基于生理特性不同栽培方式对樱桃番茄产量及其品质的影响研究
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摘要
随着工厂化设施和农业技术的发展，工程技术与农业生物技术更加紧密结合并在农业生产中得到广泛的运用，无土栽培便是其中之一。无土栽培突破传统农业的土壤根作，利用不同基质和营养液来提供植物生长所需要的各种元素，完成植物的生长周期并得到质量好、产量高的产品。无土栽培根据基质的不同，可分为固体基质栽培和水培。固体基质栽培又可以分为有机基质培、无机基质培和混合基质培等；水培又可以分为深水培(DFT)和营养液膜培(NFT)等。与传统土培相比樱桃番茄无土栽培具有很多优点，其中最重要的是避免土培中存在的连作障碍和土壤盐渍化，另外作物避免与土壤接触，从而就避免土壤中某些有害微生物的侵害，同时基质可进行消毒，减少了病虫害的发生率，降低了农药的用量，具有可避免土传病虫害，肥料利用率高。无土栽培的产品因污染相对降低，在市场上越来越受到人们的青睐。
本论文以樱桃番茄为材料，利用浙江大学农业生物环境工程研究所华东型连栋塑料大棚内的深水陪设施、各种基质培设施、土培设施和人工气候室内的营养液膜水培设施，在测定分析樱桃番茄各项生理指标的基础上，全面系统地研究了无土栽培樱桃番茄在各种条件下对矿质元素的吸收、樱桃番茄的产量以及产品中硝酸盐含量的影响。其主要内容如下：
(1)通过对营养液膜培、深水培、固体混合基质培和土培条件下樱桃番茄矿质元素吸收情况的比较分析，得出结论，经腐熟处理的锯末加砂子这一固体混合基质在不同条件下对矿质元素的吸收强于土培，营养液膜培的情况也优于对照土培，深水培在增氧的情况下对矿质元素的吸收效率较高，而在没有增加氧气的情况下，表现较差。
(2)基于生理特性，比较分析了不同基质栽培条件下，樱桃番
茄产量的变化。结果表明不同基质栽培对樱桃番茄产量存在影响，不
同基质栽培对樱桃番茄的根系活力、光合特性、生长与生殖、根冠比
及产量也存在着不同程度的影响。试验结果表明，当某些无机基质与
有机基质按一定比例混合使用时，可明显提高樱桃番茄的一些生理指
标及产量。
“）以珍珠岩、锯木屑、50％珍珠岩60％锯木屑为基质，研究不
同基质对樱桃番克两3酸盐含量的影11向。结果表明：混合基质栽培的樱
桃番茄硝酸盐含量相对上培的樱桃番茄硝酸盐含量偏高，珍珠岩为基
质的樱桃番茄硝酸盐含量最高。
With the development of agriculture technique, bio-agriculture technique was widely put into practice. Soilless culture became more and more useful. It maked a breakthrough at the soil culture of traditional agriculture. Soilless culture used different substrates and nutrient solution containing necessary elements for plant growth which offered nutrient to plants so that they could finish their life period normally. At the same time ,we would get products which were good in quality, delicious in taste and high in output. Soilless culture had several sorts based on substrates. They were solid substrate culture and solidless substrate culture. The solid substrate culture coud be divided into organic, inorganic and mixed substrate culture;Solidless substrate culture was sorted to water, frog and air culture. Amonst them ,water culture had two forms based on different deepth of nutrient solution. One was Nutrient Film Technique(NFT), The other was Deep Flow Technique(DFT).
Soilless culture had the merits of ecological security, avoiding soil saltier ,soil borne insects and disease and high utilization of fertilizer. The process of cultivation was easy to control. Products in soilless culture got more and more likeness.
This experiment was carried out from Januaryto to October in 2003 under NFT system, DFT system and substrate culture in the east-China type multi-span plastic greenhouse and artificial climate chamber, which located in the Institute of
Agriculture Bio-environment, Zhejiang University. On the basis1 of analysis some physiological indices, mineral substance absorption of soilless cherry tomato ,its output and its nitrate containing are evaluated wholly and systematically. The main results were as follows:
(1) Mineral substance absorption of cherry tomato in the systems of NFT,DFT and mixed substrates were compared with ones of cherry tomato grown in soil culture. The results showed that solid mixed substrates were superior to soil. NFT was not as good as mixed substrates but better than soil. As for DFT, when it was offered with oxygen , its absorption got high. But if no oxygen was offered, its valid was low.
(2) By the experiment of substrates for soilless culture on cherry tomato, we could find out there were different influences on the physiological character of cherry tomato such as succinic dehydrogenase activity in the root tissue> photosynthic characteristics and its output . The experimental results showed when some organic substrates and some inorganic substrates were mixed together at some extent ratio in soilless culture, it could obviously advance some physiological characters of cherry tomato and its output.
(3) Pearl rock , sawdust and 50% sand+50% sawdust were taken as substrates. Their effects on nitrate content in cherry tomato were studied. The results showed nitrate content in mixed substrates culture was higher tnan soil culture, while in pearl rock substrate,it was the highest.
本论文以樱桃番茄为材料，利用浙江大学农业生物环境工程研究所华东型连栋塑料大棚内的深水陪设施、各种基质培设施、土培设施和人工气候室内的营养液膜水培设施，在测定分析樱桃番茄各项生理指标的基础上，全面系统地研究了无土栽培樱桃番茄在各种条件下对矿质元素的吸收、樱桃番茄的产量以及产品中硝酸盐含量的影响。其主要内容如下：
(1)通过对营养液膜培、深水培、固体混合基质培和土培条件下樱桃番茄矿质元素吸收情况的比较分析，得出结论，经腐熟处理的锯末加砂子这一固体混合基质在不同条件下对矿质元素的吸收强于土培，营养液膜培的情况也优于对照土培，深水培在增氧的情况下对矿质元素的吸收效率较高，而在没有增加氧气的情况下，表现较差。
(2)基于生理特性，比较分析了不同基质栽培条件下，樱桃番
茄产量的变化。结果表明不同基质栽培对樱桃番茄产量存在影响，不
同基质栽培对樱桃番茄的根系活力、光合特性、生长与生殖、根冠比
及产量也存在着不同程度的影响。试验结果表明，当某些无机基质与
有机基质按一定比例混合使用时，可明显提高樱桃番茄的一些生理指
标及产量。
“）以珍珠岩、锯木屑、50％珍珠岩60％锯木屑为基质，研究不
同基质对樱桃番克两3酸盐含量的影11向。结果表明：混合基质栽培的樱
桃番茄硝酸盐含量相对上培的樱桃番茄硝酸盐含量偏高，珍珠岩为基
质的樱桃番茄硝酸盐含量最高。
With the development of agriculture technique, bio-agriculture technique was widely put into practice. Soilless culture became more and more useful. It maked a breakthrough at the soil culture of traditional agriculture. Soilless culture used different substrates and nutrient solution containing necessary elements for plant growth which offered nutrient to plants so that they could finish their life period normally. At the same time ,we would get products which were good in quality, delicious in taste and high in output. Soilless culture had several sorts based on substrates. They were solid substrate culture and solidless substrate culture. The solid substrate culture coud be divided into organic, inorganic and mixed substrate culture;Solidless substrate culture was sorted to water, frog and air culture. Amonst them ,water culture had two forms based on different deepth of nutrient solution. One was Nutrient Film Technique(NFT), The other was Deep Flow Technique(DFT).
Soilless culture had the merits of ecological security, avoiding soil saltier ,soil borne insects and disease and high utilization of fertilizer. The process of cultivation was easy to control. Products in soilless culture got more and more likeness.
This experiment was carried out from Januaryto to October in 2003 under NFT system, DFT system and substrate culture in the east-China type multi-span plastic greenhouse and artificial climate chamber, which located in the Institute of
Agriculture Bio-environment, Zhejiang University. On the basis1 of analysis some physiological indices, mineral substance absorption of soilless cherry tomato ,its output and its nitrate containing are evaluated wholly and systematically. The main results were as follows:
(1) Mineral substance absorption of cherry tomato in the systems of NFT,DFT and mixed substrates were compared with ones of cherry tomato grown in soil culture. The results showed that solid mixed substrates were superior to soil. NFT was not as good as mixed substrates but better than soil. As for DFT, when it was offered with oxygen , its absorption got high. But if no oxygen was offered, its valid was low.
(2) By the experiment of substrates for soilless culture on cherry tomato, we could find out there were different influences on the physiological character of cherry tomato such as succinic dehydrogenase activity in the root tissue> photosynthic characteristics and its output . The experimental results showed when some organic substrates and some inorganic substrates were mixed together at some extent ratio in soilless culture, it could obviously advance some physiological characters of cherry tomato and its output.
(3) Pearl rock , sawdust and 50% sand+50% sawdust were taken as substrates. Their effects on nitrate content in cherry tomato were studied. The results showed nitrate content in mixed substrates culture was higher tnan soil culture, while in pearl rock substrate,it was the highest.
引文
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[2] 连兆熀．无土栽培技术[M]．北京．中国农业出版社．1994．
[3] 黄建国，重庆市蔬菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量及其与环境的关系[J]，生态学报．1996
[4] 高仓直，世界无土栽培的现状及今后的展望[J]，世界农业展望，1986,(6)40-44．
[5] 连兆煌．无土栽培原理与技术[M]。北京：中国农业出版社．1994。
[6] 蒋卫杰，蔬菜无土栽培技术[M]。北京：金盾出版社，1998。
[7] 李国景、徐召忠．中国蔬菜无土栽培技术发展历史的初步探讨[J]。上海蔬菜，1997，(1)：11～12。
[8] 赵凤艳，魏自民．氮肥施用量对蔬菜产量和品质顺的影响[J]。农业系统科学与综合研究，2001，17(1)：35～38。
[9] 何大秀，作物钾素营养与诊断[M]。成都：成都科技大学出版社，1994。45，70。
[10] 王利英，郭雪梅，两种无土栽培基质在韭菜生产上的应用[J]。天津农业科学，2001，(7)：61～64。
[11] 汪羞德，蔬菜栽培基质选择试验[A]。设施农业技术[C]。北京：中国农业科技出版社，1998。255～261。
[12] 李泉森．石斛无土栽培基质的初步探讨[J]。中国中药杂志，2000，25(7)：23～24。
[13] 崔秀敏，王航峰．蔬菜育苗基质及其研究进展[J]。长江蔬菜，1992，(4)：23～24。
[14] 李式军，高祖明，现代无土栽培技术[M]。北京：北京农业大学出版社，1988。
[15] 马太和，无土栽培[M]。北京：北京出版社，1985。
[16] 刑禹贤，无土栽培原理与技术[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1990。
[17] 柴晓芹．无土栽培及其发展趋势[J]。甘肃农业科技，1999(1)：4-5。
[18] 杜永臣，无土栽培营养液中氮素及其调控[J]。中国蔬菜，1991(2)：52-55。
[19] 宋元林，冬暖大棚蔬菜无土栽培技术[J]。吉林畜牧兽医，1999(2)：38。
[20] 郑光华，十年来中国无土栽培的进展[J]。农业工程学报，1990，6(2)：26-30。
[21] 陆东姣．夏董霞，李国锦．室内无土栽培介质简介[J]。园林，1987(5)：9。
[22] 李谦盛．利用工农业有机废气物生产优质无土栽培基质[J]．自然资源学报[2002]
[23] 陈元镇．花卉无土栽培的基质与营养液[M]．福建农业学报[2002]
[24] 王鹄生．花卉蔬菜无土栽培技术[M]．湖南科学技术出版社[1993]
[25] 向军，龚建华，黄丽萍．两种无土栽培方式对樱桃番茄生长发育的影响[T]．长江蔬菜．[2001]
[26] 郑光华．无土栽培生产成本与发展前景[J]。农业工程学报，1988(1)：65-70。
[27] 谢卫平，邵祖立．广东省无土栽培的现状及其发展方向[J]。广东农业科学，1998(1)：18-20。
[28] 蒋卫杰．我国无土栽培的现状与展望[J]。农村使用工程技术，1997(7)：2。
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