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近100年来中东亚干旱区对全球变暖的区域气候响应研究
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摘要
近一个世纪以来全球显著增温,已经引起了科学界的广泛关注,研究表明,尽管全球或半球平均的气温在20世纪呈现出明显的上升趋势,但是,这种增温的趋势和幅度的大小,在不同的地区是有差异的,因此,对全球变暖的区域响应研究已成为当前国际学术界研究的热点。中东亚干旱区,又称为亚洲中纬度内陆干旱区,它是连接赤道和中高纬地区的过渡地带,也是西风带气候和季风气候的相互作用区,由于其所处的特殊的地理位置,使得它不仅对全球的气候变化有非常敏感的响应,而且对于全球的气候变化也有较大的贡献。那么,在近100a来全球气候变暖的背景下,中东亚干旱区的气候变化又是如何响应的?对这一问题的研究有助于了解这一区域气候变化的特征和机制,可为有关区域响应的研究领域提供干旱区的响应结果。本文利用CRU(Climatic Research Unit)提供的近100a气温、降水的格点资料,中国气象局国家气象信息中心资料室提供的我国西北地区135个测站1960—2005年的气温、降水观测资料,以及其它气象要素场资料,对中东亚干旱区近100a来和中东亚干旱区的主要组成部分—中国西北干旱区近45a来的气候变化及主要机制进行了探讨,并对干旱区内部气温的区域敏感性进行了分析,同时还对干旱区与其它区域的气候变化进行了初步的对比分析,主要结论如下:
     1.近45年来,中国西北地区除夏季的陕南为降温外,其余各季和年气温的变化都表现为一致的增温趋势,年均气温变化幅度达0.40℃/10a。春、夏和秋季开始快速升温的转折时间在1990年代中期,时间上较之冬季要晚约10年。冬季是所有季节里增温幅度最大的季节,可达0.6℃/10a以上,冬季均温决定了年均温的变化。近20年是西北干旱区增暖发生的主要时段。西北干旱区无论是年或四季平均的增温率,都比中国平均的要高。
Significant warming on a global basis for a century has drawn widespread attention of scientists. Studies show that mean temperatures over the globe and hemisphere exhibit marked rising trends in this period but they differ in trend development and numerical range on a regional basis. As a result, research into regional response becomes a heated issue in the on-going climate background. The arid central-east Asian (ACEA), or called midlatitude Asian inland arid band, serves as a transition between equatorial and extratropical latitudes, a region for interactions between westerly and monsoon climates. Because of its unique geography, the ACEA responds actively, and makes greater contribution, to global climate change. We now have to know what responses the study zone made to global warming for the past century, a study that would help understand the features and mechanisms of the ACEA climate change, thus providing reference for researchers dealing with climate responses. Based on CRU (Climate Research Unit) - offered gridded data of temperature and rainfall in 1901 - 2002 and temperature and rainfall observations from 135 stations over NW China during 1960-2005 furnished by CMA Meteorological Information Center, as well as datasets of other elements in 1901 - 2002 , this work is devoted to dominant mechanism for climate variation in the ACEA in this period and NW China as a highly dry area as its principal part in 1960-2005, with the sensitivity of regional and sub-regional temperature to global warming analyzed and besides, preliminary comparison is made between ACEA and other climate areas, leading to the following conclusions.
    1. During 1960-2005 a trend of consistent temperature rise is uncovered in NW China both from yearly and seasonal mean (except summer mean over south Shannxi), and annual temperature increase rate is 0.40℃/10a, with winter serving as the season experiencing greatest warming, arriving at as much as >06℃ per 10 years so that annual mean temperature depends on winter average. The last
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