小尺度人工震源地震波速变化观测系统的技术研究
|
摘要
地球内部介质的结构及其变化对于了解地震孕育发生过程和地下应力变化,开展油气流动监测等具有重要意义。地球内部介质变化可通过地震波波速变化来反映。目前,利用人工震源激发地震波,进行地下介质监测已成为一个重要发展方向。基于观测基线长度的不同,介质波速变化人工震源监测的研究可以分为大、中、小等不同的尺度。相比于大尺度而言,小尺度介质波速变化的监测对测量精度要求更高。
本文在前人研究的基础上,以提高介质波速变化监测精度为核心,分析了影响人工震源波速变化测量精度的因素,并以此为指导,构建了一套高精度小尺度地震波速变化观测系统,在北京市延庆县西拨子地震台开展了一年的连续观测实验,获得了该台站介质波速高精度观测结果,形成了几项关键技术。
研究得出,影响波速变化测量精度的主要因素有：(1)震源能量与重复性；(2)信号采集时间触发精度；(3)波形的信噪比；(4)波速变化分析方法；(5)采集仪器性能；(6)观测系统布设与操作。
利用超磁致伸缩超声震源和高速数据采集系统,构建了一套小尺度地震波速变化观测系统,该系统性能稳定,适于小尺度高精度地震波速变化观测。
通过对连续观测实验数据的分析处理,得到：(1)超磁致伸缩材料震源是一种较为可靠的重复震源,相关系数可达0.999以上；(2)通过将采样率提高至10兆,大大减小了触发时间误差；(3)通过叠加、滤波和采用前置放大提高了观测波形的信噪比；(4)利用前后互相关使波速变化测量精度达到10-6；(5)波速变化观测结果与温度和大气压的变化具有良好的相关性。
Knowing the inner earth structure and its variation in the medium has magnificent meaning to understand the seismogenic process, stress change in the subsurface, as well as oil and gas flow monitoring. Changes of the medium inside the earth can be reflected by seismic velocity change. Currently, using active sources to monitor underground medium has become an important study field. As base lines in observation are different, our study of seismic velocity change in the medium using active sources can be divided into three scales, from large to small. Compared to the large scale sources, it is more strict in the precision of seismic velocity change monitoring for small ones.
Based on former study, this article aims at increasing precision of velocity change monitoring in the medium. We analyzed factors that influence the precision of seismic velocity change measurement, from which we construct a set of small scale seismic velocity change observation system with high precision. We also carried out an continuously observation experiment at Xi Bozi station in Yan Qing district, Beijing which last for about one year. Results of velocity change at the station with high precision are acquired, and several key techniques are done.
Studies show that the main factors which influence the precision of the seismic velocity measurement are as follows:(1) Energy of the source and its repeatability; (2) Trigger precision of the sampling in time; (3) SNR of the wave forms; (4) Analysis of the wave forms; (5) Performance of the acquisition equipment; (6) Deployment and operation of the observation system.
A set of small scale observation system for seismic velocity change monitoring has been constructed, using giant magneto striction transducer and high speed data acquisition equipment. The system is stable enough for the high precision observation of small scale seismic velocity change.
Through analyzing and processing of the continuous observation data, we get the following conclusion:(1) Giant magneto striction transducer is a reliable repeat source, its correlation coefficient can be up to 0.999 and above; (2) By increasing the sample rate to 10M, the trigger error in time has greatly reduced; (3) SNR of the wave forms can be greatly increased by stacking, filtering and pre-amplifying; (4) The precision of seismic velocity change measurement can be up to 10-6 using Back and Front correlation; (5) The results of the seismic velocity change show good correlation to the temperature and atmosphere change.
本文在前人研究的基础上,以提高介质波速变化监测精度为核心,分析了影响人工震源波速变化测量精度的因素,并以此为指导,构建了一套高精度小尺度地震波速变化观测系统,在北京市延庆县西拨子地震台开展了一年的连续观测实验,获得了该台站介质波速高精度观测结果,形成了几项关键技术。
研究得出,影响波速变化测量精度的主要因素有：(1)震源能量与重复性；(2)信号采集时间触发精度；(3)波形的信噪比；(4)波速变化分析方法；(5)采集仪器性能；(6)观测系统布设与操作。
利用超磁致伸缩超声震源和高速数据采集系统,构建了一套小尺度地震波速变化观测系统,该系统性能稳定,适于小尺度高精度地震波速变化观测。
通过对连续观测实验数据的分析处理,得到：(1)超磁致伸缩材料震源是一种较为可靠的重复震源,相关系数可达0.999以上；(2)通过将采样率提高至10兆,大大减小了触发时间误差；(3)通过叠加、滤波和采用前置放大提高了观测波形的信噪比；(4)利用前后互相关使波速变化测量精度达到10-6；(5)波速变化观测结果与温度和大气压的变化具有良好的相关性。
Knowing the inner earth structure and its variation in the medium has magnificent meaning to understand the seismogenic process, stress change in the subsurface, as well as oil and gas flow monitoring. Changes of the medium inside the earth can be reflected by seismic velocity change. Currently, using active sources to monitor underground medium has become an important study field. As base lines in observation are different, our study of seismic velocity change in the medium using active sources can be divided into three scales, from large to small. Compared to the large scale sources, it is more strict in the precision of seismic velocity change monitoring for small ones.
Based on former study, this article aims at increasing precision of velocity change monitoring in the medium. We analyzed factors that influence the precision of seismic velocity change measurement, from which we construct a set of small scale seismic velocity change observation system with high precision. We also carried out an continuously observation experiment at Xi Bozi station in Yan Qing district, Beijing which last for about one year. Results of velocity change at the station with high precision are acquired, and several key techniques are done.
Studies show that the main factors which influence the precision of the seismic velocity measurement are as follows:(1) Energy of the source and its repeatability; (2) Trigger precision of the sampling in time; (3) SNR of the wave forms; (4) Analysis of the wave forms; (5) Performance of the acquisition equipment; (6) Deployment and operation of the observation system.
A set of small scale observation system for seismic velocity change monitoring has been constructed, using giant magneto striction transducer and high speed data acquisition equipment. The system is stable enough for the high precision observation of small scale seismic velocity change.
Through analyzing and processing of the continuous observation data, we get the following conclusion:(1) Giant magneto striction transducer is a reliable repeat source, its correlation coefficient can be up to 0.999 and above; (2) By increasing the sample rate to 10M, the trigger error in time has greatly reduced; (3) SNR of the wave forms can be greatly increased by stacking, filtering and pre-amplifying; (4) The precision of seismic velocity change measurement can be up to 10-6 using Back and Front correlation; (5) The results of the seismic velocity change show good correlation to the temperature and atmosphere change.
引文
陈颙,李宜晋.2007.地震波雷达研究展望：用人工震源探测大陆地壳结构,中国科学技术大学学报,第37卷(第8期)
陈颙,王宝善,葛洪魁等.2007.建立地震发射台的建议[J],地球科学进展,22(5)：441-446
段智育等.2007.振动故障信号的软件积分研究与应用,机械制造与研究,36(2)：79～81
郭建,一种新型地震专用炸药震源.2004.勘探地球物理进展,27(6)：451-454
蒋长胜,吴忠良.2005.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计,中国地震,21(2)：147-153
李庆忠.1993.走向精确勘探的道路.北京：石油出版社
李要.2010.稀土超磁致伸缩换能器的动态特性及其应用,[硕士学位论文]：湘潭大学
李宜晋,辛维,王宝善,葛洪魁,杨微,徐平.2011.利用高采样率数采实现地震波速变化高精度测量,地震地磁观测与研究,第32卷(第2期)
林建民.2008.基于人工震源的长偏移距地震信号检测和探测研究[博士学位论文],中国科学技术大学
林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,陈琪福,陈颙.2006.重复地震及其在人工探测中的潜在应用.中国地震,22(1)：1-9
龙士国,马天朗.2007.超磁震源声波CT仪的研制及其在工程无损评价中的应用[C]中国仪器仪表学会第九届青年学术会议中国仪器仪表学会第九届青年学术会议论文集
罗桂纯,葛洪魁,王宝善,胡平,陈颙.2008.利用相关检测进行地震波速变化精确测量研究进展,地球物理学进展,第23卷(第1期)
罗桂纯.2006.利用相关检测法进行地震波速及其变化的精确测量[硕士学位论文],北京：中国地震局地球物理研究所
罗桂纯,王宝善,葛洪魁等.2006.气枪震源在地球深部结构探测中的应用研究 进展,地球物理学进展,21(2)：400-4-7
谭震,蒋洪明.1998.数据采集中触发同步和精确定时的实现[J],自动化仪表,19卷(第5期)：第12页
王宝善,王伟涛,葛洪魁,徐平,王彬.2011.人工震源地下介质变化动态监测,地球科学进展,第26卷(第3期)
王伟涛,王宝善,葛洪魁等.2009.利用主动震源检测汶川地震余震引起的浅层波速变化[J],中国地震,第25卷(第3期)：第223-233页
杨微,葛洪魁,王宝善,袁松勇,宋丽莉,贾玉华,李宜晋.2010.由精密控制人工震源观测到的绵竹5.6级地震前后波速变化,地球物理学报,第53卷(第5期)
张文毓.2004.稀土磁致伸缩材料的应用[J],金属功能材料,第11卷(第4期)：第42-46页
赵小贺,卢双苓,冯志军等.2009.洞体形变数字化观测干扰分析[J],地震地磁观测与研究,第30卷(第4期)：第55-62页
Adams R.D.1963 Source characteristics of some deep new Zealand earthquakes. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,6(2):209-220
Anstey N.A.,1966. Correlation techniques-A review[J].J. Can. Soc. Expl. Geophysics. 2(01):55-86
Baeten and Ziolowski A,1990, The Vibroseis Source. Oxford:Elsevier
Bungum, H., T. Risbo, and E. Hjortenberg,1977, Precise continuous monitoring of seismic velocity variations and their possible connection to solid earth tides, J. Geophys. Res.,82(33):5365-5373
Carter G.,1987. Coherence and time delay estimation. Proceedings of the IEEE,75,236-255
Cespedes, I., Y. Huang, J. Ophir, and S. Spratt,1995, Methods for estimation of sub-sample time delays of digitized echo signals[J], Ultrason. Imag.17:142-171
Chapman W.L. and Brown D.W.G.L. and Fair.1981. The vibroseis system:A high-frequency tool. Geophysics,46(12):1657-1666
De Fazio, T., K. Aki, and J. Alba.1973, Solid earth tide and observed change in the in situ seismic velocity[J]. J. Geophys. Res.78(8):1319-1322
Dekorp Research Group,1990, Wide-angle vibroseis data from the western rhenish massif. Tectonophysics,173:83-93
Dewetron_Data-Acquisiton-Solutions[Eb/O1]. http://download.dewetron.com/_media//files/products/catalog/dewetron_data-acq uisition-solutions_de-b080201 e.pdf
Furumoto M.,Ichimori Y.,Hayashi H.,and et al.2001, Seismic wave velocity changes and stress build-up in the crust of the Kanto-Tokai region. Geophys. Res. Lett, 28:3737-3740
Gutenberg Band Richter C.F.,1954, Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Princeton N.J.:Princeton Univercity Press
IsacksB.L.,Sykes L.R.,and Oliver J.1967, Spatial and temporal clustering of deep and shallow earthquakes in the Fiji Tonga Kermadec region. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 57:935-958
Leary, P., P. Malin, R. Phinney, T. Brocher, and R. VonColln,1979, Systematic monitoring of millisecond travel time variations near Palmdale, Califomia[J]. J. Geophys. Res.,84(B2):659-666
Li, Y. G, P. Chen, E. S.2007. Cochran, and J. E. Vidale, Seismic velocity variations on the San Andreas Fault caused by the 2004 M6 Parkfield earthquake and their implications, Earth Planets Space,59:21-31
Lin C.H,2004, Repeated foreshock sequences in the thrust faulting environment of eastern Taiwan. Geophys. Res. Lett.,31:L13601
Liu, H.-P., E. D.1985. Sembera, R. E. Westerlund, J. B. Fletcher, P. Reasenberg, and D. C. Agnew, Tidal variation of seismic travel times in a Massachusetts granite quarry[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett.12(5):243-246
Nadeau R.M. and McEvilly T.V.1997. Seismological studies at parkfield: Characteristic microearthquake sequences as fault-zone drilling targets. Bull.Seism. Soc.Am.,87:1463-1472
Nadeau R.M., Foxall W., and McEvilly T.V.1995. Clustering and periodic recurrence of microearthquakes on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California. Science, 267:503-507
Nadeau R.M.and Johnson L.R.1998. Seismological studies at Parkfield vi:Moment release rates and estimates of source parameters for small repeating earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,88:790-814
Nishimura, T., N. Uchida, H. Sato, M. Ohtake, S. Tanaka, and H. Hamaguchi,2000. Temporal changes of the crustal structure associated with the M6.1 earthquake on September 3,1998, and the volcanic activity of Mount Iwate, Japan[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett.,27(2):269-272
Niu Fenglin.2008. Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site[J]. Nature, vol 454,204～208
O'Connell, R., and B. Budiansky,1974. Seismic Velocities in dry and saturated cracked solids[J]. J. Geophys. Res.79(35):5412-5426
Pandolfi, D., C. J. Bean, and G. Saccorotti.2006. Coda wave interferometric detection of seismic velocity changes associated with the 1999 M = 3.6 event at Mt. Vesuvius[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett.33. L06306. doi:10.1029/2005GL025355
Poupinet G., Ellsworth W.L.,and Frecjet J.1984. Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquakes doubles:an application to the Calaveras fault, California. J. Geophy. Res.,89(B7):5719-5731
Reasenberg, P., and K. Aki. A Precise.1974. continuous measurement of seismic velocity for monitoring in situ stress[J]. J. Geophys. Res.79(2):399-406
Roberts P.M., Philips W.S., and Fehler M.C.1992. Development of the active doublet method for measuring small velocity and attenuation changes in solids. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,91(6):3291-3302
Rubin A.M.2002. Using repeating earthquakes to correct high-precision earthquake catalogs for time dependent station delays. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,92:1647-1659
Rubinstein, J. L., N. Uchida, and G. C. Beroza.2007. Seismic velocity reductions caused by the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake[J]. J. Geophys. Res.112. B05315. doi:10.1029/2006JB004440
Sawazaki Kaoru, Haruo Sato, Hisashi Nakahara, and Takeshi Nishimura.2009. Time-lapse changes of seismic velocity in the shallow ground caused by strong ground motion shock of the 2000 Western-Tottori earthquake, Japan, as revealed from coda deconvolution Analysis[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. February 2009. v99. nol:352-366. DOI:10.1785/0120080058
Scharff D.P., and Richards P.G.2004. Repeating seismic events in China. Sience, 303:1176-1178
Scharff D.P., Beroza G.C.,and Shaw B.E.1998. Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks. Geophys. Res. Lett.,25:4549-4552
Sens-Schonfelder C, Wegler U.2006. Passive image interferometry and seasonal variations of seismic velocities at merapi volcano, Indonesia[J]. Geophysical Research Letter,33:L21302, doi:10.1029/2006GL027797
Shapiro N M, Campillo M, Stehly L, et al.2005. High-resolution surface-wave tomography from Ambient seismic noise[J]. Science,307:1615-1618
Silver Paul G., Thomas M. Daley, Fenglin Niu, Ernest L. Majer.2007. Active source monitoring of cross-well seismic travel time for stress-induced changes[J]. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,97(1B):281-293,
Spectrum-datasheet of the MI.31xx family [EB/OL]. http://www.spectrum-gmbh.com/fileadmin/english/datasheets/mi31 xx/mi31_data sheet_english.pdf
Thatcher W.1984. The earthquake deformation cycle,recurrence and the time-predictable model. J.Geophy.Res.,89(B7):5674-5680
Vidale J.E., Ellsworth W.L.,Cole A.,and Marone C.1994. Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a repeated small earthquake. Nature,368:624-626
Walker and Trahey G.,1995. A fundamental limit on delay estimation using partially correlated speckle signals. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions,42(2):301-308
Wang, B., P. Zhu, Y. Chen, F. Niu, and B. Wang.2008. Continuous subsurface velocity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J]. J. Geophys. Res.113. B12313. doi:10.1029/2007JB005023
Yamamura, K., O. Sano, H. Utada, Y. Takei, S. Nakao, and Y. Fukao.2003. Long-term observation of in situ seismic velocity and attenuation[J]. J. Geophys. Res.108,
Yukutake H., T. Nakajima and K. Doi.1988. In situ measurements of elastic wave velocity in a mine, and the effects of water and stress on their variation[J]. Tectonophysics, Volume 149, Issues 1-2.1:Pages 165-175, June
陈颙,王宝善,葛洪魁等.2007.建立地震发射台的建议[J],地球科学进展,22(5)：441-446
段智育等.2007.振动故障信号的软件积分研究与应用,机械制造与研究,36(2)：79～81
郭建,一种新型地震专用炸药震源.2004.勘探地球物理进展,27(6)：451-454
蒋长胜,吴忠良.2005.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计,中国地震,21(2)：147-153
李庆忠.1993.走向精确勘探的道路.北京：石油出版社
李要.2010.稀土超磁致伸缩换能器的动态特性及其应用,[硕士学位论文]：湘潭大学
李宜晋,辛维,王宝善,葛洪魁,杨微,徐平.2011.利用高采样率数采实现地震波速变化高精度测量,地震地磁观测与研究,第32卷(第2期)
林建民.2008.基于人工震源的长偏移距地震信号检测和探测研究[博士学位论文],中国科学技术大学
林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,陈琪福,陈颙.2006.重复地震及其在人工探测中的潜在应用.中国地震,22(1)：1-9
龙士国,马天朗.2007.超磁震源声波CT仪的研制及其在工程无损评价中的应用[C]中国仪器仪表学会第九届青年学术会议中国仪器仪表学会第九届青年学术会议论文集
罗桂纯,葛洪魁,王宝善,胡平,陈颙.2008.利用相关检测进行地震波速变化精确测量研究进展,地球物理学进展,第23卷(第1期)
罗桂纯.2006.利用相关检测法进行地震波速及其变化的精确测量[硕士学位论文],北京：中国地震局地球物理研究所
罗桂纯,王宝善,葛洪魁等.2006.气枪震源在地球深部结构探测中的应用研究 进展,地球物理学进展,21(2)：400-4-7
谭震,蒋洪明.1998.数据采集中触发同步和精确定时的实现[J],自动化仪表,19卷(第5期)：第12页
王宝善,王伟涛,葛洪魁,徐平,王彬.2011.人工震源地下介质变化动态监测,地球科学进展,第26卷(第3期)
王伟涛,王宝善,葛洪魁等.2009.利用主动震源检测汶川地震余震引起的浅层波速变化[J],中国地震,第25卷(第3期)：第223-233页
杨微,葛洪魁,王宝善,袁松勇,宋丽莉,贾玉华,李宜晋.2010.由精密控制人工震源观测到的绵竹5.6级地震前后波速变化,地球物理学报,第53卷(第5期)
张文毓.2004.稀土磁致伸缩材料的应用[J],金属功能材料,第11卷(第4期)：第42-46页
赵小贺,卢双苓,冯志军等.2009.洞体形变数字化观测干扰分析[J],地震地磁观测与研究,第30卷(第4期)：第55-62页
Adams R.D.1963 Source characteristics of some deep new Zealand earthquakes. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,6(2):209-220
Anstey N.A.,1966. Correlation techniques-A review[J].J. Can. Soc. Expl. Geophysics. 2(01):55-86
Baeten and Ziolowski A,1990, The Vibroseis Source. Oxford:Elsevier
Bungum, H., T. Risbo, and E. Hjortenberg,1977, Precise continuous monitoring of seismic velocity variations and their possible connection to solid earth tides, J. Geophys. Res.,82(33):5365-5373
Carter G.,1987. Coherence and time delay estimation. Proceedings of the IEEE,75,236-255
Cespedes, I., Y. Huang, J. Ophir, and S. Spratt,1995, Methods for estimation of sub-sample time delays of digitized echo signals[J], Ultrason. Imag.17:142-171
Chapman W.L. and Brown D.W.G.L. and Fair.1981. The vibroseis system:A high-frequency tool. Geophysics,46(12):1657-1666
De Fazio, T., K. Aki, and J. Alba.1973, Solid earth tide and observed change in the in situ seismic velocity[J]. J. Geophys. Res.78(8):1319-1322
Dekorp Research Group,1990, Wide-angle vibroseis data from the western rhenish massif. Tectonophysics,173:83-93
Dewetron_Data-Acquisiton-Solutions[Eb/O1]. http://download.dewetron.com/_media//files/products/catalog/dewetron_data-acq uisition-solutions_de-b080201 e.pdf
Furumoto M.,Ichimori Y.,Hayashi H.,and et al.2001, Seismic wave velocity changes and stress build-up in the crust of the Kanto-Tokai region. Geophys. Res. Lett, 28:3737-3740
Gutenberg Band Richter C.F.,1954, Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Princeton N.J.:Princeton Univercity Press
IsacksB.L.,Sykes L.R.,and Oliver J.1967, Spatial and temporal clustering of deep and shallow earthquakes in the Fiji Tonga Kermadec region. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 57:935-958
Leary, P., P. Malin, R. Phinney, T. Brocher, and R. VonColln,1979, Systematic monitoring of millisecond travel time variations near Palmdale, Califomia[J]. J. Geophys. Res.,84(B2):659-666
Li, Y. G, P. Chen, E. S.2007. Cochran, and J. E. Vidale, Seismic velocity variations on the San Andreas Fault caused by the 2004 M6 Parkfield earthquake and their implications, Earth Planets Space,59:21-31
Lin C.H,2004, Repeated foreshock sequences in the thrust faulting environment of eastern Taiwan. Geophys. Res. Lett.,31:L13601
Liu, H.-P., E. D.1985. Sembera, R. E. Westerlund, J. B. Fletcher, P. Reasenberg, and D. C. Agnew, Tidal variation of seismic travel times in a Massachusetts granite quarry[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett.12(5):243-246
Nadeau R.M. and McEvilly T.V.1997. Seismological studies at parkfield: Characteristic microearthquake sequences as fault-zone drilling targets. Bull.Seism. Soc.Am.,87:1463-1472
Nadeau R.M., Foxall W., and McEvilly T.V.1995. Clustering and periodic recurrence of microearthquakes on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California. Science, 267:503-507
Nadeau R.M.and Johnson L.R.1998. Seismological studies at Parkfield vi:Moment release rates and estimates of source parameters for small repeating earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,88:790-814
Nishimura, T., N. Uchida, H. Sato, M. Ohtake, S. Tanaka, and H. Hamaguchi,2000. Temporal changes of the crustal structure associated with the M6.1 earthquake on September 3,1998, and the volcanic activity of Mount Iwate, Japan[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett.,27(2):269-272
Niu Fenglin.2008. Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site[J]. Nature, vol 454,204～208
O'Connell, R., and B. Budiansky,1974. Seismic Velocities in dry and saturated cracked solids[J]. J. Geophys. Res.79(35):5412-5426
Pandolfi, D., C. J. Bean, and G. Saccorotti.2006. Coda wave interferometric detection of seismic velocity changes associated with the 1999 M = 3.6 event at Mt. Vesuvius[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett.33. L06306. doi:10.1029/2005GL025355
Poupinet G., Ellsworth W.L.,and Frecjet J.1984. Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquakes doubles:an application to the Calaveras fault, California. J. Geophy. Res.,89(B7):5719-5731
Reasenberg, P., and K. Aki. A Precise.1974. continuous measurement of seismic velocity for monitoring in situ stress[J]. J. Geophys. Res.79(2):399-406
Roberts P.M., Philips W.S., and Fehler M.C.1992. Development of the active doublet method for measuring small velocity and attenuation changes in solids. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,91(6):3291-3302
Rubin A.M.2002. Using repeating earthquakes to correct high-precision earthquake catalogs for time dependent station delays. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,92:1647-1659
Rubinstein, J. L., N. Uchida, and G. C. Beroza.2007. Seismic velocity reductions caused by the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake[J]. J. Geophys. Res.112. B05315. doi:10.1029/2006JB004440
Sawazaki Kaoru, Haruo Sato, Hisashi Nakahara, and Takeshi Nishimura.2009. Time-lapse changes of seismic velocity in the shallow ground caused by strong ground motion shock of the 2000 Western-Tottori earthquake, Japan, as revealed from coda deconvolution Analysis[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. February 2009. v99. nol:352-366. DOI:10.1785/0120080058
Scharff D.P., and Richards P.G.2004. Repeating seismic events in China. Sience, 303:1176-1178
Scharff D.P., Beroza G.C.,and Shaw B.E.1998. Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks. Geophys. Res. Lett.,25:4549-4552
Sens-Schonfelder C, Wegler U.2006. Passive image interferometry and seasonal variations of seismic velocities at merapi volcano, Indonesia[J]. Geophysical Research Letter,33:L21302, doi:10.1029/2006GL027797
Shapiro N M, Campillo M, Stehly L, et al.2005. High-resolution surface-wave tomography from Ambient seismic noise[J]. Science,307:1615-1618
Silver Paul G., Thomas M. Daley, Fenglin Niu, Ernest L. Majer.2007. Active source monitoring of cross-well seismic travel time for stress-induced changes[J]. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,97(1B):281-293,
Spectrum-datasheet of the MI.31xx family [EB/OL]. http://www.spectrum-gmbh.com/fileadmin/english/datasheets/mi31 xx/mi31_data sheet_english.pdf
Thatcher W.1984. The earthquake deformation cycle,recurrence and the time-predictable model. J.Geophy.Res.,89(B7):5674-5680
Vidale J.E., Ellsworth W.L.,Cole A.,and Marone C.1994. Variations in rupture process with recurrence interval in a repeated small earthquake. Nature,368:624-626
Walker and Trahey G.,1995. A fundamental limit on delay estimation using partially correlated speckle signals. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions,42(2):301-308
Wang, B., P. Zhu, Y. Chen, F. Niu, and B. Wang.2008. Continuous subsurface velocity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J]. J. Geophys. Res.113. B12313. doi:10.1029/2007JB005023
Yamamura, K., O. Sano, H. Utada, Y. Takei, S. Nakao, and Y. Fukao.2003. Long-term observation of in situ seismic velocity and attenuation[J]. J. Geophys. Res.108,
Yukutake H., T. Nakajima and K. Doi.1988. In situ measurements of elastic wave velocity in a mine, and the effects of water and stress on their variation[J]. Tectonophysics, Volume 149, Issues 1-2.1:Pages 165-175, June