海上对流层波导的雷达海杂波/GPS信号反演方法研究
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摘要
海上对流层波导是一种发生在海上低空对流层大气中的异常负梯度折射率结构，该结构能够使得电磁波在传播过程中向下弯曲，曲率大于地球表面的曲率，从而被陷获在一定厚度的大气层结内发生对流层波导传播。这种异常传播机制对工作在海洋大气环境中的雷达、移动通信等无线电系统的性能具有严重的影响。提前感知对流层波导环境，就可以采取相应的手段对波导陷获结构产生的影响进行补偿和修正，还可以利用对流层波导中的异常传播现象来实现雷达系统对低空突防目标的超视距探测等。因此，对海上对流层波导特征参数的实时探测反演具有重要意义。
本文首先研究了实际粗糙海面上对流层波导环境中雷达波和低仰角GPS信号的传播特性，然后在此基础上系统地研究了基于雷达海杂波和GPS海面散射信号的海上对流层波导反演方法。主要的研究内容及取得的研究成果如下：
1、系统阐述了海上对流层波导陷获结构形成的机理、分类以及区域分布特性，分析了电磁波在海上对流层波导环境中的传播机理以及能够形成波导传播的条件；详细描述了计算海上对流层波导环境中电波传播的抛物方程(PE)理论和射线描迹理论，并使用这两种理论方法分析了雷达波和GPS海面散射信号在海上对流层波导环境中的传播特性和陷获特性。
2、对粗糙海面上包含与不包含岛屿不规则地形两种情况下对流层波导环境中的电磁波传播进行了建模，分析了海面粗糙度以及海岛尺度对雷达波传播特性的影响；计算了水平非均匀对流层波导环境中的电波传播特性并与水平均匀情况进行了比较分析；提出了一种新的球形、粗糙、阻抗海面上低仰角GPS信号传播的PE初始场模型，对该类海面边界条件情况下对流层波导环境中的低仰角GPS信号传播特性进行了建模。
3、在对海上对流层波导环境中的雷达海杂波传播进行正演模拟的基础上，详细给出了海上对流层波导的雷达海杂波反演模型；提出了一种新的具有更高的蒸发波导剖面匹配性能与反演性能的四参数蒸发波导修正折射率剖面模型；为了获得对流层波导反演的不确定性统计信息，建立了波导参数的贝叶斯反演模型，计算了波导参数的一维与多维后验边缘概率密度，实现了海上对流层波导反演的不确定性统计估计。
4、分析讨论了影响雷达海杂波反演海上对流层波导精度的影响因素，在此基础上提出了两个提高对流层波导反演性能的方法：(1)提出了一种用于对流层波导雷达海杂波反演的自适应目标函数模型，该模型针对不同的雷达系统参数对不同距离处的实测雷达海杂波功率给予目标函数的贡献进行加权，从而提高对流层波导的反演精度；(2)提出了基于变天线高度雷达海杂波的杂波功率增量图匹配法用于海上对流层波导反演。此外，建立了用于海上对流层波导反演的雷达参数优劣定量评判模型，分析了用于我国周边海域对流层波导反演的最佳雷达系统参数。
5、使用主分量分析方法对水平非均匀对流层波导剖面进行了建模，在此基础上，建立了水平非均匀对流层波导的雷达海杂波反演模型；提出了一种含区域对流层波导历史数值预报先验信息的对流层波导参数的贝叶斯后验概率估计模型，实现了区域性非均匀对流层波导的反演，并且通过耦合进历史数值预报先验信息，提高了反演的精度。
6、计算并分析了低仰角GPS信号的海面散射特性，在此基础上对GPS海面散射信号在对流层波导环境中的传播进行了建模，并提出了一种基于低仰角GPS海面散射信号的对流层波导多仰角被动反演模型，实现了局部区域非均匀对流层波导的被动式探测反演。
A marine tropospheric duct is an anomalous refractivity structure that often occursin the low-altitude troposphere on the ocean surface. This structure can bend a radiowave to the earth surface with a curvature larger than the earth’s curvature, resulting inducting propagation within an atmospheric layer with a certain thickness. Thisanomalous propagation mechanism has a serious effect on the performances of manyradio systems working in the marine atmosphere environment, such as radar, and mobilecommunication systems. Sensing the tropospheric duct environment in advance, we canuse some certain methods to compensate or modify the effects of the duct trappingstructure on the radio systems, and also can make the radar’s over-the-horizon detectionof low-altitude military targets by using the anomalous propagation mechanismsinduced by the tropospheric duct. Therefore, it is meaningful to detect or retrieve thetypical parameters of the marine tropospheric duct in real-time.
This dissertation studies the propagation characteristics of the radar andlow-elevation GPS signals in tropospheric duct environments over the actual roughocean surface at first, then systemically studies the inversion methods for the marinetropospheric duct from radar sea clutters and ocean-scattered low elevation GPS signals.The main contents and innovations are as follows:
1. The mechanism of formation, types, and regional statistics of the marinetropospheric duct are described in detail. The propagation mechanisms and theconditions to form ducting propagation of the electromagnetic wave within thetropospheric duct environment are analyzed. The parabolic equation (PE) andray-tracing theories used to model the radio wave propagation are described andimplemented on the computer, and they are used to analysis the propagationcharacteristics of radar and ocean-scattered GPS signals in the ducting environment.
2. The propagation of the electromagnetic wave in a tropospheric duct on therough ocean surface with or without islands is modeled, then the effects of the oceansurface roughness and the island size on the propagation characteristics of radar waveare analyzed in detail. In order to quantify the effects of the horizontal variation of therefractivity profile on the radio wave propagation, the propagation characteristics ofradar wave in range-independent and range-dependent tropospheric ducts are calculatedand compared. A new GPS PE initial field model which takes ocean surface roughness,impedance, and earth’s curvature into account is proposed to model the low elevationGPS signal propagation in marine tropospheric ducts.
3. On the basis of forward modeling the radar sea clutter propagation in marinetropospheric duct environments, the model of retrieving the marine tropospheric ductfrom radar sea clutter is presented theoretically. A new four-parameter modifiedrefractivity profile (M-profile) model for the evaporation duct is proposed. It has theability to more accurately match and retrieve real-world evaporation duct M-profiles.Besides, in order to obtain not only the tropospheric duct M-profile estimations but alsothe uncertainties in these estimates, we establish a Bayesian inversion model for theduct parameters. Through this model the one-dimensional and multi-dimensionalmarginal posterior probability distributions of the duct parameters are calculated, andthe inversion uncertainty estimation is realized.
4. The factors that affect the inversion of marine tropospheric duct from radar seaclutters are analyzed and discussed in detail. Accordingly, two methods for improvingthe inversion quality are proposed.(1) An adaptive objective function model which canbe used in the inversion problem is proposed. In this new model, the contributions of themeasured radar sea clutter power from different distances on the objective function areweighted differently according to the radar system parameters and clutter measuringranges, thus the duct inversion precision is improved;(2) An inversion method whichuses the changes in radar sea clutter power versus receiving height as input is proposedto retrieve the marine tropospheric duct. Moreover, we established a metric model usedfor quantitatively evaluate the performance of the radar parameters which are employedin the tropospheric duct inversion. On this basis, the optimal radar parameters used forthe tropospheric duct inversion in the sea areas around China are explored.
5. The range-dependent tropospheric duct M-profile is modeled using theprincipal component analysis method. On this basis, the inversion model of therange-dependent tropospheric duct from radar sea clutters is established andimplemented. Further, a Bayesian posterior probability estimation model of thetropospheric duct parameters which incorporates the historical information of thenumerically predicted regional tropospheric duct is proposed. By using this model, theinversion of the regional tropospheric duct is realized successfully. Besides, because ofthe incorporation of the historically predicted duct information, the inversion precisionis improved.
6. The ocean surface scattering properties of low-elevation GPS signals arecalculated and analyzed, on this basis, the propagation model of the ocean-scatteredlow-elevation GPS signals within marine tropospheric duct environment is established and evaluated. Using this propagation model as the forward model, a passive inversionmodel of the tropospheric duct is proposed, which uses the ocean-scattered GPS signalsfrom multiple low-elevation GPS satellites as the inversion inputs. This model realizesthe passive inversion of partially regional tropospheric duct successfully.
本文首先研究了实际粗糙海面上对流层波导环境中雷达波和低仰角GPS信号的传播特性，然后在此基础上系统地研究了基于雷达海杂波和GPS海面散射信号的海上对流层波导反演方法。主要的研究内容及取得的研究成果如下：
1、系统阐述了海上对流层波导陷获结构形成的机理、分类以及区域分布特性，分析了电磁波在海上对流层波导环境中的传播机理以及能够形成波导传播的条件；详细描述了计算海上对流层波导环境中电波传播的抛物方程(PE)理论和射线描迹理论，并使用这两种理论方法分析了雷达波和GPS海面散射信号在海上对流层波导环境中的传播特性和陷获特性。
2、对粗糙海面上包含与不包含岛屿不规则地形两种情况下对流层波导环境中的电磁波传播进行了建模，分析了海面粗糙度以及海岛尺度对雷达波传播特性的影响；计算了水平非均匀对流层波导环境中的电波传播特性并与水平均匀情况进行了比较分析；提出了一种新的球形、粗糙、阻抗海面上低仰角GPS信号传播的PE初始场模型，对该类海面边界条件情况下对流层波导环境中的低仰角GPS信号传播特性进行了建模。
3、在对海上对流层波导环境中的雷达海杂波传播进行正演模拟的基础上，详细给出了海上对流层波导的雷达海杂波反演模型；提出了一种新的具有更高的蒸发波导剖面匹配性能与反演性能的四参数蒸发波导修正折射率剖面模型；为了获得对流层波导反演的不确定性统计信息，建立了波导参数的贝叶斯反演模型，计算了波导参数的一维与多维后验边缘概率密度，实现了海上对流层波导反演的不确定性统计估计。
4、分析讨论了影响雷达海杂波反演海上对流层波导精度的影响因素，在此基础上提出了两个提高对流层波导反演性能的方法：(1)提出了一种用于对流层波导雷达海杂波反演的自适应目标函数模型，该模型针对不同的雷达系统参数对不同距离处的实测雷达海杂波功率给予目标函数的贡献进行加权，从而提高对流层波导的反演精度；(2)提出了基于变天线高度雷达海杂波的杂波功率增量图匹配法用于海上对流层波导反演。此外，建立了用于海上对流层波导反演的雷达参数优劣定量评判模型，分析了用于我国周边海域对流层波导反演的最佳雷达系统参数。
5、使用主分量分析方法对水平非均匀对流层波导剖面进行了建模，在此基础上，建立了水平非均匀对流层波导的雷达海杂波反演模型；提出了一种含区域对流层波导历史数值预报先验信息的对流层波导参数的贝叶斯后验概率估计模型，实现了区域性非均匀对流层波导的反演，并且通过耦合进历史数值预报先验信息，提高了反演的精度。
6、计算并分析了低仰角GPS信号的海面散射特性，在此基础上对GPS海面散射信号在对流层波导环境中的传播进行了建模，并提出了一种基于低仰角GPS海面散射信号的对流层波导多仰角被动反演模型，实现了局部区域非均匀对流层波导的被动式探测反演。
A marine tropospheric duct is an anomalous refractivity structure that often occursin the low-altitude troposphere on the ocean surface. This structure can bend a radiowave to the earth surface with a curvature larger than the earth’s curvature, resulting inducting propagation within an atmospheric layer with a certain thickness. Thisanomalous propagation mechanism has a serious effect on the performances of manyradio systems working in the marine atmosphere environment, such as radar, and mobilecommunication systems. Sensing the tropospheric duct environment in advance, we canuse some certain methods to compensate or modify the effects of the duct trappingstructure on the radio systems, and also can make the radar’s over-the-horizon detectionof low-altitude military targets by using the anomalous propagation mechanismsinduced by the tropospheric duct. Therefore, it is meaningful to detect or retrieve thetypical parameters of the marine tropospheric duct in real-time.
This dissertation studies the propagation characteristics of the radar andlow-elevation GPS signals in tropospheric duct environments over the actual roughocean surface at first, then systemically studies the inversion methods for the marinetropospheric duct from radar sea clutters and ocean-scattered low elevation GPS signals.The main contents and innovations are as follows:
1. The mechanism of formation, types, and regional statistics of the marinetropospheric duct are described in detail. The propagation mechanisms and theconditions to form ducting propagation of the electromagnetic wave within thetropospheric duct environment are analyzed. The parabolic equation (PE) andray-tracing theories used to model the radio wave propagation are described andimplemented on the computer, and they are used to analysis the propagationcharacteristics of radar and ocean-scattered GPS signals in the ducting environment.
2. The propagation of the electromagnetic wave in a tropospheric duct on therough ocean surface with or without islands is modeled, then the effects of the oceansurface roughness and the island size on the propagation characteristics of radar waveare analyzed in detail. In order to quantify the effects of the horizontal variation of therefractivity profile on the radio wave propagation, the propagation characteristics ofradar wave in range-independent and range-dependent tropospheric ducts are calculatedand compared. A new GPS PE initial field model which takes ocean surface roughness,impedance, and earth’s curvature into account is proposed to model the low elevationGPS signal propagation in marine tropospheric ducts.
3. On the basis of forward modeling the radar sea clutter propagation in marinetropospheric duct environments, the model of retrieving the marine tropospheric ductfrom radar sea clutter is presented theoretically. A new four-parameter modifiedrefractivity profile (M-profile) model for the evaporation duct is proposed. It has theability to more accurately match and retrieve real-world evaporation duct M-profiles.Besides, in order to obtain not only the tropospheric duct M-profile estimations but alsothe uncertainties in these estimates, we establish a Bayesian inversion model for theduct parameters. Through this model the one-dimensional and multi-dimensionalmarginal posterior probability distributions of the duct parameters are calculated, andthe inversion uncertainty estimation is realized.
4. The factors that affect the inversion of marine tropospheric duct from radar seaclutters are analyzed and discussed in detail. Accordingly, two methods for improvingthe inversion quality are proposed.(1) An adaptive objective function model which canbe used in the inversion problem is proposed. In this new model, the contributions of themeasured radar sea clutter power from different distances on the objective function areweighted differently according to the radar system parameters and clutter measuringranges, thus the duct inversion precision is improved;(2) An inversion method whichuses the changes in radar sea clutter power versus receiving height as input is proposedto retrieve the marine tropospheric duct. Moreover, we established a metric model usedfor quantitatively evaluate the performance of the radar parameters which are employedin the tropospheric duct inversion. On this basis, the optimal radar parameters used forthe tropospheric duct inversion in the sea areas around China are explored.
5. The range-dependent tropospheric duct M-profile is modeled using theprincipal component analysis method. On this basis, the inversion model of therange-dependent tropospheric duct from radar sea clutters is established andimplemented. Further, a Bayesian posterior probability estimation model of thetropospheric duct parameters which incorporates the historical information of thenumerically predicted regional tropospheric duct is proposed. By using this model, theinversion of the regional tropospheric duct is realized successfully. Besides, because ofthe incorporation of the historically predicted duct information, the inversion precisionis improved.
6. The ocean surface scattering properties of low-elevation GPS signals arecalculated and analyzed, on this basis, the propagation model of the ocean-scatteredlow-elevation GPS signals within marine tropospheric duct environment is established and evaluated. Using this propagation model as the forward model, a passive inversionmodel of the tropospheric duct is proposed, which uses the ocean-scattered GPS signalsfrom multiple low-elevation GPS satellites as the inversion inputs. This model realizesthe passive inversion of partially regional tropospheric duct successfully.
引文
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