岷江上游两种典型森林群落生态水文特征研究
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摘要
本研究选择岷江上游山地两种典型森林植被类型——岷江冷杉( Abies faxoniana)林和川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)林为研究对象,采用野外定位和半定位观测及室内模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了两种森林类型的林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层等三个主要层次的生态水文特征。
研究结果表明,岷江冷杉林的林冠截留率为49.4%,大于川滇高山栎林林冠截留率(16.5%)。两种林分的穿透雨量和林外降雨量之间均呈显著线性关系(p<0.01)。川滇高山栎林林冠截留率(%)随降雨量(mm)的增加呈双曲线递减。应用修正的Gash模型可用于估测该地区川滇高山栎林的林冠截留量。
川滇高山栎林枯落物未分解层、半分解层和已分解层现存量分别为4.00 t/hm2、6.77 t/hm2和14.43 t/hm2;岷江冷杉林分别为1.14 t/hm2、7.40 t/hm2、11.99 t/hm2。枯落物持水量(mm)与浸水时间(h)之间呈较好的对数函数关系。
川滇高山栎林和岷江冷杉林土壤层有效贮水能力总和分别为69.95mm和90.40mm。两种类型森林土壤大孔隙均在60-80cm土层中数量最多,土壤入渗特征均表现出较一致的规律性。采用Kostiakov公式和Horton公式这两种经验方程可以模拟两种森林类型土壤的水分入渗过程。
川滇高山栎树干液流速率与空气饱和水汽压亏缺、太阳辐射强度、空气温度均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),对太阳辐射强度的时滞长度为40-60min。建立了不同地径的川滇高山栎树干液流速率、日蒸腾量与环境因子的回归关系模型,并以林分叶面积量作为空间纯量估算林分样地日蒸腾量变化在0.84-5.54mm(2007.7.23-7.31)。
This study chose two typical forests (Abies faxoniana forest and Quercus aquifolioides forest) in upper reaches of Minjiang River. The experiment studied the eco-hydrological features of the three main layers, such as canopy, litter and soil in the two typical forests by the method of the positioning and semi-positioning observation in the field and indoor simulation.
The results showed canopy interception rate of A. faxoniana forest was 49.4 % which was more than that of Q. aquifolioides forest (16.5 %). There both were significant linear relationship between throughfall and gross rainfall in A. faxoniana forest and Q. aquifolioides forest (P<0.01). Canopy interception rate (%) reduced with the increase of rainfall (mm) by hyperbolic in Q. aquifolioides forest. And the results also proved that the revised Gash model could be used to estimate the canopy interception of Q. aquifolioides in the region.
The amount of undecomposition, semi-decomposition and decomposition of litter in Q. aquifolioides forest were 4.00, 6.77, 14.43 t/hm2, respectively, and that in A. faxoniana forest were 1.14, 7.40, 11.99 t/hm2, respectively. There existed better logarithmic relationship between water-holding (mm) amount of litter and immersing time (h).
The sum of the water storage capacity of the soil in Q. aquifolioides forest and A. faxoniana forest was 69.95 mm, 90.40 mm, respectively. The soil macroporosity size in Q. aquifolioides forest and A. faxoniana forest both were maximal in 60-80 cm. The soil infiltration characteristics of the two typical forests appeared consistent regularity. The water infiltration process of soil in the two typical forests was simulated based on the experienced formula of Kostiakov and Horton. The analysis showed that the relation of the sap flow with air vapor pressure deficit, solar radiation and air temperature was highly significant positive correlation in Q. aquifolioides (p<0.01). And there was a significant negative correlation between the sap flow velocity and the air relative humidity (p<0.01). The 40-60 min time lag of sap flow velocity to solar radiation intensity in Q. aquifolioides was presented. This paper set up the regression model for the sap flow velocity, daily transpiration, and environment factors in different basal diameter of Q. aquifolioides. Stand daily transpiration changes was 0.84-5.54 mm which estimated for scaling-up from sap flow of the single tree trunks on leaf area as a space quantity (2007.7.23-7.31).
研究结果表明,岷江冷杉林的林冠截留率为49.4%,大于川滇高山栎林林冠截留率(16.5%)。两种林分的穿透雨量和林外降雨量之间均呈显著线性关系(p<0.01)。川滇高山栎林林冠截留率(%)随降雨量(mm)的增加呈双曲线递减。应用修正的Gash模型可用于估测该地区川滇高山栎林的林冠截留量。
川滇高山栎林枯落物未分解层、半分解层和已分解层现存量分别为4.00 t/hm2、6.77 t/hm2和14.43 t/hm2;岷江冷杉林分别为1.14 t/hm2、7.40 t/hm2、11.99 t/hm2。枯落物持水量(mm)与浸水时间(h)之间呈较好的对数函数关系。
川滇高山栎林和岷江冷杉林土壤层有效贮水能力总和分别为69.95mm和90.40mm。两种类型森林土壤大孔隙均在60-80cm土层中数量最多,土壤入渗特征均表现出较一致的规律性。采用Kostiakov公式和Horton公式这两种经验方程可以模拟两种森林类型土壤的水分入渗过程。
川滇高山栎树干液流速率与空气饱和水汽压亏缺、太阳辐射强度、空气温度均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),对太阳辐射强度的时滞长度为40-60min。建立了不同地径的川滇高山栎树干液流速率、日蒸腾量与环境因子的回归关系模型,并以林分叶面积量作为空间纯量估算林分样地日蒸腾量变化在0.84-5.54mm(2007.7.23-7.31)。
This study chose two typical forests (Abies faxoniana forest and Quercus aquifolioides forest) in upper reaches of Minjiang River. The experiment studied the eco-hydrological features of the three main layers, such as canopy, litter and soil in the two typical forests by the method of the positioning and semi-positioning observation in the field and indoor simulation.
The results showed canopy interception rate of A. faxoniana forest was 49.4 % which was more than that of Q. aquifolioides forest (16.5 %). There both were significant linear relationship between throughfall and gross rainfall in A. faxoniana forest and Q. aquifolioides forest (P<0.01). Canopy interception rate (%) reduced with the increase of rainfall (mm) by hyperbolic in Q. aquifolioides forest. And the results also proved that the revised Gash model could be used to estimate the canopy interception of Q. aquifolioides in the region.
The amount of undecomposition, semi-decomposition and decomposition of litter in Q. aquifolioides forest were 4.00, 6.77, 14.43 t/hm2, respectively, and that in A. faxoniana forest were 1.14, 7.40, 11.99 t/hm2, respectively. There existed better logarithmic relationship between water-holding (mm) amount of litter and immersing time (h).
The sum of the water storage capacity of the soil in Q. aquifolioides forest and A. faxoniana forest was 69.95 mm, 90.40 mm, respectively. The soil macroporosity size in Q. aquifolioides forest and A. faxoniana forest both were maximal in 60-80 cm. The soil infiltration characteristics of the two typical forests appeared consistent regularity. The water infiltration process of soil in the two typical forests was simulated based on the experienced formula of Kostiakov and Horton. The analysis showed that the relation of the sap flow with air vapor pressure deficit, solar radiation and air temperature was highly significant positive correlation in Q. aquifolioides (p<0.01). And there was a significant negative correlation between the sap flow velocity and the air relative humidity (p<0.01). The 40-60 min time lag of sap flow velocity to solar radiation intensity in Q. aquifolioides was presented. This paper set up the regression model for the sap flow velocity, daily transpiration, and environment factors in different basal diameter of Q. aquifolioides. Stand daily transpiration changes was 0.84-5.54 mm which estimated for scaling-up from sap flow of the single tree trunks on leaf area as a space quantity (2007.7.23-7.31).
引文
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