季冻区路基土冻融循环后力学特性研究及微观机理分析
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摘要
改革开放以来，我国的经济建设有了突飞猛进的发展，公路、铁路、水利水电等设施的建设大规模地开展，作为所有工程用作基础的土，明确其在各种环境及人为因素下的物理力学性质，对于保证工程的稳定性和安全性是极其必要的。由于土是自然界各种岩石风化形成的，没有哪一种人为作用能控制土的性质，土的物理及力学特征亦因其形成过程而异有很大的不同，因此，不同地区不同种类的土会在相同条件下呈现出各异的力学特征，尤其在多年冻土和季节性冻土区，由于环境影响因素复杂，土的性质更加难以掌握。
国内外的专家、学者对土的研究取得了一些阶段性成果，已经明确影响土物理力学性质的因素有很多，包括土的矿物组成、化学成分、土中的盐分、颗粒级配、含水量、孔隙率、温度及荷载等。对于季节性冻土区的压实路基土，其影响因素更加复杂。我国季节性冻土地区占到了国土面积的53.5%，土体在该地区特殊的气候条件下，其物理及力学性质会发生变化，从而影响季冻区路基的工程特性。季冻区路基土冬季冻胀，春季融化，在交通荷载作用下容易发生路面病害，如：鼓包、弹簧、断裂和翻浆冒泥等现象，给交通运输和经济建设带来极大的危害，严重影响整个交通运输事业的发展。
为了使研究结果具有普遍性，本文选取3种不同塑性指数土，首先在最佳含水率下压实成型，对不同塑性指数路基土进行不同次数冻融循环，再进行静、动三轴试验，得到压实路基土静、动力参数与冻融循环次数的关系。同时采用场发射扫描电镜（ESEM）采集不同塑性指数土，不同冻融循环次数后的压实路基土微观结构图像，然后对土各状态下颗粒及孔隙的微观结构参数进行量化统计，分析微观机理。
本文是国家自然科学基金资助项目计划《冻融循环后路基材料力学特性的静动参数转换理论及试验研究》项目（50978117）中的一部分，主要的工作内容如下：
1．选择3种不同塑性指数的路基土，进行常规物性指标试验。
为了使项目对季冻区路基土的研究具有普遍性，本文选取3种不同塑性指数土，基本能够涵盖直接应用于路基建设（无需改良）的所有土，以使研究结果更具推广性。首先对3种土的物性指标进行确定，包括含水率、密度、颗粒分析、最佳含水率、界限含水率等。还进行了化学元素全分析和X射线衍射分析得到土的矿物含量和化学成分。
2．对不同塑性指数路基土进行三轴压缩试验
通过对室内制备的最大压实度试样在经历0～7次完整冻融循环过程后，进行不同围压下三轴压缩试验，得到3种土不同冻融循环次数及不同围压下的力学参数。结果表明：粘聚力c及内摩擦角φ随冻融循环次数变化规律不明显；抗剪强度及弹性模量在不同冻融循环次数及不同围压下规律较明显：相同围压相同冻融循环次数条件下，路基土抗剪强度和弹性模量均随塑性指数增加而增加；同种土相同冻融循环次数下，路基土抗剪强度和弹性模量随围压增加而增加；相同围压下路基土抗剪强度随冻融循环次数基本呈下降趋势，路基土弹性模量随冻融循环次数的增加呈下降趋势，且前几次冻融循环后下降比较明显，以后逐渐趋于稳定值。本文采用多元非线性拟合方法，建立不同塑性路基土抗剪强度、弹性模量与围压及冻融循环次数关系，拟合效果理想，可为缺乏相关资料的季冻区路基设计提供参考。
本文对进行三轴试验的压实路基土试件进行不同冻融循环次数后冻胀率统计，并对试验数据进行分析处理，得到不同塑性路基土在不同冻融循环次数后冻胀率变化规律：相同冻融循环次数条件下，路基土冻胀率随塑性指数增加而增加；对于同一种土，路基土冻胀率随冻融循环次数增加而增加。采用非线性拟合方法得出路基土冻胀率与塑性指数、冻融循环次数的关系，由相关系数可见，拟合效果理想。
3．对不同塑性指数路基土进行动三轴试验
对季冻区3种不同塑性指数压实路基土进行0～7次冻融循环后在不同围压下进行动三轴试验，试验结果表明：在加载初期，土的动模量（包含动弹性模量E d和动剪切模量G d）随着循环次数的增加呈下降趋势，随着动荷载次数继续增加，动模量渐趋稳定值。取荷载作用5000-6000次的动模量平均值作为土在此状态下的稳定值。总结规律如下：季冻区压实路基土动模量随围压的增加而增大，随冻融循环次数的增加而减小，随塑性指数的增加而增加。阻尼比随冻融循环次数、围压及塑性指数均无明显规律可循。通过数据分析得到动模量与围压、塑性指数和冻融循环次数的关系式，对于季冻区缺乏动模量数据的路基土，可依此公式进行冻融循环后的动模量推算，进而为季冻区路基设计及施工提供参考。
通过对相同条件下，试验实测静、动弹性模量值进行非线性拟合，建立了静动参数转换理论，可由简单易测的静弹性模量推导出动弹性模量，将大大减少动三轴试验的工作量，为道路设计提供快速准确的动弹性模量数据。
4．对不同塑性指数路基土经历不同次数冻融循环之后进行微观分析试验
采用与静、动三轴试验相同的土样，在最佳含水率下压实成压实度大于95%的试件，经历0~7次冻融循环，将循环后的试件采用冷冻真空升华干燥法进行干燥，采用场发射环境扫描电子显微镜（ESEM）提取3种土不同冻融循环次数后的微观结构图像，利用Image-Pro Plus（简称IPP）软件对微观图片进行分析处理，对所选的微观形态参数进行测量计数，并进行统计分析，得出3种土在不同冻融循环次数后的颗粒和孔隙的各项微观参数统计结果，包括：平均直径、方向角、平均圆形度、丰度和分形维数，统计分析出各微观结构参数随冻融循环次数的变化规律，并对前述压实路基土静、动力参数随冻融循环次数变化规律进行微观机理分析验证。
Since the reform and opening up, the economic construction of China has been rapiddevelopment. Amount of construction of highways, railways, water conservancy andhydropower facilities carry out. For all the projects, the soil is used as the basis, and definingits physical and mechanical properties under variety of environmental and humen factors isextremely necessary to guarantee the stability and security of the project. The soil is formedby a variety of rock weathering in nature. The nature of the soil cannot be controlled bywhatever human activities. Soil physical and mechanical characteristics vary because ofdifferent formation process. Therefore, different types of soil in different areas will showdifferent mechanical characteristics under the same mechanical conditions. Especially in thepermafrost and seasonally frozen areas, the complex environment impact factors make soilproperties more difficult to grasp.
Domestic and foreign experts and scholars have obtained some initial results on the soilresearch. The factors which affect soil physical and mechanical properties have beenidentified including the soil mineral composition, chemical composition, soil salinity,particle size distribution, moisture content, porosity, temperature and load. For compactedsubgrade soil in seasonally frozen soil area, its influencing factors are more complex.Seasonally frozen soil area in China accounts for53.5percent of the land area. For the soilunder the climatic conditions in the region, its physical and mechanical properties willchange, thus it will affect the engineering properties of subgrade in seasonally frost regions.For the subgrade in seasonally frozen area, as the winter freezing and spring thawing, thepavement under the traffic loading is liable to break, frost boiling, mud pumping, etc. Thenthat will bring great harm to transport and economic development and the entiretransportation business will be affected seriously. The micro-structure pictures of compactedsubgrade soils of different plasticity index under different freeze-thaw cycles are collectedusing ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope). The micro structuralparameters of soil particles and pores under each state are quantitatively counted andmicroscope mechanism is analyzed.
This paper is one important part of the National Natural Science Foundation-funded project plan (50978117). The main content of the paper is as follow:
1. Select three soils of different plasticity index, conventional physical properties testcarry out.
In order to make the study results to the universality, three kinds of plasticity index soilare selected, they will represent all the soil that can be directly used in roadbed constructionwithout improvement. It will make the reseach results more promotional. Firstly, thephysical properties are obtained including moisture content, density, particle analysis,optimum moisture content, boundry moisture content etc. Soil mineral content and chemicalcomposition are obtained by the chemical element analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis.
2. Triaxial compression test on subgrade soils of different plasticity index
Specimen are prepared indoor to the maximum degree of compaction, then experience0to7time complete freeze-thaw cycle. Triaxial compression test carries out on the specimenunder different confining pressure. The mechanical parameters of three soils experiencingdifferent times freeze-thaw cycles under different confining pressure are obtained. Theresults show that: variation of cohesion c and internal friction angle φ with thefreeze-thaw cycle is not obvious. The variation of Shear strength and elastic modulus withdifferent freeze-thaw cycles under different confining pressure is more obvious: shearstrength and elastic modulus of subgrade increases with the plasticity index experiencing thesame freeze-thaw cycles and under the same confining pressure. Shear strength and elasticmodulus of subgrade experiencing the same freeze-thaw cycles increases with the confiningpressure. Shear strength of subgrade under the same confining pressure decreases with thetimes of freeze-thaw cycles. Elastic modulus of subgrade decreases with the times offreeae-thaw cycles, and decreases significantly at first several times then it will stabilize.Multiple nonlinear fitting is adopted to get the relationship between shear strength, elasticmodulus and confining pressure, plasticity index, freeze-thaw cycles and it shows a goodcorrelation. It will provide references for subgrade design in seasonally frozen region whichlack of relevant information.
Frost heaving ratio of three kinds of different plasticity index subgrade soils underdifferent number of freeze-thaw cycles is achieved through the statistics on the geometricsize of test soil samples. After analyzing test data, the regulation between frost heaving ratioand plasticity index, freeze-thaw cycles is obtained. Under the same number of freeze-thawcycles, frost heaving ratio of subgrade soil increases with plasticity index. For the same soil,frost heaving ratio of subgrade soil increases with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. Multiple nonlinear fitting is adopted for test data. The relationship between frost heavingratio and plasticity index, freeze-thaw cycles is obtained and the correlation is good.
3. Dynamic triaxial test on subgrade soils of different plasticity index
Specimen are prepared indoor to the maximum degree of compaction, then experience0to7time complete freeze-thaw cycle. Dynamic triaxial test carries out on the specimenunder different confining pressure. At the initial stage, the dynamic modulus of the soil(including dynamic elastic modulusE dand dynamic shear modulusG d) show a downwardtrend with the increase of the load cycles. As the number of dynamic loads continue toincrease, the dynamic modulus is stable. Take the average dynamic modulus of5000to6000load cycles as the soil dynamic properties of this state. Summed up the laws as follows: thedynamic modulus of the compacted soil in seasonally frozen region increase with theincrease of confining pressure, decrease with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycle,increase with the plasticity index. The damping ratio has no obvious rule to follow with thefreeze-thaw cycles, confining pressure and plasticity index. The relationship of dynamicmodulus with confining pressure, plasticity index and the number of freeze-thaw cycles isobtained though data analysis. It can provide a reference for the embankment design andconstruction in the seasonally frozen region.
Nonlinear fitting method is adopted to get the test value of the static and dynamicelastic modulus under the same conditions. Dynamic elastic modulus can be deducedthrough the static elastic modulus which easy to measured, it will greatly reduce the dynamictriaxis test work. It will provide fast and accurate dynamic elastic modulus data for roaddesign.
4. Microanalysis tests on subgrade soils of different plasticity index experienceddifferent number of freeze-thaw cycles.
The specimens are same with those in static and dynamic triaxial tests which arecompacted under the optimum moisture content to the specimens with the degree ofcompaction greater than95%. Then they will experience0to7times freeze-thaw cycles anddried by frozen vacuum sublimation drying method. Field emission environmental scanningelectron microscope (ESEM) is adopted to extract the micro-structure pictures of three soilsexperienced different freeze-thaw cycles. The Image-Pro Plus (IPP) is adopted to analyzeand process the micro-structure pictures. Parameters of morphology selected are counted andstatistical analysis is carried out. The statistical results of microscopic parameters of threesoils particles and pores experienced different times freeze-thaw cycles are gotten including the average diameter, direction angle, the average roundness, abundance and fractaldimension. Variation of each micro-structure parameter with the freeze-thaw cycles isstatistically analyzed and verify the variation of compacted subgrade soil static and dynamicparameters with the the freeze-thaw cycles based on microscopic mechanism.
国内外的专家、学者对土的研究取得了一些阶段性成果，已经明确影响土物理力学性质的因素有很多，包括土的矿物组成、化学成分、土中的盐分、颗粒级配、含水量、孔隙率、温度及荷载等。对于季节性冻土区的压实路基土，其影响因素更加复杂。我国季节性冻土地区占到了国土面积的53.5%，土体在该地区特殊的气候条件下，其物理及力学性质会发生变化，从而影响季冻区路基的工程特性。季冻区路基土冬季冻胀，春季融化，在交通荷载作用下容易发生路面病害，如：鼓包、弹簧、断裂和翻浆冒泥等现象，给交通运输和经济建设带来极大的危害，严重影响整个交通运输事业的发展。
为了使研究结果具有普遍性，本文选取3种不同塑性指数土，首先在最佳含水率下压实成型，对不同塑性指数路基土进行不同次数冻融循环，再进行静、动三轴试验，得到压实路基土静、动力参数与冻融循环次数的关系。同时采用场发射扫描电镜（ESEM）采集不同塑性指数土，不同冻融循环次数后的压实路基土微观结构图像，然后对土各状态下颗粒及孔隙的微观结构参数进行量化统计，分析微观机理。
本文是国家自然科学基金资助项目计划《冻融循环后路基材料力学特性的静动参数转换理论及试验研究》项目（50978117）中的一部分，主要的工作内容如下：
1．选择3种不同塑性指数的路基土，进行常规物性指标试验。
为了使项目对季冻区路基土的研究具有普遍性，本文选取3种不同塑性指数土，基本能够涵盖直接应用于路基建设（无需改良）的所有土，以使研究结果更具推广性。首先对3种土的物性指标进行确定，包括含水率、密度、颗粒分析、最佳含水率、界限含水率等。还进行了化学元素全分析和X射线衍射分析得到土的矿物含量和化学成分。
2．对不同塑性指数路基土进行三轴压缩试验
通过对室内制备的最大压实度试样在经历0～7次完整冻融循环过程后，进行不同围压下三轴压缩试验，得到3种土不同冻融循环次数及不同围压下的力学参数。结果表明：粘聚力c及内摩擦角φ随冻融循环次数变化规律不明显；抗剪强度及弹性模量在不同冻融循环次数及不同围压下规律较明显：相同围压相同冻融循环次数条件下，路基土抗剪强度和弹性模量均随塑性指数增加而增加；同种土相同冻融循环次数下，路基土抗剪强度和弹性模量随围压增加而增加；相同围压下路基土抗剪强度随冻融循环次数基本呈下降趋势，路基土弹性模量随冻融循环次数的增加呈下降趋势，且前几次冻融循环后下降比较明显，以后逐渐趋于稳定值。本文采用多元非线性拟合方法，建立不同塑性路基土抗剪强度、弹性模量与围压及冻融循环次数关系，拟合效果理想，可为缺乏相关资料的季冻区路基设计提供参考。
本文对进行三轴试验的压实路基土试件进行不同冻融循环次数后冻胀率统计，并对试验数据进行分析处理，得到不同塑性路基土在不同冻融循环次数后冻胀率变化规律：相同冻融循环次数条件下，路基土冻胀率随塑性指数增加而增加；对于同一种土，路基土冻胀率随冻融循环次数增加而增加。采用非线性拟合方法得出路基土冻胀率与塑性指数、冻融循环次数的关系，由相关系数可见，拟合效果理想。
3．对不同塑性指数路基土进行动三轴试验
对季冻区3种不同塑性指数压实路基土进行0～7次冻融循环后在不同围压下进行动三轴试验，试验结果表明：在加载初期，土的动模量（包含动弹性模量E d和动剪切模量G d）随着循环次数的增加呈下降趋势，随着动荷载次数继续增加，动模量渐趋稳定值。取荷载作用5000-6000次的动模量平均值作为土在此状态下的稳定值。总结规律如下：季冻区压实路基土动模量随围压的增加而增大，随冻融循环次数的增加而减小，随塑性指数的增加而增加。阻尼比随冻融循环次数、围压及塑性指数均无明显规律可循。通过数据分析得到动模量与围压、塑性指数和冻融循环次数的关系式，对于季冻区缺乏动模量数据的路基土，可依此公式进行冻融循环后的动模量推算，进而为季冻区路基设计及施工提供参考。
通过对相同条件下，试验实测静、动弹性模量值进行非线性拟合，建立了静动参数转换理论，可由简单易测的静弹性模量推导出动弹性模量，将大大减少动三轴试验的工作量，为道路设计提供快速准确的动弹性模量数据。
4．对不同塑性指数路基土经历不同次数冻融循环之后进行微观分析试验
采用与静、动三轴试验相同的土样，在最佳含水率下压实成压实度大于95%的试件，经历0~7次冻融循环，将循环后的试件采用冷冻真空升华干燥法进行干燥，采用场发射环境扫描电子显微镜（ESEM）提取3种土不同冻融循环次数后的微观结构图像，利用Image-Pro Plus（简称IPP）软件对微观图片进行分析处理，对所选的微观形态参数进行测量计数，并进行统计分析，得出3种土在不同冻融循环次数后的颗粒和孔隙的各项微观参数统计结果，包括：平均直径、方向角、平均圆形度、丰度和分形维数，统计分析出各微观结构参数随冻融循环次数的变化规律，并对前述压实路基土静、动力参数随冻融循环次数变化规律进行微观机理分析验证。
Since the reform and opening up, the economic construction of China has been rapiddevelopment. Amount of construction of highways, railways, water conservancy andhydropower facilities carry out. For all the projects, the soil is used as the basis, and definingits physical and mechanical properties under variety of environmental and humen factors isextremely necessary to guarantee the stability and security of the project. The soil is formedby a variety of rock weathering in nature. The nature of the soil cannot be controlled bywhatever human activities. Soil physical and mechanical characteristics vary because ofdifferent formation process. Therefore, different types of soil in different areas will showdifferent mechanical characteristics under the same mechanical conditions. Especially in thepermafrost and seasonally frozen areas, the complex environment impact factors make soilproperties more difficult to grasp.
Domestic and foreign experts and scholars have obtained some initial results on the soilresearch. The factors which affect soil physical and mechanical properties have beenidentified including the soil mineral composition, chemical composition, soil salinity,particle size distribution, moisture content, porosity, temperature and load. For compactedsubgrade soil in seasonally frozen soil area, its influencing factors are more complex.Seasonally frozen soil area in China accounts for53.5percent of the land area. For the soilunder the climatic conditions in the region, its physical and mechanical properties willchange, thus it will affect the engineering properties of subgrade in seasonally frost regions.For the subgrade in seasonally frozen area, as the winter freezing and spring thawing, thepavement under the traffic loading is liable to break, frost boiling, mud pumping, etc. Thenthat will bring great harm to transport and economic development and the entiretransportation business will be affected seriously. The micro-structure pictures of compactedsubgrade soils of different plasticity index under different freeze-thaw cycles are collectedusing ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope). The micro structuralparameters of soil particles and pores under each state are quantitatively counted andmicroscope mechanism is analyzed.
This paper is one important part of the National Natural Science Foundation-funded project plan (50978117). The main content of the paper is as follow:
1. Select three soils of different plasticity index, conventional physical properties testcarry out.
In order to make the study results to the universality, three kinds of plasticity index soilare selected, they will represent all the soil that can be directly used in roadbed constructionwithout improvement. It will make the reseach results more promotional. Firstly, thephysical properties are obtained including moisture content, density, particle analysis,optimum moisture content, boundry moisture content etc. Soil mineral content and chemicalcomposition are obtained by the chemical element analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis.
2. Triaxial compression test on subgrade soils of different plasticity index
Specimen are prepared indoor to the maximum degree of compaction, then experience0to7time complete freeze-thaw cycle. Triaxial compression test carries out on the specimenunder different confining pressure. The mechanical parameters of three soils experiencingdifferent times freeze-thaw cycles under different confining pressure are obtained. Theresults show that: variation of cohesion c and internal friction angle φ with thefreeze-thaw cycle is not obvious. The variation of Shear strength and elastic modulus withdifferent freeze-thaw cycles under different confining pressure is more obvious: shearstrength and elastic modulus of subgrade increases with the plasticity index experiencing thesame freeze-thaw cycles and under the same confining pressure. Shear strength and elasticmodulus of subgrade experiencing the same freeze-thaw cycles increases with the confiningpressure. Shear strength of subgrade under the same confining pressure decreases with thetimes of freeze-thaw cycles. Elastic modulus of subgrade decreases with the times offreeae-thaw cycles, and decreases significantly at first several times then it will stabilize.Multiple nonlinear fitting is adopted to get the relationship between shear strength, elasticmodulus and confining pressure, plasticity index, freeze-thaw cycles and it shows a goodcorrelation. It will provide references for subgrade design in seasonally frozen region whichlack of relevant information.
Frost heaving ratio of three kinds of different plasticity index subgrade soils underdifferent number of freeze-thaw cycles is achieved through the statistics on the geometricsize of test soil samples. After analyzing test data, the regulation between frost heaving ratioand plasticity index, freeze-thaw cycles is obtained. Under the same number of freeze-thawcycles, frost heaving ratio of subgrade soil increases with plasticity index. For the same soil,frost heaving ratio of subgrade soil increases with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. Multiple nonlinear fitting is adopted for test data. The relationship between frost heavingratio and plasticity index, freeze-thaw cycles is obtained and the correlation is good.
3. Dynamic triaxial test on subgrade soils of different plasticity index
Specimen are prepared indoor to the maximum degree of compaction, then experience0to7time complete freeze-thaw cycle. Dynamic triaxial test carries out on the specimenunder different confining pressure. At the initial stage, the dynamic modulus of the soil(including dynamic elastic modulusE dand dynamic shear modulusG d) show a downwardtrend with the increase of the load cycles. As the number of dynamic loads continue toincrease, the dynamic modulus is stable. Take the average dynamic modulus of5000to6000load cycles as the soil dynamic properties of this state. Summed up the laws as follows: thedynamic modulus of the compacted soil in seasonally frozen region increase with theincrease of confining pressure, decrease with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycle,increase with the plasticity index. The damping ratio has no obvious rule to follow with thefreeze-thaw cycles, confining pressure and plasticity index. The relationship of dynamicmodulus with confining pressure, plasticity index and the number of freeze-thaw cycles isobtained though data analysis. It can provide a reference for the embankment design andconstruction in the seasonally frozen region.
Nonlinear fitting method is adopted to get the test value of the static and dynamicelastic modulus under the same conditions. Dynamic elastic modulus can be deducedthrough the static elastic modulus which easy to measured, it will greatly reduce the dynamictriaxis test work. It will provide fast and accurate dynamic elastic modulus data for roaddesign.
4. Microanalysis tests on subgrade soils of different plasticity index experienceddifferent number of freeze-thaw cycles.
The specimens are same with those in static and dynamic triaxial tests which arecompacted under the optimum moisture content to the specimens with the degree ofcompaction greater than95%. Then they will experience0to7times freeze-thaw cycles anddried by frozen vacuum sublimation drying method. Field emission environmental scanningelectron microscope (ESEM) is adopted to extract the micro-structure pictures of three soilsexperienced different freeze-thaw cycles. The Image-Pro Plus (IPP) is adopted to analyzeand process the micro-structure pictures. Parameters of morphology selected are counted andstatistical analysis is carried out. The statistical results of microscopic parameters of threesoils particles and pores experienced different times freeze-thaw cycles are gotten including the average diameter, direction angle, the average roundness, abundance and fractaldimension. Variation of each micro-structure parameter with the freeze-thaw cycles isstatistically analyzed and verify the variation of compacted subgrade soil static and dynamicparameters with the the freeze-thaw cycles based on microscopic mechanism.
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