《汉英词典》（第三版）化学“变化词”词类标注准实证研究
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摘要
词类研究长期以来是汉语语法研究的一个热点和难点问题。随着对汉语词类研究的深入，学科词的词类标注开始引起语言学界的关注。但目前对汉英词典中的化学学科词汇标注状况进行系统深入研究的尚为空白，更无语料库支持下的标注状况分析。
本文以基于使用的语言论为视角，以筛选出的《汉英词典》(第三版)中103条标注了化学学科标签的表示变化的词汇为对象(简称化学“变化词”)，研究其标注状况，并佐以《汉英词典》的前身：《汉英词典》(第二版)和《汉英词典》(第一版)对《汉英词典》(第三版)中该部分词汇的标注进行历时角度的对比分析，以《现汉》(第5版)对其进行共时角度的对比分析。本研究以北京大学现代汉语语料库、因特网语料库为支撑对《汉英词典》(第三版)中化学“变化词”的使用模式进行详细调查和分析。
研究发现，《汉英词典》(第三版)化学“变化词”在词类标注中存在矛盾或不一致，并多被标注为单一动词而其兼类属性被忽视，历时与共时的对比分析也进一步印证了标注中的问题。根据语言使用的理论，化学“变化词”的词类在动态范畴化过程中已被再范畴化（规约化）的应当标明其兼类属性。汉英词典的编撰应当借助大型汉语语料库，在词典编撰中词类的标注应当坚持语法功能的分类标准。
本文通过实证研究对汉语及汉英词典编撰提供了参考及启示，同时有助于深化现代汉语语法的本体研究，对《汉英词典》(第三版)的再版也具有绵薄的参考价值。
POS studies have been a hot and thorny issue of Chinese grammar studies for along time. As the further exploration on Chinese POS studies, the POS labeling ofthe discipline-related words have drawn linguists’ attention. However, systematicstudies of chemical words in Chinese-English dictionaries haven’t been conducted,let alone accurate data support.
This thesis focuses on the labeling of103chemical change-words with chemicalmarkers from the perspective of Usage-Based Theory (UBT). With the other threedictionaries, this study conducts the comparative analyses on the synchronic anddiachronic levels, namely the second edition and the first edition of AChinese-English Dictionary are used for diachronic analysis and the ContemporaryChinese Dictionary is chosen to do synchronic analysis. This study examines theusage patterns of the103chemical change-words and has detailed data statistics andanalyses to ascertain comprehensive and scientific POS labeling of the chemicalchange-words.
CED3, in which self-contradictory or inconsistent POS labeling phenomena arefound, is inclined to identify most of the chemical change-words as single verbs andneglects the multi-category characteristics of the words. Diachronic and synchronicanalyses also testify the POS labeling issues. From the perspective of UBT, thechemical change-words should be labeled as multiple words if they have beenrecategorized (conventionalization) during the process of dynamic categorization.This study stresses that the grammatical function is the primary criterion of the POSlabeling or identification. Large balanced Chinese corpora should be put into use fordictionary compilation.
This thesis not only sheds light on Chinese and Chinese-English dictionarycompilation but also furthers the studies on modern Chinese grammar. Moreover, thisstudy also has reference value to some extent for the next edition of A Chinese-English Dictionary (3rdedition).
本文以基于使用的语言论为视角，以筛选出的《汉英词典》(第三版)中103条标注了化学学科标签的表示变化的词汇为对象(简称化学“变化词”)，研究其标注状况，并佐以《汉英词典》的前身：《汉英词典》(第二版)和《汉英词典》(第一版)对《汉英词典》(第三版)中该部分词汇的标注进行历时角度的对比分析，以《现汉》(第5版)对其进行共时角度的对比分析。本研究以北京大学现代汉语语料库、因特网语料库为支撑对《汉英词典》(第三版)中化学“变化词”的使用模式进行详细调查和分析。
研究发现，《汉英词典》(第三版)化学“变化词”在词类标注中存在矛盾或不一致，并多被标注为单一动词而其兼类属性被忽视，历时与共时的对比分析也进一步印证了标注中的问题。根据语言使用的理论，化学“变化词”的词类在动态范畴化过程中已被再范畴化（规约化）的应当标明其兼类属性。汉英词典的编撰应当借助大型汉语语料库，在词典编撰中词类的标注应当坚持语法功能的分类标准。
本文通过实证研究对汉语及汉英词典编撰提供了参考及启示，同时有助于深化现代汉语语法的本体研究，对《汉英词典》(第三版)的再版也具有绵薄的参考价值。
POS studies have been a hot and thorny issue of Chinese grammar studies for along time. As the further exploration on Chinese POS studies, the POS labeling ofthe discipline-related words have drawn linguists’ attention. However, systematicstudies of chemical words in Chinese-English dictionaries haven’t been conducted,let alone accurate data support.
This thesis focuses on the labeling of103chemical change-words with chemicalmarkers from the perspective of Usage-Based Theory (UBT). With the other threedictionaries, this study conducts the comparative analyses on the synchronic anddiachronic levels, namely the second edition and the first edition of AChinese-English Dictionary are used for diachronic analysis and the ContemporaryChinese Dictionary is chosen to do synchronic analysis. This study examines theusage patterns of the103chemical change-words and has detailed data statistics andanalyses to ascertain comprehensive and scientific POS labeling of the chemicalchange-words.
CED3, in which self-contradictory or inconsistent POS labeling phenomena arefound, is inclined to identify most of the chemical change-words as single verbs andneglects the multi-category characteristics of the words. Diachronic and synchronicanalyses also testify the POS labeling issues. From the perspective of UBT, thechemical change-words should be labeled as multiple words if they have beenrecategorized (conventionalization) during the process of dynamic categorization.This study stresses that the grammatical function is the primary criterion of the POSlabeling or identification. Large balanced Chinese corpora should be put into use fordictionary compilation.
This thesis not only sheds light on Chinese and Chinese-English dictionarycompilation but also furthers the studies on modern Chinese grammar. Moreover, thisstudy also has reference value to some extent for the next edition of A Chinese-English Dictionary (3rdedition).
引文
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Bybee, J（.2007）. Frequency of use and the organization of language. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
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Bybee, J.(2008). Formal universals as emergent phenomena: The origins of structurepreservation. In J. Good (ed.). Language universals and language change.(pp.108-121).Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bybee, J.(2009). Language universals and usage-based theory. In M. H. Christiansen, C. Collins&S. Edelman (eds.). Language universals (pp.17-39). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bybee, J.(2010). Language, usage and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, J.,&Beckner, C.(2010). Usage-based theory. In B. Heine&H. Narrog (Eds.). TheOxford handbook of linguistic analysis (pp.827-855). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bybee, J.,&Hopper, P.(2001). Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. Amsterdam&Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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Croft, W. Typology and universals.(2002). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchingPress.
Croft, W.(2007). The origins of grammar in the verbalization of experience. CognitiveLinguistics,(18), pp.339-382.
Evans, Vyvyan P.,&Stephanie.(eds.).(2009). New directions in cognitive linguistics.Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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