators can directly adopt the following investigation measures, interrogation, search, inquisition, inspection etc., and make corresponding records on spot, make up judicial proceeding afterwards. At the same time, for drawing lessons from foreign successful experiences and measures, it also should make clear: two kinds of enforcement measures: the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving and supervision of residence, can’t be applied to wartime criminal suspect and accused person, because there is no condition to adopt the two kinds of enforcement measures under the battlefield environment.
On the aspect of wartime military criminal procuratorial system, in order to adapt to the requirements of military criminal procedure in wartime, through drawing lessons from foreign experiences, the following aspects are proposed: firstly, flexibly set up military procuratorial organ. Under the special situation in wartime, military prosecutors are transferred by PLA military procuratorate to form special military procuratorial committee and accredited to the military court of combat zone and battlefield military court to exercise right of complaint and carry out judicial supervision through combining the reality of battlefield; in addition, military procuratorial commissioners can be accredited to the units at the brigade or regimental level of each combat troop, coordinating and supervising security department to carry out the work. Secondly, simplify mode to review and make a decision of prosecution. Establish wartime special procedure to review and make a decision of prosecution, simplify investigation formalities and cut down the time limit to review and make a decision of prosecution. Except for the cases which must be reviewed and made a decision of prosecution according to law by military procuratorate, battlefield military commanders should be given the rights to participate in reviewing and making a decision of prosecution conditionally, and participate in deciding issues related to review and make a decision of prosecution. Thirdly, flexibly bring in an indictment. Battlefield military commanders should be given certain rights of judicial urgent disposal, the decision to bring in an indictment made by procuratorial organ generally should listen to the opinion of military commanders of the army of incidence of criminal offenses.
On the aspect of the system of wartime martial criminal justice, firstly, establish wartime institution of martial justice. In connection with the characteristics of the high degree of strong flexibility and unbalanced incidence of criminal offenses of armies involved, army’s discipline and wartime order must be maintained in rapid and flexible judicial mode, therefore, the configuration mode of military court in peacetime should be reformed and the martial justice institution of war area in wartime should be built: one is to set up special military court of war area with responsibility for hearing some major cases of armies in the region within the jurisdiction and war area; the other is to set up wartime military commission in division participating in a war and combat troop of brigade level, specifically hearing the cases of responsible armies and within war area and accepting the wartime cases of criminal offence which are relatively slight, serious crime cases are transferred to military court of war area to hear. Secondly, optimize wartime judicial procedure. First is to reduce the period of litigation. Second is to simplify judicial proceeding. Relax the applicable condition of simple programmed cases and extend the scope of trying a case by a single military judge. Third is to simplify the formalities to handle a case. Under the condition that ensures the basic procedural rights of criminal suspect and accused person, restrict to propose the scope of extempore application; persons involved can’t apply to reconsideration again after withdrawal by petition is out of court etc. Thirdly, carry out officers and soldiers to attend judgment. Fourthly, limit wartime appeal. For this reason, strengthen the authority of the arbitral award of wartime military court. However, after condition of war ends, the accused person should be allowed to file a complaint or submit counterappeal to procuratorial organ.
On the aspect of wartime execution of punishment, in order to ensure that legally effective judgment is carried out, the executive mode of wartime punishment should be flexible. First is to establish and complete wartime commutation and pardon institution as well as wartime system of probationary suspension. Broaden the conditions and applicable scope of wartime commutation and pardon, and extend the applicable conditions and scope of the case of redeeming by good service etc. second is to properly expand wartime executive subject. Establish disciplined service responsible for the execution of punishment for petty criminals. The legally effective judgment which can’t be executed without the conditions under the battlefield environment should be transferred to the rear to carry out.
In the paper, propose the opinions such as give full play to the function of military lawyer to protect servicemen’s rights and interests, restrict the discretion of commander, etc., further establish the value orientation of wartime military justice, ensure the right value of serviceman submit to protect military order value, and its final foothold lies in creating a harmonious, stable, coordinated and ordered external environment to protect the fundamental rights of all the people including servicemen and providing reliable judicial guarantee for armies to complete diversified military missions and cope with various kinds of safety threat.
引文
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[33] Ley Organica4/87of15.07,on Competenceand Organizationof Military Judicature;Ley Organica2/89of13.04,on Military Procedure.
[34]在平时,荷兰的军事审判机构隶属于平民法院,即在最高法院(Supreme Court)、上诉法院(Courtsof Appeal)、地区法院(District Courts)和地区分院(Sub-District Courts)四级平民法院均设有军事审判庭。
[35]台湾“军事审判法”规定,“国防部”视部队任务之需要,平时于适当地区设“地方军事法院”或其“分院”、“高等军事法院”或其“分院”,于“中央政府”所在地,设“最高军事法院”。
[36]英国战地军事法庭是战时召集的特殊的高级军事法庭,其组成较为简单,作为法庭成员的军官在级别上并没有过于严格的要求,而人数一般由庭长和不少于2名其他军官组成,特殊情况下庭长和另一名军官即可组成。在平时,军事司法组织系统由初级军事法庭、高级军事法庭和军事上诉法院构成。
[37] Cathy Packer,Freedom of Expression in the American Millitary:a communication modeling analysis,Praegar Publishers 1989,p.109.
[38]在平时,巴西军事审判机构为四级,即独任审判庭(Single Judges)、司法会议(Councilof Justice,由1名民间法官和4名军法官组成)、复核法院(The Review Court,因人员遍部全国,法官人数未作统计)和较高军事法院(The Higher Military Court,由15名来自三军部队的军法官组成。
[39]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第98页。
[40]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第99页。
[41]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第100页。
[42]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第100页。
[43]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第100页。
[44]黄风译:《意大利军事刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版,第219页。
[45] Dasure,Interpretation on British cConstitution, Bracky Publishers,1993,p.336.
[46]肖峰、莫强:《浅谈战时军事立法》,《江西行政学院学报》2006年第1期,第34页。
[47]梁玉霞著:《中国军事司法制度研究》,社会科学文献出版社1996年版,第184页。
[48]张山新:《军事法学》,军事科学出版社2001年版,第242页。
[49]李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期,第53页。
[50]田龙海、朱国平:《战时军事司法的价值取向及其实现》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年l期,第63页。
[51] The Army Regulations in 1975 of British Queen, Accessories A of Chapter V :Commission of Inquiry and Investigatoin Unit
[52]谢丹:《军事刑事诉讼若干问题研究》,中国政法大学2001年硕士学位论文,第35页。
[53]李怀北、王树茂:《关于战时刑事审判制度立法的理性思考》,《西安政治学院学报》2006年第2期,第62页。
[54]谢丹:《军事刑事诉讼若干问题研究》,中国政法大学2001年硕士学位论文,第42页。
[55]张山新主编:《军事法研究》,军事科学出版社2003年版,第233页。
[56]李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期,第51页。
[57] British Council for Culture, Weekly Law Album of British.Sbring Netherlands Press,1999,p.39.
[58]张山新主编:《军事法学》,军事科学出版社2001年版,第242页。
[59] F.R.Knox,Precedent in English Law,Clarendon Press,1979,p.28.
[60]谷日安平:《程序的正义与诉讼》,中国政法大学出版社1996年版,第55页。
[61]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第90页。
[62]谢丹:《军事刑事诉讼若干问题研究》,中国政法大学2001年硕士学位论文,第55页。
[63]陈卫东、李洪江:《正当程序的简易化与简易程序的正当化》,《法学研究》1998年第2期,第67页。
[64] Jeff Kingston.History of English Law Developed,Law Press,1999,p273.
[65] P.W.Maitland,Precedent in English Law,Spring Berlin Heidelterg Publish,1979,p.28.
[66]田龙海、朱国平:《战时军事司法的价值取向及其实现》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第1期,第62页。
[67] G.K.Sharma , Study and Practice of Millitary Law , Deep&Deep Publication,1988,p266.
[68]傅达林、叶晓龙:《建立对台战时军事审判制度的设想》,西安政治学院科研部编《军事斗争准各中的法律问题研究》,北京大学出版社1996年版,第249页。
[69]黄风译:《意大利军事刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版,第235页。
[70]李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期,第55页。
[71]田龙海、朱国平:《战时军事司法的价值取向及其实现》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第1期,第62页。
[72]《俄罗斯联邦刑事执行法典》,国家杜马1996年12月18日通过、联邦委员会1996年12月25日批准,第5条、第61条和第5编相关内容。
[73]田龙海、朱国平:《战时军事司法的价值取向及其实现》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第1期,第62页。
1.周健、王光华、朱雁新:《法律战:战时军事刑事诉讼法》,海潮出版社2004年版。
2.张文显主编:《法理学》,法律出版2007年版。
3.林纪东主编:《新编六法全书》,茂荣印刷实业有限公司1975年版。
4.黄风译:《意大利军事刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
5.张山新主编:《军事法研究》,军事科学出版社2003年版。
6.陈瑞华:《刑事审判原理论》,北京人学出版社1997年版。
7.Jeff Kingston.History of English Law Developed[M],Law Press,1999.
8.P.W.Maitland,Precedent in English Law[M],Spring Berlin Heidelterg Publish,1979.
9. G.K.Sharma,Study and Practice of Millitary Law,Deep&Deep Publication,1988.
10.陈学会主编:《军事法学》,解放军出版社1994年版。
11.Dasure,Interpretation on British cConstitution,Bracky Publishers,1993.
12.梁玉霞著:《中国军事司法制度研究》,社会科学文献出版社1996年版。
13.张山新主编:《军事法学》,军事科学出版社2001年版。
14.The Army Regulations in 1975 of British Queen, Accessories A of Chapter V: Commission of Inquiry and Investigatoin Unit.
15.British Council for Culture,Weekly Law Album of British,Sbring Netherlands Press,1999.
16.F.r.Knox,Precedent in English Law,Clarendon Press,1979.
17.[日]谷日安平:《程序的正义与诉讼》,王亚新、刘荣军译,中国政法大学出版社1996年版。
18.周健:《军事法史纲》,海潮出版社1998年版。
19.Cathy Packer,Freedom of Expression in the American Millitary:a communication modeling analysis,Praegar Publishers 1989.
1.桂炉:《我国军事刑法的现状、不足及完善》,《法学研究》2007第7期。
2.曹莹:《军事刑事立法的现状与发展趋势》,《西安政治学院学报》2002年第6期。
3.汪保康:《论战时军法的法律地位》,《南京政治学院学报》2004年第1期。
4.田龙海、朱国平:《战时军事司法的价值取向及其实现》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第l期。
5.杨君琳:《完善我国军事刑事诉讼制度的价值思考》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第4期。
6.美国国会众议院法律修订咨议局编:《美国法典:军事法卷》,中国社会科学出版社1996年版。
7.李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期。
8.郝如建:《试论我国缓刑制度的几个问题》,《河海大学学报》2001年第3期。
9.李怀北、王树茂:《关于战时刑事审判制度立法的理性思考》,《西安政治学院学报》2006年第2期。
10.肖峰、莫强:《浅谈战时军事立法》,《江西行政学院学报》2006年第1期。
11.田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期。
12.陈卫东、李洪江:《正当程序的简易化与简易程序的正当化》,《法学研究》1998年第2期。
13.杨韧、李剑:《军事法研究进路的批判性建设》,《南京政治学院学报》2004年第1期。
14.李佑标:《军事刑事诉讼概念的反思与重塑》,《当代法学》2006年3月。
15.张建田、金桦楚:《关于军队实施刑事诉讼法中存在的问题及思考》,《现代法学》1998年第1期。
16.黄建国:《战时缓刑的认定与适用》,《安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版)》2000年第4期。
17.张进红:《战时缓刑制度的效力问题探微》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第1期。
18.苏晓娟:《司法权隶属于统帅权——美国军事法战时适应性探析》,《南京政治学院学报》2006年第22卷。
19.裴尉植、李可人、邹南:《浅论战时司法管制》,《武警工程学院学报》2003年第5期。
20.谢丹、徐占峰:《论战时军事司法权的有限扩张》,《西安政治学院学报》2007年第1期。
21.李岩青:《论战时军事司法权的配置》,《西安政治学院学报》2005年第2期。
22.田胜利:《战时军事法若干基本理论问题探讨》,“中国论文下载中心”,http://www.studa.net/guojifa/061005/10363899.html,2006年10月15日。
23.刘邦权:《战时军事司法机关的任务》,《检察日报》2003年6月30日。
24.谢丹:《战时军事刑事诉讼程序浅议》,《法制日报》2001年8月16日,第7版。
25.李宇先:《我国刑法的“战时”要素》,《人民法院报》2004年10月25日,第6版。
26.王世涛:《意大利战时军事刑诉特征》,《解放军报》2002年1月29日,第8版。
27.谢丹:《军事刑事诉讼若干问题研究》,中国政法大学2001年硕士学位论文。
28.王庆:《战时军事诉讼制度研究》,安徽大学2004年硕士学位论文。
[2]林纪东主编:《新编六法全书》,茂荣印刷实业有限公司1975年版,第796页。
[3]黄风译:《意大利军事刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版,第148页。
[4]田胜利:《战时军事法若干基本理论问题探讨》,“中国论文下载中心”,http://www.studa.net/guojifa/061005/10363899.html,2006年10月15日。
[5]桂炉:《我国军事刑法的现状、不足及完善》,《法学研究》2007年第7期,第11页。
[6]曹莹:《军事刑事立法的现状与发展趋势》,《西安政治学院学报》2002年第6期,第16页。
[7]汪保康:《论战时军法的法律地位》,《南京政治学院学报》2004年第1期,第77页。
[8]田龙海、朱国平:《战时军事司法的价值取向及其实现》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第l期,第60页。
[9]田龙海、朱国平:《战时军事司法的价值取向及其实现》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第l期,第61页。
[10]张山新主编:《军事法研究》,军事科学出版社2003年版,第218页。
[11]陈瑞华:《刑事审判原理论》,北京人学出版社1997年版,第120页。
[12]杨君琳:《完善我国军事刑事诉讼制度的价值思考》,《西安政治学院学报》2003年第4期,第47页。
[13]谢丹:《军事刑事诉讼若干问题研究》,中国政法大学2001年硕士学位论文,第53页。
[14]陈学会主编:《军事法学》,解放军出版社1994年版,第648页。
[15]傅达林、叶晓龙:《建立对台战时军事审判制度的设想》,西安政治学院科研部编《军事斗争准各中的法律问题研究》,北京大学出版社1996年版,第246页。
[16]王庆:《战时军事诉讼制度研究》,安徽大学2004年硕士学位论文,第23页。
[17]黄风译:《意人利军事刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版,第526页。
[18]美国国会众议院法律修订咨议局编:《美国法典:军事法卷》,中国社会科学出版社1996年版,第529页。
[19]周健:《军事法史纲》,海潮出版社1998年版,第90页。
[20]陈学会主编:《军事法学》,解放军出版社1994年版,第128页。
[21]王庆:《战时军事诉讼制度研究》,安徽大学2004年硕士学位论文,第36页。
[22]李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期,第50页。
[23]郝如建:《试论我国缓刑制度的几个问题》,《河海大学学报》2001年第3期,第76页。
[24]李怀北、王树茂:《关于战时刑事审判制度立法的理性思考》,《西安政治学院学报》2006年第2期,第62页。
[25]李怀北、王树茂:《关于战时刑事审判制度立法的理性思考》,《西安政治学院学报》2006年第2期,第62页。
[26]李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期,第51页。
[27]李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期,第50页。
[28]李宇先:《我国刑法的“战时”要素》,《人民法院报》2004年10月25日,第6版。
[29]张文显主编:《法理学》,法律出版2007年版,第87页。
[30]李昂、刘文昌:《论战时军事刑事诉讼法律制度》,《西安政治学院学报》2000年第6期,第52页。
[31]肖峰、莫强:《浅谈战时军事立法》,《江西行政学院学报》2006年第1期,第35页。
[32]肖峰、莫强:《浅谈战时军事立法》,《江西行政学院学报》2006年第1期,第35页。
[33] Ley Organica4/87of15.07,on Competenceand Organizationof Military Judicature;Ley Organica2/89of13.04,on Military Procedure.
[34]在平时,荷兰的军事审判机构隶属于平民法院,即在最高法院(Supreme Court)、上诉法院(Courtsof Appeal)、地区法院(District Courts)和地区分院(Sub-District Courts)四级平民法院均设有军事审判庭。
[35]台湾“军事审判法”规定,“国防部”视部队任务之需要,平时于适当地区设“地方军事法院”或其“分院”、“高等军事法院”或其“分院”,于“中央政府”所在地,设“最高军事法院”。
[36]英国战地军事法庭是战时召集的特殊的高级军事法庭,其组成较为简单,作为法庭成员的军官在级别上并没有过于严格的要求,而人数一般由庭长和不少于2名其他军官组成,特殊情况下庭长和另一名军官即可组成。在平时,军事司法组织系统由初级军事法庭、高级军事法庭和军事上诉法院构成。
[37] Cathy Packer,Freedom of Expression in the American Millitary:a communication modeling analysis,Praegar Publishers 1989,p.109.
[38]在平时,巴西军事审判机构为四级,即独任审判庭(Single Judges)、司法会议(Councilof Justice,由1名民间法官和4名军法官组成)、复核法院(The Review Court,因人员遍部全国,法官人数未作统计)和较高军事法院(The Higher Military Court,由15名来自三军部队的军法官组成。
[39]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第98页。
[40]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第99页。
[41]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第100页。
[42]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第100页。
[43]田友方:《战时军事司法立法的三个理论前提》,《中国刑事法杂志》2001年第5期,第100页。
[44]黄风译:《意大利军事刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版,第219页。
[45] Dasure,Interpretation on British cConstitution, Bracky Publishers,1993,p.336.
[46]肖峰、莫强:《浅谈战时军事立法》,《江西行政学院学报》2006年第1期,第34页。
[47]梁玉霞著:《中国军事司法制度研究》,社会科学文献出版社1996年版,第184页。
[48]张山新:《军事法学》,军事科学出版社2001年版,第242页。
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