用于MIMO系统的高性能天线设计
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摘要
多输入多输出(MIMO)技术是一种多天线技术,即在发射端和接收端分别放置多个天线用于收发。采用MIMO技术能在不增加系统带宽的情况下成倍提高通信系统的容量和频谱利用率,同时也能提高信道的可靠性,降低误码率,它是下一代(后3G或4G)移动通信的关键技术之一。随着MIMO技术的发展,对适用于MIMO系统的天线的研究变得十分迫切,同时也具有理论意义和实用价值。
本文先设计了两个工作在2.4GHz频段(2.4~2.4835GHz)的小型化全向天线,一个Z型(水平极化),一个T型(垂直极化)。通过在微带板两面分别印刷一个Z型和倒Z型贴片,来形成一个电流环,以辐射水平极化波。T型天线是一个微带单极子天线,采用共面波导(CPW)馈电,具有较宽的带宽。借助仿真软件HFSS详细研究了T型天线臂的长度和宽度、共面波的导尺寸以及介质板的大小和厚度对输入端反射系数大小的影响,并给出相应的曲线图,可供工程设计参考。为了使T型天线进一步小型化,本文提出了在介质板背面平行于T型的垂直臂印刷一个矩形寄生贴片的方法,可以有效地增加带宽,改善方向图特性。以一款常见的14′′(310×259mm2)笔记本电脑的大小为例,并采用Z型天线和T型天线作为阵列单元,分别设计了一个3×4的水平阵和一个2×4垂直阵。考虑到双频应用,文中设计了九个可工作在2.4GHz频段和5.2GHz频段(5.15～5.35GHz)的双频微带单极子天线。测量结果表明:所设计的T型天线和Z型天线以及两个阵列都具有良好的带宽和方向图特性,可用于MIMO无线通信系统。
Multiple-Input Multiple-Out (MIMO) is a multi-antenna technology, in which multiple antennas are placed separately both at the transmitting and the receiving ends. Being one of the key technologies in the next generation (behind 3G or 4G) mobile communication, MIMO can enhance capacity and frequency spectrum utilization efficiency of communication system while maintaining bandwidth, improve link reliability, and reduce bit error rate. Along with the development of MIMO technology, the development of high-performance antennas for MIMO system is very urgent, and will be also of theoretical significance and practical value.
First, two miniaturization antennas, one Z shape (horizontal polarization) and one T shape (vertical polarization), with omni-directional patterns at 2.4GHz band (2.4~2.4835GHz) are developed. By printing the“Z”patch on the top plane of substrate, and the reverse“Z”patch on the bottom plane, a current loop is formed, and a horizontally polarized wave is radiated. The T-shaped antenna is a monopole fed with coplanar waveguide (CPW), and has a broad bandwidth. With the simulation software HFSS, the effect of different dimensions of the T-shaped strip, CPW and substrate board on the input reflection coefficient is discussed in detail, and the parameters of the antenna are determined. In order to reduce the size of T-shaped antenna further, we print a parasitic path on the bottom plane of substrate, which parallels the vertical arm of the T-shaped strip. Thus the bandwidth of the antenna is enhanced, and its radiation performance is effectively improved. Taking a common 14 inch notebook computer as an example, we design two arrays with the Z-shape and T-shape antennas as the array elements respectively. The former array consists of twelve (3×4) elements, and the latter has eight (2×4) elements. Considering the dual-band applications, we also design nine microstrip monopole antennas, which can operate both at 2.4GHz band and 5.2GHz band (5.15～5.35GHz). The measurement results show that the developed antennas have good bandwidth and pattern performances, which are suitable for MIMO system.
本文先设计了两个工作在2.4GHz频段(2.4~2.4835GHz)的小型化全向天线,一个Z型(水平极化),一个T型(垂直极化)。通过在微带板两面分别印刷一个Z型和倒Z型贴片,来形成一个电流环,以辐射水平极化波。T型天线是一个微带单极子天线,采用共面波导(CPW)馈电,具有较宽的带宽。借助仿真软件HFSS详细研究了T型天线臂的长度和宽度、共面波的导尺寸以及介质板的大小和厚度对输入端反射系数大小的影响,并给出相应的曲线图,可供工程设计参考。为了使T型天线进一步小型化,本文提出了在介质板背面平行于T型的垂直臂印刷一个矩形寄生贴片的方法,可以有效地增加带宽,改善方向图特性。以一款常见的14′′(310×259mm2)笔记本电脑的大小为例,并采用Z型天线和T型天线作为阵列单元,分别设计了一个3×4的水平阵和一个2×4垂直阵。考虑到双频应用,文中设计了九个可工作在2.4GHz频段和5.2GHz频段(5.15～5.35GHz)的双频微带单极子天线。测量结果表明:所设计的T型天线和Z型天线以及两个阵列都具有良好的带宽和方向图特性,可用于MIMO无线通信系统。
Multiple-Input Multiple-Out (MIMO) is a multi-antenna technology, in which multiple antennas are placed separately both at the transmitting and the receiving ends. Being one of the key technologies in the next generation (behind 3G or 4G) mobile communication, MIMO can enhance capacity and frequency spectrum utilization efficiency of communication system while maintaining bandwidth, improve link reliability, and reduce bit error rate. Along with the development of MIMO technology, the development of high-performance antennas for MIMO system is very urgent, and will be also of theoretical significance and practical value.
First, two miniaturization antennas, one Z shape (horizontal polarization) and one T shape (vertical polarization), with omni-directional patterns at 2.4GHz band (2.4~2.4835GHz) are developed. By printing the“Z”patch on the top plane of substrate, and the reverse“Z”patch on the bottom plane, a current loop is formed, and a horizontally polarized wave is radiated. The T-shaped antenna is a monopole fed with coplanar waveguide (CPW), and has a broad bandwidth. With the simulation software HFSS, the effect of different dimensions of the T-shaped strip, CPW and substrate board on the input reflection coefficient is discussed in detail, and the parameters of the antenna are determined. In order to reduce the size of T-shaped antenna further, we print a parasitic path on the bottom plane of substrate, which parallels the vertical arm of the T-shaped strip. Thus the bandwidth of the antenna is enhanced, and its radiation performance is effectively improved. Taking a common 14 inch notebook computer as an example, we design two arrays with the Z-shape and T-shape antennas as the array elements respectively. The former array consists of twelve (3×4) elements, and the latter has eight (2×4) elements. Considering the dual-band applications, we also design nine microstrip monopole antennas, which can operate both at 2.4GHz band and 5.2GHz band (5.15～5.35GHz). The measurement results show that the developed antennas have good bandwidth and pattern performances, which are suitable for MIMO system.
引文
[1] 周翔.MIMO 系统天线单元研究.东南大学硕士学位论文,2004.8.
[2] 屠振,王理,王彪.分形天线的特性分析及其在 MIMO 天线中的应用.测控技术,2004,Vol.30(11).
[3] Telater E.Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channel[A].AT &TBell Labs Tech. Memo, N J:Murray Hill,1995.
[4] Foschini GJ. Layered Spac-time architecture for wireless communications in a fading envicoment when using multiple antennas[C].Bell Labs Technical Journal , 1996,1(2):741-765.
[5] Tarokh V, Seshadri N.A calderbank space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication:performance criterion and code construction[C ] . IEEE Trans. Information Theory,1998,44(2):744-765.
[6] Wolniansky P W,Forshini G J,Golden G D, et al.V-BLAST: an architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel[C. Proc. ISSSE-98, Pisa,,Italy Sept29,1998.
[7] Franklin M, Reiter M.The Design and Implementaiton of a Secure Auction Service[J ] .IEEE Trans.on Software Engineering,1996,22(5) : 3022312.
[8] Kikuchi H,Harkavy M,Tyger D.Multi-round Anonymous Auction Protocols [ A ] .Proceedings of the First IEEE Workshop on Dependable and Real-time Ecommerce Systems,Berlin : Springer Verlag,1998. 62269.
[9] Kudo M . Secure Electronic Sealed-bid Auction Protocol with Public Key Cryptography[J ] .IEICE Trans on Fundamentals ,1998 ,E812A(1) : 20227.
[10] 唐冬,杨亮,吕明霞.莱斯衰落下 MIMO 系统共信道干扰容量分析.南华大学学报(自然科学版),2004.12,18(4).
[11] 杜 江,彭启琮.空时 MIMO 无线通信系统随机信道模型的仿真研究与实现. 系统工程与电子技术,2004.10,26(10).
[12] 李 忻,聂在平,伍裕江.移动性对 MIMO 无线信道性能的影响.电 子 科 技 大 学 学 报,2004.10,33(5).
[13] 滕勇,吴军力,罗涛.瑞利相关衰落下 MIMO 系统的差错率分析.重庆邮电学院学报,2003.9,15(3).
[14] 黎海涛,张靖,陆建华.天线选择对 MIMO 信道容量的影响.电子与信息学报,2003.7,25(7).
[15] 付景兴,杨大成,常永宇.信道相关性对多入多出系统性能的影响.北京邮电大学学报,2003.3,26(1).
[16] 龚耀寰.Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Smart Antenna Technique[C].中兴通讯期刊,2002.12,第 44 期.
[17] Srafil Bahceci.Tolga M. Duman, Yucel Altunbasak,“Performance of MIMO antenna selection for space-time coded OFDM systems.2004 IEEE Communications Society.
[18] R.B. Hwang.A broadband CPW-fed T-shaped antenna for wireless communic –ations.IEE Proc-Microw. Antennas Propag.,2004.151(6).
[19] C.-C. Lin ,H.-R. Chuang.A 2.4 GHz planar printed antenna with omni-dire -ctional horizontally polarized pattern for WLAN applications.33 rd European Microwave Conference,Munich,2003.
[20] 金建铭(美)著,王建国译.电磁场有限元方法.西安电子科技大学出版社,1998 年.
[21] 谢拥军.Ansoft 高级培训班教材-Ansoft HFSS 的有限元理论基础.
[22] Baumer, C., Landstorfer, F.Design of omnidirectional slot antennas with vertical polarization[C] . IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp.,1990,2:938 -941.
[23] Taylor,R.M..A broadband omnidirectional antenna[C] .IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp., 1994,2:1294 -1297.
[24] Fu-Ren Hsiao,Kin-Lu Wong.Omnidirectional planar folded dipole antenna[J].IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2004,52(7):1898 -1902.
[25] Bancroft,R., Bateman,B. An omnidirectional planar microstrip antenna[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2004,52(11):3151 -3154.
[26] Dmitry Chizhk,Jonathan Ling,Reinaldo A. Valemela.The Effect of Electric Field Polarization on Indoor Propagation.IEEE ICUF’C,Florence Italy,1998.
[27] C. Soras,M. Karahoiks,G. Tsachtsiris,V. Makos.Analysis and Design of an Inverted-F Antenna Printed on a PCMCIA Card for the 2.4GHz ISM Band[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,2002,44(1):37 -44.
[28] H.-R. Chuang, et al.Omni-directional HorizontallyPolarized Alford Loop Strip Antenna. US pateut 5,767,809,June 1998.
[29] 廖承恩.微波技术基础[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1994.
[30] Huan-Chang Liu,Tzyy-Sheng Horng, Alexopoulos. N.G.. .Radiation of printed antennas with a coplanar waveguide feed[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas andPropagation, 1995,43(10):1143 – 1148.
[31] Yu-De Lin,Syh-Nan Tsai.Coplanar waveguide-fed uniplanar bow-tie antenna[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,1997,45(2):305 -306.
[32] Wen-Shan Chen, Kin-Lu Wong.A coplanar waveguide-fed printed slot antenna for dual-frequency operation[C]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp.,2001,2:140 – 143.
[33] Wei-Ting Liu,Shyh-Tirng Fang. Planar compact CPW-fed antenna[C].Microwave Conference,2001,2:934 - 937 .
[34] Wei Wang,Shun-Shi Zhong,Xian-Ling Liang.A broadband CPW-fed arrowlike printed antenna[C].IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp.,2004,1:751 - 754 .
[35] Xian-Chang Lin , Ling-Teng Wang.A broadband CPW-fed loop slot antenna with harmonic contro.IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,VOL. 2, 2003.
[36] Sheng-Ming Deng. A coplanar waveguide-fed circular microstrip patch antenna. .IEEE 1998
[37] Homg-Dean Chen.Compact CPW-fed dual-frequency monopole antenna.ELECTRONICS LETTERS, 2002 ,38:25.
[38] M. Kitlinski , R. Kieda. Compact CPW-fed Sierpinski fractal monopole antenna. ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2004,40:22.
[39] 程崇虎,吕文俊等.共面波导(CPW)馈电单极子天线的设计与研究. 微波学报, 2003,19:4.
[2] 屠振,王理,王彪.分形天线的特性分析及其在 MIMO 天线中的应用.测控技术,2004,Vol.30(11).
[3] Telater E.Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channel[A].AT &TBell Labs Tech. Memo, N J:Murray Hill,1995.
[4] Foschini GJ. Layered Spac-time architecture for wireless communications in a fading envicoment when using multiple antennas[C].Bell Labs Technical Journal , 1996,1(2):741-765.
[5] Tarokh V, Seshadri N.A calderbank space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication:performance criterion and code construction[C ] . IEEE Trans. Information Theory,1998,44(2):744-765.
[6] Wolniansky P W,Forshini G J,Golden G D, et al.V-BLAST: an architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel[C. Proc. ISSSE-98, Pisa,,Italy Sept29,1998.
[7] Franklin M, Reiter M.The Design and Implementaiton of a Secure Auction Service[J ] .IEEE Trans.on Software Engineering,1996,22(5) : 3022312.
[8] Kikuchi H,Harkavy M,Tyger D.Multi-round Anonymous Auction Protocols [ A ] .Proceedings of the First IEEE Workshop on Dependable and Real-time Ecommerce Systems,Berlin : Springer Verlag,1998. 62269.
[9] Kudo M . Secure Electronic Sealed-bid Auction Protocol with Public Key Cryptography[J ] .IEICE Trans on Fundamentals ,1998 ,E812A(1) : 20227.
[10] 唐冬,杨亮,吕明霞.莱斯衰落下 MIMO 系统共信道干扰容量分析.南华大学学报(自然科学版),2004.12,18(4).
[11] 杜 江,彭启琮.空时 MIMO 无线通信系统随机信道模型的仿真研究与实现. 系统工程与电子技术,2004.10,26(10).
[12] 李 忻,聂在平,伍裕江.移动性对 MIMO 无线信道性能的影响.电 子 科 技 大 学 学 报,2004.10,33(5).
[13] 滕勇,吴军力,罗涛.瑞利相关衰落下 MIMO 系统的差错率分析.重庆邮电学院学报,2003.9,15(3).
[14] 黎海涛,张靖,陆建华.天线选择对 MIMO 信道容量的影响.电子与信息学报,2003.7,25(7).
[15] 付景兴,杨大成,常永宇.信道相关性对多入多出系统性能的影响.北京邮电大学学报,2003.3,26(1).
[16] 龚耀寰.Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Smart Antenna Technique[C].中兴通讯期刊,2002.12,第 44 期.
[17] Srafil Bahceci.Tolga M. Duman, Yucel Altunbasak,“Performance of MIMO antenna selection for space-time coded OFDM systems.2004 IEEE Communications Society.
[18] R.B. Hwang.A broadband CPW-fed T-shaped antenna for wireless communic –ations.IEE Proc-Microw. Antennas Propag.,2004.151(6).
[19] C.-C. Lin ,H.-R. Chuang.A 2.4 GHz planar printed antenna with omni-dire -ctional horizontally polarized pattern for WLAN applications.33 rd European Microwave Conference,Munich,2003.
[20] 金建铭(美)著,王建国译.电磁场有限元方法.西安电子科技大学出版社,1998 年.
[21] 谢拥军.Ansoft 高级培训班教材-Ansoft HFSS 的有限元理论基础.
[22] Baumer, C., Landstorfer, F.Design of omnidirectional slot antennas with vertical polarization[C] . IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp.,1990,2:938 -941.
[23] Taylor,R.M..A broadband omnidirectional antenna[C] .IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp., 1994,2:1294 -1297.
[24] Fu-Ren Hsiao,Kin-Lu Wong.Omnidirectional planar folded dipole antenna[J].IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2004,52(7):1898 -1902.
[25] Bancroft,R., Bateman,B. An omnidirectional planar microstrip antenna[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 2004,52(11):3151 -3154.
[26] Dmitry Chizhk,Jonathan Ling,Reinaldo A. Valemela.The Effect of Electric Field Polarization on Indoor Propagation.IEEE ICUF’C,Florence Italy,1998.
[27] C. Soras,M. Karahoiks,G. Tsachtsiris,V. Makos.Analysis and Design of an Inverted-F Antenna Printed on a PCMCIA Card for the 2.4GHz ISM Band[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,2002,44(1):37 -44.
[28] H.-R. Chuang, et al.Omni-directional HorizontallyPolarized Alford Loop Strip Antenna. US pateut 5,767,809,June 1998.
[29] 廖承恩.微波技术基础[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1994.
[30] Huan-Chang Liu,Tzyy-Sheng Horng, Alexopoulos. N.G.. .Radiation of printed antennas with a coplanar waveguide feed[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas andPropagation, 1995,43(10):1143 – 1148.
[31] Yu-De Lin,Syh-Nan Tsai.Coplanar waveguide-fed uniplanar bow-tie antenna[J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,1997,45(2):305 -306.
[32] Wen-Shan Chen, Kin-Lu Wong.A coplanar waveguide-fed printed slot antenna for dual-frequency operation[C]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp.,2001,2:140 – 143.
[33] Wei-Ting Liu,Shyh-Tirng Fang. Planar compact CPW-fed antenna[C].Microwave Conference,2001,2:934 - 937 .
[34] Wei Wang,Shun-Shi Zhong,Xian-Ling Liang.A broadband CPW-fed arrowlike printed antenna[C].IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation Symp.,2004,1:751 - 754 .
[35] Xian-Chang Lin , Ling-Teng Wang.A broadband CPW-fed loop slot antenna with harmonic contro.IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,VOL. 2, 2003.
[36] Sheng-Ming Deng. A coplanar waveguide-fed circular microstrip patch antenna. .IEEE 1998
[37] Homg-Dean Chen.Compact CPW-fed dual-frequency monopole antenna.ELECTRONICS LETTERS, 2002 ,38:25.
[38] M. Kitlinski , R. Kieda. Compact CPW-fed Sierpinski fractal monopole antenna. ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2004,40:22.
[39] 程崇虎,吕文俊等.共面波导(CPW)馈电单极子天线的设计与研究. 微波学报, 2003,19:4.
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