南海中尺度涡涡动动能和涡致热量输运特征的数值模拟研究
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摘要
在大洋里,中尺度涡的典型空间尺度为数十千米至数百千米,时间尺度为数十天至数百天。海洋中大部分的动能都储存在中尺度涡中,然而,中尺度涡却在向极热量输运中扮演着相对轻微的角色。近年来,水文观测资料和卫星高度计资料显示南海存在着复杂的多涡结构。
通过分析卫星高度计、气候态温盐资料,探讨了南海中尺度涡的活动特征。利用不稳定性理论,分析了调节南海涡动动能(EKE)季节变化的动力机制。本文还利用Stammer涡致热量输运(EHT)理论讨论了基于观测的南海涡致热量输运特征。结果表明：南海海盆尺度平均的涡动动能在8-12月处于高值水平,而在2月至次年5月处于低值水平;越南东部海域、台湾西南海域和吕宋岛西南海域是三个EKE水平最显著的区域,并具有不同的季节变化特征；涡动动能主导着南海的总动能,特别是在中央海盆区域；50-500米范围内的水平流速的垂向剪切是不稳定性产生的主要来源,从而最终调节着南海涡动动能的季节演变；基于Stammer理论,涡致热量输运方向是downgradient的。
本文基于ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System)建立了南海涡识别的区域海洋模式。利用数值模式揭示了EKE的垂直结构特征。结果表明：EKE的季节和经向变化主要集中在南海表层和次表层；深层水域积分的EKE值不可忽略；南海EKE垂直曲线中,以-200m为拐点,其上EKE随着深度的增加迅速减弱,其下EKE变化缓慢。
利用数值模式揭示了南海冬季涡致热量输运的水平分布、垂直结构和温跃层对EHT的影响；探讨了EHT产生的动力机制；分析了Stammer涡致热量输运理论的缺陷。结果表明南海涡致热量输运矢量呈现海盆尺度的反气旋式输运特征,与平均流热量输运方向相反。涡致热量输运的经向分量是沿着温度的经向梯度的(upgradient),因此,Stammer涡致热量输运理论不适用于南海。引起中尺度涡热传输的主要动力过程局限于海洋表层和次表层。EHT在垂向存在着方向转换,向北输运的最大值在表层,次表层以深区域EHT的方向向南。温跃层的存在对EHT的垂向结构有重要影响,温跃层附近EHT被显著加强,有时伴随着符号转换。导致EHT产生的动力机制主要是涡致温度异常和涡致流速异常在垂向结构上的不重合性,这种不重合性来源于表面强迫,因而主要集中在混合层。此外,中尺度涡中轴线的倾斜也是EHT产生的可能原因。
Oceanic mesoscale eddies have typical spatial scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers and temporal scales of tens to hundreds of days, respectively. Most of the oceanic kinetic energy is contained in eddy kinetic energy (EKE), however, the eddies play a relatively minor role in the poleward heat transport. Recently, satellite observations show a rich pattern of mesoscale eddies embedded in the mean circulation in the South China Sea (SCS).
The mesoscale eddy activity is investigated with newly re-processed satellite altimetry observations and hydrographic data. Instability theory analysis is applied to investigate the modulation mechanism of the EKE seasonal variation. Furthermore, Stammer's theory on eddy heat transport (EHT) is adopted to discuss the characteristics of EHT in the SCS. The EKE level of basin-wide average shows a distinct seasonal cycle with the maximum in August-December and the minimum in February-May. In addition, the seasonal pattern of EKE in the basin is dominated by regions offshore central Vietnam (OCV), southwest of Taiwan (SWT), and southwest of Luzon (SWL), which are also the breeding grounds of mesoscale eddies in the SCS. Instability theory analysis suggests that the seasonal modulation of EKE is a manifestation of baroclinic instability. High eddy growth rates (EGR) are found in the active eddy regions. Vertical velocity shear in the upper ocean of50-500m depth is crucial for the growth of baroclinic instability, leading to seasonal EKE evolution in the SCS. The EHT calculated upon Stammer's method results in a downgradient transport of heat in the SCS.
An eddy-resolving regional ocean model is configured and reasonably well validated for the SCS. The vertical structure of EKE is investigated by using of a realistic simulation over the period of2000-2008. We find that the seasonality as well as meridional variation of EKE is largely confined to the surface and subsurface layers. It should be noted that even though the value of EKE is quite small in the deep layer, its integration over the deep waters is not negligible. In the vertical profile of basin-wide averaged EKE, there is a transportation point around200m, above which EKE decreases sharply from the surface. However, under that point, EKE varies slowly along with depth.
The horizontal distribution, vertical structure and influence of thermocline on EHT are then investigated. Furthermore, we also discuss the mechanisms of EHT generation and examine why the method of Stammer fails in estimating the EHT in the SCS. The EHT is found to be strong in the western boundary current, while it is generally weak in the central basin. On the basin-scale, the eddy heat transport vector is anticyclonic, while the heat transport by the mean flow is cyclonic. We also found that the direction of EHT is opposite to that of the meridional temperature gradient. This is indicative of an upgradient tansport of heat by eddies. Therefore, Stammer's method for estimating the EHT using altimetry data and the climatological temperature field fails to reproduce the model's directly evaluated EHT in the SCS. Vertically, the EHT is largely confined to the surface and subsurface layers. The vertical profile of basin-wide averaged EHT indicates a direction reversal around the subsurface layer, under which the direction of EHT reverses to southward from northward above. The spatial variation of the effective depth of EHT (De) is also investigated, which is defined by the depth integrated EHT (DEHT) divided by EHT at the surface. Examination of vertical profiles of the simulated eddy reveals that, in the mixed layer, the temperature associated with mesoscale eddies is radically modified by the surface forcing, while the velocity field is not. The consequent enhanced misalignment of temperature and velocity anomalies leads to substantial modifications on the EHT across the seasonal thermocline.
通过分析卫星高度计、气候态温盐资料,探讨了南海中尺度涡的活动特征。利用不稳定性理论,分析了调节南海涡动动能(EKE)季节变化的动力机制。本文还利用Stammer涡致热量输运(EHT)理论讨论了基于观测的南海涡致热量输运特征。结果表明：南海海盆尺度平均的涡动动能在8-12月处于高值水平,而在2月至次年5月处于低值水平;越南东部海域、台湾西南海域和吕宋岛西南海域是三个EKE水平最显著的区域,并具有不同的季节变化特征；涡动动能主导着南海的总动能,特别是在中央海盆区域；50-500米范围内的水平流速的垂向剪切是不稳定性产生的主要来源,从而最终调节着南海涡动动能的季节演变；基于Stammer理论,涡致热量输运方向是downgradient的。
本文基于ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System)建立了南海涡识别的区域海洋模式。利用数值模式揭示了EKE的垂直结构特征。结果表明：EKE的季节和经向变化主要集中在南海表层和次表层；深层水域积分的EKE值不可忽略；南海EKE垂直曲线中,以-200m为拐点,其上EKE随着深度的增加迅速减弱,其下EKE变化缓慢。
利用数值模式揭示了南海冬季涡致热量输运的水平分布、垂直结构和温跃层对EHT的影响；探讨了EHT产生的动力机制；分析了Stammer涡致热量输运理论的缺陷。结果表明南海涡致热量输运矢量呈现海盆尺度的反气旋式输运特征,与平均流热量输运方向相反。涡致热量输运的经向分量是沿着温度的经向梯度的(upgradient),因此,Stammer涡致热量输运理论不适用于南海。引起中尺度涡热传输的主要动力过程局限于海洋表层和次表层。EHT在垂向存在着方向转换,向北输运的最大值在表层,次表层以深区域EHT的方向向南。温跃层的存在对EHT的垂向结构有重要影响,温跃层附近EHT被显著加强,有时伴随着符号转换。导致EHT产生的动力机制主要是涡致温度异常和涡致流速异常在垂向结构上的不重合性,这种不重合性来源于表面强迫,因而主要集中在混合层。此外,中尺度涡中轴线的倾斜也是EHT产生的可能原因。
Oceanic mesoscale eddies have typical spatial scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers and temporal scales of tens to hundreds of days, respectively. Most of the oceanic kinetic energy is contained in eddy kinetic energy (EKE), however, the eddies play a relatively minor role in the poleward heat transport. Recently, satellite observations show a rich pattern of mesoscale eddies embedded in the mean circulation in the South China Sea (SCS).
The mesoscale eddy activity is investigated with newly re-processed satellite altimetry observations and hydrographic data. Instability theory analysis is applied to investigate the modulation mechanism of the EKE seasonal variation. Furthermore, Stammer's theory on eddy heat transport (EHT) is adopted to discuss the characteristics of EHT in the SCS. The EKE level of basin-wide average shows a distinct seasonal cycle with the maximum in August-December and the minimum in February-May. In addition, the seasonal pattern of EKE in the basin is dominated by regions offshore central Vietnam (OCV), southwest of Taiwan (SWT), and southwest of Luzon (SWL), which are also the breeding grounds of mesoscale eddies in the SCS. Instability theory analysis suggests that the seasonal modulation of EKE is a manifestation of baroclinic instability. High eddy growth rates (EGR) are found in the active eddy regions. Vertical velocity shear in the upper ocean of50-500m depth is crucial for the growth of baroclinic instability, leading to seasonal EKE evolution in the SCS. The EHT calculated upon Stammer's method results in a downgradient transport of heat in the SCS.
An eddy-resolving regional ocean model is configured and reasonably well validated for the SCS. The vertical structure of EKE is investigated by using of a realistic simulation over the period of2000-2008. We find that the seasonality as well as meridional variation of EKE is largely confined to the surface and subsurface layers. It should be noted that even though the value of EKE is quite small in the deep layer, its integration over the deep waters is not negligible. In the vertical profile of basin-wide averaged EKE, there is a transportation point around200m, above which EKE decreases sharply from the surface. However, under that point, EKE varies slowly along with depth.
The horizontal distribution, vertical structure and influence of thermocline on EHT are then investigated. Furthermore, we also discuss the mechanisms of EHT generation and examine why the method of Stammer fails in estimating the EHT in the SCS. The EHT is found to be strong in the western boundary current, while it is generally weak in the central basin. On the basin-scale, the eddy heat transport vector is anticyclonic, while the heat transport by the mean flow is cyclonic. We also found that the direction of EHT is opposite to that of the meridional temperature gradient. This is indicative of an upgradient tansport of heat by eddies. Therefore, Stammer's method for estimating the EHT using altimetry data and the climatological temperature field fails to reproduce the model's directly evaluated EHT in the SCS. Vertically, the EHT is largely confined to the surface and subsurface layers. The vertical profile of basin-wide averaged EHT indicates a direction reversal around the subsurface layer, under which the direction of EHT reverses to southward from northward above. The spatial variation of the effective depth of EHT (De) is also investigated, which is defined by the depth integrated EHT (DEHT) divided by EHT at the surface. Examination of vertical profiles of the simulated eddy reveals that, in the mixed layer, the temperature associated with mesoscale eddies is radically modified by the surface forcing, while the velocity field is not. The consequent enhanced misalignment of temperature and velocity anomalies leads to substantial modifications on the EHT across the seasonal thermocline.
引文
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