我国产业集群低碳发展水平及升级模式研究
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摘要
世界经济历经工业化、信息化之后,正在走向“低碳化”,这将从根本上长期影响着中国经济的发展方向,我们必须尽快实现经济发展的低碳转型以应对世界以“低碳”为主题的新一轮竞争。近年来,产业集群作为当代世界经济发展中极具效率的产业经济组织形式,对于区域经济增长发挥着越来越大的推动作用,但是这些经济龙头很多也是高碳污染的源头,我们发展低碳经济必须抓主流、抓源头。因此,研究产业集群的低碳发展水平及升级模式问题,对于实现中国低碳经济转型目标极为重要。
本文以我国产业集群为研究对象,以低碳经济为研究视角,以产业集群的低碳化升级为研究重点,基于产业集群、低碳经济、技术创新等相关理论,分析了低碳产业集群的内涵和特征,提出了我国发展低碳产业集群的动力理论模型,构建了产业集群低碳发展水平的评价模型,探讨了产业集群的低碳化升级模式,在此基础上提出了依据产业集群低碳发展水平评价结果实行组合、动态选择升级模式的方法,并最后提出了促进我国产业集群低碳化升级的若干政策措施。
首先,分析了我国产业集群的发展历程、现状及主要问题,指出我国产业集群虽然已经成为我国区域经济的重要增长极,但主要分布在一些高碳行业,单位产值能耗较高,而且集群技术创新能力不强,国际竞争力薄弱,因而需要通过低碳转型来获得可持续发展。在此基础上探讨了低碳产业集群的内涵和特征,并从内外两个角度分析我国产业集群低碳升级的动力。
其次,在明确了我国产业集群应该走低碳化升级道路的前提下,进一步探讨了两种评价产业集群低碳发展水平的方法,分别从整体和局部来评价产业集群的现有低碳发展水平和低碳发展的潜在能力。第一种方法是基于Tapio脱钩理论构建了产业集群经济发展与二氧化碳排放脱钩测度模型,从整体上评价产业集群经济增长与二氧化碳的脱钩水平；第二种方法是运用层次分析法构建产业集群低碳发展水平评价指标体系,用3个一级指标和21个二级指标来具体评价产业集群的低碳发展水平和低碳发展能力。
第三,在对产业集群低碳发展水平作出评价后,应选择合适的发展模式来实现低碳升级。从产业结构视角分析,产业集群低碳化升级有低碳定位、局部改造、重点改造、选择淘汰和直接淘汰五种模式；而从产业技术视角分析,产业集群低碳化升级有“内部创新——流程再造——提升”(IPP)和“外部引进——消化吸收——蜕变,,(EDT)两种模式。产业集群应该根据两种低碳评价结果组合来选择具体的升级模式,并根据自身的低碳升级进度适时动态选择新的升级模式。
第四,选取了两个具有代表性且来自不同行业的产业集群作为样本进行产业集群低碳发展水平评价的实证研究。分别对这两个产业集群进行了经济发展与碳排放脱钩情况测度,同时运用低碳评价指标体系对样本进行了具体低碳发展水平和发展能力的评价,并依据两种结果组合分析了各自的低碳升级模式,为其它产业集群起到了一定的借鉴作用。
最后,从政府、集群和企业三个层面提出了促进我国产业集群低碳化升级的对策建议。一是政府层面应科学制定低碳产业集群发展规划,立法保障规划落实；合理制定产业结构、产业组织和产业技术政策,引导产业集群低碳转型；加速制定绿色标准和低碳法律,多途径倡导绿色消费。二是集群层面应构建集群产学研技术创新平台,自主研发低碳技术；构建低碳产业链,打造生态工业园；发挥行业协会监督服务作用,实现产业集群可持续发展；三是企业层面应树立低碳发展理念,形成低碳企业文化；重新定位企业目标,应对低碳经济挑战；多层面与监管者互动,赢得低碳改造时间。
After the industrialization and informationization, now the development of the world's economy heads for " low-carbon ", which will fundamentally impact the Chinese economy for a long time, so we must realize the transition as soon as possible in order to face the world's new competition which themed as " low-carbon ".In recent years, the industry cluster, which as the great efficiency economic organization in the world economic development, plays a more and more important role in promoting regional economic growth, but a lot of these economic powerhouse is high carbon source of pollution, so we must grasp the mainstream for developing low carbon economy. Therefore, the research on the low carbon development level and the upgrade mode of industrial cluster is extremely important to realize the transformation of low carbon economy in China.
This paper takes the China's industrial clusters as research object and the low-carbon economy as research perspective. It focus on the low-carbon upgrading of industrial clusters, and analyses the main content and feature based on the theory of industrial clusters low-carbon economy, technological innovation, etc. to put forword the dynamic mechanism of the development of low-carbon industrial clusters and to build a evaluation model to explore the industrial clusters of low-carbon upgrade mode. Furthermore, this paper proposals a combination of dynamic method and optional upgrade mode according to the level of the evaluation of low-carbon development and the results of the implementation, and it finally puts forward some policies and measures to promote the upgrading of low-carbon of the industrial clusters in China.
First, the paper analyses the history, the present situation and the main problems of industrial clusters in China. Then it points out that China's industrial clusters have become extremely important regional economic growth in China which are mainly distributed in a number of high-carbon industries with high energy consumption per unit of output, weak clustering technology innovation and international competitiveness. Therefore, it needs to achieve sustainable development through the low-carbon transition. This paper explores the connotations and characteristics of the low-carbon industrial clusters, and it analyses the low-carbon upgrade power mechanism of China's industrial clusters from both angles.
Secondly, China's industrial cluster should be lower under the premise of the carbonation upgrade path, it further discusses the two kinds of evaluation methods of low-carbon development level of industrial clusters to evaluate the existing low-carbon development level of industrial clusters respectively from the global and local carbon potential development. The first method is based on Tapio decoupling theory building economic development of industrial clusters and carbon dioxide emissions decoupling measure model, decoupling level of industrial clusters between economic growth and carbon dioxide from the overall evaluation; the second method is the Analytic Hierarchy Process to build industrial clusters of low-carbon level of development evaluation index system with a three-level indicators and21secondary indicators to a specific evaluation of low-carbon development level of industrial clusters and low-carbon development ability.
Thirdly, after evaluating the level of low-carbon development of industrial clusters, a suitable model of development to achieve a low-carbon upgrade should be choosen. Based on the perspective of industrial structure, there are five modes of the industry cluster: low-carbon upgrade, low-carbon positioning, partial reconstruction, focusing on transformation, select out and directly out; based on the perspective of industrial technology, there are two modes of industrial clusters upgrade:internal innovation-low-carbon process recycling-Lifting (IPP) and external introduction-digestion and absorption-metamorphosis "(EDT). Industry cluster should choose the specific upgrade mode based on two types of the combination of the low-carbon evaluation results and their own low-carbon upgrade progress.
Fourthly, the paper selects two representative industrial clusters as samples from different industries for research. By measuring the decoupling of economic development and carbon emissions of these industrial clusters respectively, while using of low-carbon evaluation index system of the samples for the evaluation of specific low-carbon development level and development capacity, it gives the respective upgrade mode that makes the reference for other industrial clusters.
Finally, the paper promots the upgrade low-carbon policies and measures of China's industrial clusters from the level of government, cluster and enterprise. First, the government level should formulate the scientific development plan of low-carbon industry cluster through the implementation of legislation; the government should formulate reasonable development of the industrial structure, industrial organization and industrial technology policy to guide the low-carbon transformation of industrial clusters; the government should accelerate the development of green standards, low-carbon law and multi-channel advocacy green consumption. Secondly, cluster level should build cluster research technology innovation platform, independent research and development of low-carbon technologies; it should build a low-carbon industry chain to build eco-industrial park; industry associations should play a role on the supervision and services to achieve the sustainable development of industrial clusters; Thirdly, enterprise level should establish the concept of low-carbon development and form a low-carbon corporate culture; it should reset the business goals to respond the challenges of a low carbon economy; it should multi-level interact with the regulators to win the low-carbon transformation time.
本文以我国产业集群为研究对象,以低碳经济为研究视角,以产业集群的低碳化升级为研究重点,基于产业集群、低碳经济、技术创新等相关理论,分析了低碳产业集群的内涵和特征,提出了我国发展低碳产业集群的动力理论模型,构建了产业集群低碳发展水平的评价模型,探讨了产业集群的低碳化升级模式,在此基础上提出了依据产业集群低碳发展水平评价结果实行组合、动态选择升级模式的方法,并最后提出了促进我国产业集群低碳化升级的若干政策措施。
首先,分析了我国产业集群的发展历程、现状及主要问题,指出我国产业集群虽然已经成为我国区域经济的重要增长极,但主要分布在一些高碳行业,单位产值能耗较高,而且集群技术创新能力不强,国际竞争力薄弱,因而需要通过低碳转型来获得可持续发展。在此基础上探讨了低碳产业集群的内涵和特征,并从内外两个角度分析我国产业集群低碳升级的动力。
其次,在明确了我国产业集群应该走低碳化升级道路的前提下,进一步探讨了两种评价产业集群低碳发展水平的方法,分别从整体和局部来评价产业集群的现有低碳发展水平和低碳发展的潜在能力。第一种方法是基于Tapio脱钩理论构建了产业集群经济发展与二氧化碳排放脱钩测度模型,从整体上评价产业集群经济增长与二氧化碳的脱钩水平；第二种方法是运用层次分析法构建产业集群低碳发展水平评价指标体系,用3个一级指标和21个二级指标来具体评价产业集群的低碳发展水平和低碳发展能力。
第三,在对产业集群低碳发展水平作出评价后,应选择合适的发展模式来实现低碳升级。从产业结构视角分析,产业集群低碳化升级有低碳定位、局部改造、重点改造、选择淘汰和直接淘汰五种模式；而从产业技术视角分析,产业集群低碳化升级有“内部创新——流程再造——提升”(IPP)和“外部引进——消化吸收——蜕变,,(EDT)两种模式。产业集群应该根据两种低碳评价结果组合来选择具体的升级模式,并根据自身的低碳升级进度适时动态选择新的升级模式。
第四,选取了两个具有代表性且来自不同行业的产业集群作为样本进行产业集群低碳发展水平评价的实证研究。分别对这两个产业集群进行了经济发展与碳排放脱钩情况测度,同时运用低碳评价指标体系对样本进行了具体低碳发展水平和发展能力的评价,并依据两种结果组合分析了各自的低碳升级模式,为其它产业集群起到了一定的借鉴作用。
最后,从政府、集群和企业三个层面提出了促进我国产业集群低碳化升级的对策建议。一是政府层面应科学制定低碳产业集群发展规划,立法保障规划落实；合理制定产业结构、产业组织和产业技术政策,引导产业集群低碳转型；加速制定绿色标准和低碳法律,多途径倡导绿色消费。二是集群层面应构建集群产学研技术创新平台,自主研发低碳技术；构建低碳产业链,打造生态工业园；发挥行业协会监督服务作用,实现产业集群可持续发展；三是企业层面应树立低碳发展理念,形成低碳企业文化；重新定位企业目标,应对低碳经济挑战；多层面与监管者互动,赢得低碳改造时间。
After the industrialization and informationization, now the development of the world's economy heads for " low-carbon ", which will fundamentally impact the Chinese economy for a long time, so we must realize the transition as soon as possible in order to face the world's new competition which themed as " low-carbon ".In recent years, the industry cluster, which as the great efficiency economic organization in the world economic development, plays a more and more important role in promoting regional economic growth, but a lot of these economic powerhouse is high carbon source of pollution, so we must grasp the mainstream for developing low carbon economy. Therefore, the research on the low carbon development level and the upgrade mode of industrial cluster is extremely important to realize the transformation of low carbon economy in China.
This paper takes the China's industrial clusters as research object and the low-carbon economy as research perspective. It focus on the low-carbon upgrading of industrial clusters, and analyses the main content and feature based on the theory of industrial clusters low-carbon economy, technological innovation, etc. to put forword the dynamic mechanism of the development of low-carbon industrial clusters and to build a evaluation model to explore the industrial clusters of low-carbon upgrade mode. Furthermore, this paper proposals a combination of dynamic method and optional upgrade mode according to the level of the evaluation of low-carbon development and the results of the implementation, and it finally puts forward some policies and measures to promote the upgrading of low-carbon of the industrial clusters in China.
First, the paper analyses the history, the present situation and the main problems of industrial clusters in China. Then it points out that China's industrial clusters have become extremely important regional economic growth in China which are mainly distributed in a number of high-carbon industries with high energy consumption per unit of output, weak clustering technology innovation and international competitiveness. Therefore, it needs to achieve sustainable development through the low-carbon transition. This paper explores the connotations and characteristics of the low-carbon industrial clusters, and it analyses the low-carbon upgrade power mechanism of China's industrial clusters from both angles.
Secondly, China's industrial cluster should be lower under the premise of the carbonation upgrade path, it further discusses the two kinds of evaluation methods of low-carbon development level of industrial clusters to evaluate the existing low-carbon development level of industrial clusters respectively from the global and local carbon potential development. The first method is based on Tapio decoupling theory building economic development of industrial clusters and carbon dioxide emissions decoupling measure model, decoupling level of industrial clusters between economic growth and carbon dioxide from the overall evaluation; the second method is the Analytic Hierarchy Process to build industrial clusters of low-carbon level of development evaluation index system with a three-level indicators and21secondary indicators to a specific evaluation of low-carbon development level of industrial clusters and low-carbon development ability.
Thirdly, after evaluating the level of low-carbon development of industrial clusters, a suitable model of development to achieve a low-carbon upgrade should be choosen. Based on the perspective of industrial structure, there are five modes of the industry cluster: low-carbon upgrade, low-carbon positioning, partial reconstruction, focusing on transformation, select out and directly out; based on the perspective of industrial technology, there are two modes of industrial clusters upgrade:internal innovation-low-carbon process recycling-Lifting (IPP) and external introduction-digestion and absorption-metamorphosis "(EDT). Industry cluster should choose the specific upgrade mode based on two types of the combination of the low-carbon evaluation results and their own low-carbon upgrade progress.
Fourthly, the paper selects two representative industrial clusters as samples from different industries for research. By measuring the decoupling of economic development and carbon emissions of these industrial clusters respectively, while using of low-carbon evaluation index system of the samples for the evaluation of specific low-carbon development level and development capacity, it gives the respective upgrade mode that makes the reference for other industrial clusters.
Finally, the paper promots the upgrade low-carbon policies and measures of China's industrial clusters from the level of government, cluster and enterprise. First, the government level should formulate the scientific development plan of low-carbon industry cluster through the implementation of legislation; the government should formulate reasonable development of the industrial structure, industrial organization and industrial technology policy to guide the low-carbon transformation of industrial clusters; the government should accelerate the development of green standards, low-carbon law and multi-channel advocacy green consumption. Secondly, cluster level should build cluster research technology innovation platform, independent research and development of low-carbon technologies; it should build a low-carbon industry chain to build eco-industrial park; industry associations should play a role on the supervision and services to achieve the sustainable development of industrial clusters; Thirdly, enterprise level should establish the concept of low-carbon development and form a low-carbon corporate culture; it should reset the business goals to respond the challenges of a low carbon economy; it should multi-level interact with the regulators to win the low-carbon transformation time.
引文
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