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农田生态系统中残留硝态氮的行为及植物利用
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摘要
集约化农业发展伴随着农用化学品投入的增加,氮肥的高量投入导致农田生态系统氮素持续盈余,我国北方灌溉农作体系作物收获后土壤剖面中大量残留NO_3~--N,其对后作的氮素供应潜力以及向土壤深层和地下水淋洗程度尚不清晰。本研究采用外源标记~(15)NO_3~--N注射法、高残留硝态氮土壤剖面的作物吸收法,设置田间微区试验、土柱管栽试验,通过土壤溶液提取器和土壤剖面取样技术,研究农田生态系统中土壤剖面残留硝态氮的行为及植物利用,为残留NO_3~--N的利用与管理提供理论依据,主要研究结果如下。
     在本试验水氮管理条件下,菠菜对土壤不同层次标记硝态氮的利用率显著大于小麦;菠菜对土壤剖面15 cm、45 cm、75 cm位置标记硝态氮的利用率分别为28.2%、22.3%、16.3%。小堰54对相应位置标记硝态氮的利用率分别为21.8%、17.4%、11.5%,而京411为21.8%、11.6%、7.4%,小堰54显著高于京411。土柱管栽试验获得相似的结论,但由于根系吸收区域土柱管栽试验的限定,作物对土壤剖面相应层次NO_3~--N的利用率高于田间微区试验。2个小麦品种根长密度与相应土层标记硝态氮的利用率呈显著的正相关关系;田间微区试验中菠菜对土壤标记硝态氮的利用率虽然存在随根长密度增加而升高的趋势,但未达到显著水平。
     在耕层施氮和不施氮的条件下,玉米对注射于土壤剖面110 cm处标记的~(15)NO_3~--N的利用率分别为11.9%和6.7%;土壤耕层施用氮肥促进了玉米中下层根系的发育,提高了对深层标记NO_3~--N的利用率;植物利用土壤深层累积NO_3~--N,避免硝态氮进一步向浅层地下水迁移具有一定的可行性。
     在人为控制灌水的土柱管栽试验条件下,拔节-孕穗-扬花-成熟4个生育时期,小麦对不同深度标记硝态氮的吸收量及利用率均随深度增加而降低,拔节期对10-20 cm、40-50 cm和70-80 cm深度标记硝态氮的利用率分别为15.7%、3.4%、和1.2%,孕穗期对3个标记深度硝态氮的利用率分别为30.6%、10.7%和3.9%,扬花期分别为33.1%、13.1%和5.1%,成熟期分别为32.5%、12.4%和4.7%;试验结果表明了小麦不同生育期利用土壤硝态氮的深度,为推荐施肥中“氮素同期供应”思想提供了理论依据。
     在预设的硝态氮高残留剖面上,夏季种植高丹草对土壤上层氮素的吸收消耗大于玉米,根区范围残留NO_3~--N低于种植玉米处理,高丹草比玉米在截获残留硝态氮,阻止其大量向下迁移的作用更强,体现出植物吸收的“安全网”功能;裸地休闲增加了硝态氮淋洗的危险。
     在试验水氮管理条件下,作物生长期间没有明显的自由水流通过土壤剖面100 cm深处,因而在作物生长季内也没有NO_3~--N的强烈淋洗。田间微区试验土壤15 cm、45 cm、75 cm标记硝态氮在土壤中的向下移动距离较小,分别为65 cm、45 cm、25 cm,未移出作物根区(1 m),表现出上层标记硝态氮移动距离长,下层移动距离短的规律;土壤深层110 cm处标记的硝态氮,也没有发生明显迁移,仅以标记区域为中心向上和向下扩散了20 cm左右。在夏季休闲与种植土地管理方式中,硝态氮均迁移累积于60-80 cm土壤层次。
Development of intensive agriculture is usually company with increase in agrochemical input, high input of nitrogenous fertilizer result in continuous nitrogen surplus in agro-ecosystem. There were large amount of residue NO-3-N in soil profile after crop harvest in irrigation agricultural system of North China, nevertheless, it was not seen clearly that how much the residue NOVN would supply to succession crops and how they would move into subsoil and leach into shallow groundwater. This study set up field micro-plot experiments and soil column experiments by technique of external injection of labeled 15NO-3-N to investigate of the behavior of residue nitrate and its utilization by plants in agro-ecosystem, and main conclusion was as follows.
    Under conventional water and nitrogen management condition, the recovery of labeled NO-3-N in different soil layers by spinach was significantly higher than that by wheat; the recovery of labeled NOVN in 15cm, 45cm and 75cm soil profile by spinach were 28.2%, 22.3% and 16.3% respectively. Those by Xiaoyan54 in corresponding positions were 21.8%, 17.4% and 11.5%, while those by Jing411 were 21.8%, 11.6% and 7.4% respectively, furthermore, the recovery of labeled NOVN by Xiaoyan54 were significantly higher as compared with Jing41 l.The similar conclusion was obtained in soil column experiment, but the recovery of labeled NOVN in corresponding layers of soil profile by all crops were higher in soil column experiment than in field micro-plot experiment due to root systems was restricted in narrow area in soil column pipe. There was significant positive correlation between the root length density of two types of wheat and the recovery of labeled NOVN in corresponding soil layers; but root length density of spinac
    h and its recovery of labeled NOVN in corresponding soil layers were positively correlated in trend, however, not reached to significant level. The root length densities of spinach in different soil layers were all lower than those of two wheat varieties, whereas its root architecture and relative higher growth speed of aboveground contributed to spinach capable of acquiring more nitrogen.
    Under N fertilizer application or not in 0-20cm soil layer, the recovery of labeled NO-3-N injected at 110cm soil horizon by maize were 11.9% and 6.7% respectively; nitrogen fertilizer application in upper soil layer contributed to growth of maize roots in the middle or lower layers and improved its recovery of labeled NOVN in subsoil; it was possible to avoid NOVN further moving into shallow groundwater through plants utilizing residue NO-3-N in subsoil.
    Under the condition of artificial controlling water supply in soil column experiment, acquisition and recovery of labeled NOVN in different depths by wheat decreased with soil depth at four stages of shooting- earring- flowering- maturating, thereinto the recovery of labeled NO-3-N in 10-20cm, 40-50cm and 70-80cm soil depth were 15.7%, 3.4%, 1.2% at shooting stage, and 30.6%, 10.7%, 3.9% at earring stage, and 33.1%, 13.1%, 5.1% at flowering stage, and 32.5%, 12.4%, 4.7% at maturating stage respectively; the experiment results indicated the depth of soil NOVN acquired at different growth stages by wheat, and could offer theoretical basis for idea of "simultaneous nitrogen supply " in nitrogen fertilizer recommendation.
    In high residue NOVN soil profile made in advance, summer crop of Sorghum hybrid
    
    
    Sudangrass could acquire more residual nitrate in upper soil layers than maize, and residue NOVN in root zone in Sorghum hybrid Sudangrass treatment was lower as compared with maize treatment. Sorghum hybrid Sudangrass was able to capture more residue NOVN than maize and prevent them to move downward, consequently showed "safe net" function of plant uptake. Land fallow in summer season increased the risk of NO-3-N leaching.
    Under the condition of water and nitrogen management in these experiments, there was not apparent free water flow to pass through 100cm depth soil horizon, therefore, nor was there NOVN to be leached i
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