毛乌素沙地三典型造林树种蒸腾耗水特性研究
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摘要
毛乌素沙地水资源短缺,人工造林由于密度过大而易出现退化,需要人工灌溉以保证林木持续存活,基于此背景,笔者于2011年4月份起至11月份的整个生长季,应用热平衡包裹式和探针式茎干液流计对当地典型造林、绿化树种新疆杨(Populus bolleana Lauche)、樟子松(Pinussylovestrisver.Mongolica)以及优良天然固沙植物花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)的蒸腾耗水特性、林分水分平衡状况进行了研究,并据此推算合理造林密度。主要研究结果如下：1、整个生长季内,四棵地茎分别为29mm、22mm、16mm、12mm的花棒植株各自耗水量为1045.4L、379.7L、311.1L、159.7L,两棵胸径为91、96mm的新疆杨耗水量分别为5383.5L、5607.8L,地茎30mm的樟子松耗水量为2479.3L。不同大小花棒和新疆杨植株的液流量与植株叶面积和茎干截面积正相关。2、花棒、新疆杨和樟子松的液流量存在明显的季节变化,液流速率日进程规律在不同生长阶段随着植物体水分利用机制改变也发生过渡变化。3、阴雨天气会对三者的液流规律均造成显著影响,花棒雨天夜间液流昼低夜高,雨后天晴液流迅速恢复昼夜节律,且液流速率较雨前提升。樟子松雨天昼、夜液流速率都维持平稳低值,雨后晴天恢复昼夜节律。雨天新疆杨的液流速率变的平稳峰值不明显。花棒、樟子松和新疆杨在降雨天气土壤水分达到饱和时水分吸收的响应机制不同,反映了不同植物种在水分吸收动力上的不同,花棒、新疆杨会通过蒸腾拉力、根压及被动吸水三种动力吸取水分,而樟子松的被动吸水很弱。4、对生长季林地土壤剖面水分动态进行分析,各层次土壤水分补给、消耗途径不同,动态变化趋势不一,其中10-50cm土层水分含量变化幅度最大,受太阳辐射蒸发和植物根系吸收消耗作用变化剧烈,60-1OOcm剖面深的水分动态变化不明显,水分亏损量最小,5至11月份为花棒林地水分亏缺20.7mm,樟子松林地亏缺21.8mm5、根据已经测得的树种耗水量和水分平衡状况推算三树种的最小水分营养面积,3cm地茎的樟子松最小水分营养面积为12.8m2。胸径10cm的新疆杨最小水分营养面积为28m2。地茎3cm的花棒最小水分营养面积为5.3m2。
Water resource in Mu us Sandy land is much short-handed, meanwhile more and more trees are being planted which needed to be irrigated, on this background we took a research on the evaportranspiration of three typical trees:Hedysarum scoparium, the mean indigenous tree,Populus bolleana Lauche, Pinussylovestrisver.Mongolica, trees of shelter belts and towns. From April to October in2011, we study the transpiration of this three trees, the water equilibrium of soil-plant syatem, base on which we calculate the appropriate density or space between trees. Finally, we got results as follows:1、In the whole growing season, April to October, the four Hedysarum scoparium with stems of30mm,20mm,15mm,9mm have consumed water of1045.4L、379.7L、311.1L、59.7L respectatively, Water consumption increasing from May to July, reach the maximum in August。2、Populus bolleana Lauche with stems of (91mm,96mm)consumed water of5383.5L,5607.8L respectively, Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica, stem of30mm used up water of2479.3L。The accumulation of water consumption in the whole growing season is in direct proportion to leave area and stem diameter。2、Diunal variation of sap flow fluctuation is transitionally changing in the growing season, adjusting to its way of water consumption.3、In rainy and cloudy days, sap flow of the three trees are influenced obviously, in the nights of rainy days, sap flow of Hedysarum scoparium reach the maximum, in the day time it is only1/4of that in fine days, in the fellowed days, it recover rapidly and increase in some extent. Sap flow of Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica, in rainy days is rather slow in both daytime and nighttime, and recover the previous pattern. In rainy days, sap flow of Populus bolleana Lauche stay smooth and steady, without fluctuation. When soil moisture reach the maximum in rainy days, they absob water in different ways, which reflect that the dynamic of water absoption diverse in the three trees. Transpirational pull and root pressure, two ways of active/initiative water absorption, and passive absorption of water. 4、The vertical distribution of soil moisture content was observed throughout the whole growing season, water replenishment and consumption is different in every layer. Over the50cm, water content rise and fall rapidly, it is the rapid change layer, on the surface water is easiest to change for rain, dew and evaporation. In the20-50cm layer, water supplied by infiltration and used by root absorption. In60-100cm layer, soil moisture content is relatively stable, only precipitations over40mm is able to obviously infiltrate into80-100cm layer. Form the beginning to the end of growing season, the water wane in Hedysarum scoparium woosland is20.7mm, water wane in Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica woodland is21.8mm.5、In light of the water consumption of tree transpiration that of soil evaporation of forest plot and the precipitation quantity under an assurance rate as80%during the growth season, the least water nourishment area for a Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica with stem of3cm is12.8m2,,and the current density of planted forest is over, the appropriate density is3*4, two time of the atual density.For Populus bolleana Lauche with stem of8to10cm the least water nourishment area is28m2, Hedysarum scoparium with stem of3cm need a least water nourishment area of5.3m2.
Water resource in Mu us Sandy land is much short-handed, meanwhile more and more trees are being planted which needed to be irrigated, on this background we took a research on the evaportranspiration of three typical trees:Hedysarum scoparium, the mean indigenous tree,Populus bolleana Lauche, Pinussylovestrisver.Mongolica, trees of shelter belts and towns. From April to October in2011, we study the transpiration of this three trees, the water equilibrium of soil-plant syatem, base on which we calculate the appropriate density or space between trees. Finally, we got results as follows:1、In the whole growing season, April to October, the four Hedysarum scoparium with stems of30mm,20mm,15mm,9mm have consumed water of1045.4L、379.7L、311.1L、59.7L respectatively, Water consumption increasing from May to July, reach the maximum in August。2、Populus bolleana Lauche with stems of (91mm,96mm)consumed water of5383.5L,5607.8L respectively, Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica, stem of30mm used up water of2479.3L。The accumulation of water consumption in the whole growing season is in direct proportion to leave area and stem diameter。2、Diunal variation of sap flow fluctuation is transitionally changing in the growing season, adjusting to its way of water consumption.3、In rainy and cloudy days, sap flow of the three trees are influenced obviously, in the nights of rainy days, sap flow of Hedysarum scoparium reach the maximum, in the day time it is only1/4of that in fine days, in the fellowed days, it recover rapidly and increase in some extent. Sap flow of Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica, in rainy days is rather slow in both daytime and nighttime, and recover the previous pattern. In rainy days, sap flow of Populus bolleana Lauche stay smooth and steady, without fluctuation. When soil moisture reach the maximum in rainy days, they absob water in different ways, which reflect that the dynamic of water absoption diverse in the three trees. Transpirational pull and root pressure, two ways of active/initiative water absorption, and passive absorption of water. 4、The vertical distribution of soil moisture content was observed throughout the whole growing season, water replenishment and consumption is different in every layer. Over the50cm, water content rise and fall rapidly, it is the rapid change layer, on the surface water is easiest to change for rain, dew and evaporation. In the20-50cm layer, water supplied by infiltration and used by root absorption. In60-100cm layer, soil moisture content is relatively stable, only precipitations over40mm is able to obviously infiltrate into80-100cm layer. Form the beginning to the end of growing season, the water wane in Hedysarum scoparium woosland is20.7mm, water wane in Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica woodland is21.8mm.5、In light of the water consumption of tree transpiration that of soil evaporation of forest plot and the precipitation quantity under an assurance rate as80%during the growth season, the least water nourishment area for a Pinussylovestrisver. Mongolica with stem of3cm is12.8m2,,and the current density of planted forest is over, the appropriate density is3*4, two time of the atual density.For Populus bolleana Lauche with stem of8to10cm the least water nourishment area is28m2, Hedysarum scoparium with stem of3cm need a least water nourishment area of5.3m2.
引文
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