淮河流域水土保持监测分区及其站点布局研究
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摘要
为了发挥水土保持监测工作在政府决策、经济社会发展和社会公众服务中的作用，为编制流域水土保持监测规划提供技术支撑，开展淮河流域水土保持监测分区研究十分必要。本文以淮河流域为研究对象，通过收集相关资料，分析了流域水土流失空间异质性，针对不同区域水土保持主导功能，采取主导因子法建立了水土保持监测分区指标体系，应用定量与定性相结合的方法提出了流域两级监测分区方案，明确了各个分区水土流失监测重点和内容，并编制了水土保持监测分区专题图。主要结果如下。
1、构建了水土保持监测分区指标体系
依据淮河流域水土流失分布特点、主导影响因子分析以及水土保持监测分区指标选取原则，确定水土保持监测分区指标体系。
（1）水土保持监测一级分区指标：主导指标体为地貌类型、县域平均海拔；辅助指标为水土流失类型、年均降水量、土壤类型。
（2）水土保持监测二级分区指标：主要指标为微地貌类型、土壤类型、植被覆盖度；辅助指标为土壤侵蚀强度、县域平均海拔、土壤类型、年均降水量。
2、提出了水土保持监测分区命名方法
遵循水土保持监测分区命名同时体现区域自然环境特点和水土保持监测特点的原则，提出了水土保持监测分区（两级）命名方法。
（1）一级区命名：“地形地貌类型”+“水土流失类型”+“监测区”
（2）二级区命名：“地理位置”+“地形地貌类型”+“水土保持功能”+“监测区”。
3、提出了水土保持监测两级分区方案
按照淮河流域水土流失空间异质性特征和水土保持分区指标体系，采用应用定量与定性相结合的方法，提出了淮河流域水土保持监测两级分区方案，包括7个一级分区和15个二级分区。
Ⅰ沂蒙山低山丘陵水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅰ1沂沭河上游低山丘陵水源涵养监测区
Ⅰ2沂蒙山低山丘陵土壤保持监测区
Ⅰ3沂蒙山山前平原农田防护监测区
Ⅱ黄泛平原风水复合侵蚀监测区
Ⅱ1豫东丘岗沙地防风固沙监测区
Ⅱ2鲁西南平原沙地农田防护监测区
Ⅲ伏牛山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅲ1沙颍河上游中低山水源涵养监测区
Ⅲ2豫西南低山丘陵土壤保持监测区
Ⅳ桐柏大别山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅳ1淮干上游中低山水源涵养监测区
Ⅳ2大别山低山丘陵土壤保持监测区
Ⅳ3淮南山地山前平原农田防护监测区
Ⅴ淮北平原岗地水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅴ1徐宿淮丘岗土壤保持监测区
Ⅴ2淮北苏北平原农田防护监测区
Ⅵ江淮丘陵岗地水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅵ1蚌凤嘉盱丘岗土壤保持监测区
Ⅵ2淮河中游南岸平原农田防护监测区
Ⅶ江淮下游平原水力侵蚀监测区
4、分析了水土保持监测分区监测重点
依据淮河流域水土保持基础资料和水土流失空间异质性特征，针对不同水土保持监测分区（二级分区），分析了区域自然环境与社会经济特征、存在的主要问题，提出了水土保持监测的重点内容、主要监测设施和监测指标。
5、确定了各监测分区监测站点数量
根据经典统计学方法，确定了淮河流域监测站点总数为104。淮河流域各监测分区水土保持监测站点数量如下：
沂蒙山低山丘陵水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2、Ⅰ3）面积为39278km2，监测站点数量25个。
黄泛平原风水复合侵蚀监测区（Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2）面积为48753km2，监测站点数量为16个。
伏牛山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2）面积为22014km2，监测站点数量为17个。
桐柏大别山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2）面积为31069km2，监测站点数量为19个。
淮北平原岗地水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅴ1、Ⅴ2）面积为85603km2，监测站点数量为12个。
江淮丘陵岗地水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅵ1、Ⅵ2）面积为18517km2，监测站点数量为12个。
江淮下游平原水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅶ）面积为27227km2，监测站点数量为3个。
6、评价了水土保持规划监测站点
根据淮河流域土壤侵蚀空间插值模数图，评价了淮河流域水土保持规划监测站点，得出淮河流域规划监测站点数目较少，淮河流域共需要增加21个监测站点。
7、提出了水土保持监测站点布局
根据经典统计学方法确定的淮河流域各监测分区水土保持监测站点数量和淮河流域土壤侵蚀空间插值模数图，综合考虑地形地貌、土壤侵蚀模数、河流水系、水土保持功能等影响因子，确定了水土保持监测站点位置，得到了各监测站点的监测面积。
Carrying out the Huaihe River Basin Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring partition isnecessary for providing technical support for the preparation of the Watershed MonitoringProgramme, playing the monitoring of soil and water conservation in government decision-making, the role of economic and social development and social services to the public. In thispaper, the Huaihe River Basin, as the research object, by collecting relevant material, analyzesthe river water and soil loss space heterogeneity, the dominant functions for different regionsof the soil and water conservation, take the dominating factor method to establish the soil andwater conservation monitoring regionalization index system, the application of quantitativeand qualitative analysis method of combining the proposed two level monitoring partitionscheme river, made it clear that the key and content of each partition soil erosion monitoringand prepare the soil and water conservation monitoring division special charts. The mainresults are as follows:
1. Construct the index system of soil and water conservation monitoring division
According to the distribution features of the Huaihe River Basin water and soil loss,leading the impact factor analysis and water and soil conservation monitoring division indexchoosing, determine the water and soil conservation monitoring regionalization index system.
(1)Water and soil conservation monitoring First-level Partition Index: Leading indicatorsinclude body types, an average elevation for landscape (county); Auxiliary indexes includesoil and water erosion types the annual precipitation, and soil type
(2)Water and soil conservation monitoring Second-level Partition Index: The main indexis the microlandscape type, soil type, vegetation coverage; Auxiliary indexes is the soilerosion intensity, an average elevation (county), soil type, and average annual rainfall
2. Put forward the soil and water conservation monitoring division naming methods
Follow the soil and water conservation monitoring division naming also embodied thenatural environment characteristics and the characteristics of the soil and water conservationmonitoring principle, puts forward the soil and water conservation monitoring division (twolevels)naming methods.
(1)First-level Partition named: Topography type+Soil erosion types+Monitoring area
(2)Second-level Partition: The geographical position+Topography type+Soil and waterconservation function+Monitoring area
3. Put forward two partition scheme of soil conservation monitoring
In accordance with the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion in the Huaihe River Basinand the Soil and Water Conservation Divisions indicator system, The article uses the methodof the application of quantitative and qualitative combination and puts forward the two levelpartition scheme of the Huaihe River Watershed monitoring, including seven first-levelpartitions and15second-level partitions.
Ⅰ Yimengshan hilly water erosion monitoring area
Ⅰ1The Yishu upstream hilly water conservation monitoring area
Ⅰ2Yimengshan hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅰ3Yimeng piedmont plain farmland protection monitoring area
Ⅱ Yellow River Flood Plain feng shui compostation erosion monitoring area
Ⅱ1Yudong hilly sand sand-fixing monitoring area
Ⅱ2In Southwest sand plains farmland protection monitoring area
Ⅲ Funiu Mountain hills water erosion monitoring area
Ⅲ1Shaying upstream low mountain water conservation monitoring area
Ⅲ2Henan southwest hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅳ The Tongbai Dabie Mountains, mountains and hills water erosion monitoringarea
Ⅳ1Huai dry low mountain in the upstream water conservation monitoring area
Ⅳ2Dabie Mountains,hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅳ3The piedmont plains of the Huainan mountain farmland protective monitoring
area
Ⅴ Huaibei Plain hillock water erosion monitoring area
Ⅴ1Xu Su Huai hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅴ2Huaibei Plain in Northern protection monitoring area
Ⅵ Jianghuai Hill Gang to water erosion monitoring area
Ⅵ1Mussels Fung Ka Xu, hilly soil to maintain the monitoring area
Ⅵ2Huaihe River middle reaches of the south bank of the plain farmland protection
monitoring area
Ⅶ Huaihe River Plain water erosion monitoring area
4. Analysis of the monitoring of soil and water conservation district monitoringpriorities
According to the basic data of the Huaihe River Basin Soil and Water Conservation andthe spatial heterogeneity characteristics of soil erosion for different soil and waterconservation monitoring divisions (two divisions), the article analyzes the regional naturalenvironment and socio-economic characteristics and the main problems, and raises the focusof the Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring content, monitoring facilities, and monitoringindicators.
5.Determine the number of the partition monitoring stations of the variousmonitoring
According to classical statistical methods to determine the total number of monitoringstations of the Huaihe River Basin is104. Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring stations inHuaihe River Basin monitoring partition are listed below:
The area of Yimengshan hilly water erosion monitoring area(Ⅰ1、 Ⅰ2、 Ⅰ3) is39278km2,the number of monitoring stations is25.
The area of Yellow River Flood Plain feng shui compostation erosion monitoring area(Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2)is48753km2, the number of monitoring stations is15.
The area of Funiu Mountain hills water erosion monitoring area(Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2) is22014km2,the number of monitoring stations is17.
The area of The Tongbai Dabie Mountains, mountains and hills water erosion monitoringarea(Ⅳ1、Ⅳ2) is31069km2, the number of monitoring stations is19.
The area of Huaibei Plain hillock water erosion monitoring area(Ⅴ1、Ⅴ2) is85603km2,the number of monitoring stations is12.
The area of Jianghuai Hill Gang to water erosion monitoring area(Ⅵ1、Ⅵ2) is18517km2,the number of monitoring stations is12.
The area of Huaihe River Plain water erosion monitoring area(Ⅶ) is27227km2, thenumber of monitoring stations is3.
6. Valuation of the planning of soil and water conservation monitoring station
According to the spatial interpolation module map of soil erosion in Huaihe basin,Valuation of the planning of soil and water conservation monitoring station, the number inHuaihe River Basin planning monitoring station is less,21monitoring stations are needed to increase Huaihe River basin.
7. Determination the layout of soil and water conservation monitoring station
According to the monitoring station number and soil erosion in Huaihe basin spatialinterpolation modulus of soil and water conservation of classical statistics method todetermine the map of the Huaihe River Basin of the monitoring area, Considering thetopography, soil erosion, river system, soil and water conservation function influence factors,determine the monitoring station location of soil and water conservation, the monitoring areaof each monitoring station.
1、构建了水土保持监测分区指标体系
依据淮河流域水土流失分布特点、主导影响因子分析以及水土保持监测分区指标选取原则，确定水土保持监测分区指标体系。
（1）水土保持监测一级分区指标：主导指标体为地貌类型、县域平均海拔；辅助指标为水土流失类型、年均降水量、土壤类型。
（2）水土保持监测二级分区指标：主要指标为微地貌类型、土壤类型、植被覆盖度；辅助指标为土壤侵蚀强度、县域平均海拔、土壤类型、年均降水量。
2、提出了水土保持监测分区命名方法
遵循水土保持监测分区命名同时体现区域自然环境特点和水土保持监测特点的原则，提出了水土保持监测分区（两级）命名方法。
（1）一级区命名：“地形地貌类型”+“水土流失类型”+“监测区”
（2）二级区命名：“地理位置”+“地形地貌类型”+“水土保持功能”+“监测区”。
3、提出了水土保持监测两级分区方案
按照淮河流域水土流失空间异质性特征和水土保持分区指标体系，采用应用定量与定性相结合的方法，提出了淮河流域水土保持监测两级分区方案，包括7个一级分区和15个二级分区。
Ⅰ沂蒙山低山丘陵水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅰ1沂沭河上游低山丘陵水源涵养监测区
Ⅰ2沂蒙山低山丘陵土壤保持监测区
Ⅰ3沂蒙山山前平原农田防护监测区
Ⅱ黄泛平原风水复合侵蚀监测区
Ⅱ1豫东丘岗沙地防风固沙监测区
Ⅱ2鲁西南平原沙地农田防护监测区
Ⅲ伏牛山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅲ1沙颍河上游中低山水源涵养监测区
Ⅲ2豫西南低山丘陵土壤保持监测区
Ⅳ桐柏大别山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅳ1淮干上游中低山水源涵养监测区
Ⅳ2大别山低山丘陵土壤保持监测区
Ⅳ3淮南山地山前平原农田防护监测区
Ⅴ淮北平原岗地水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅴ1徐宿淮丘岗土壤保持监测区
Ⅴ2淮北苏北平原农田防护监测区
Ⅵ江淮丘陵岗地水力侵蚀监测区
Ⅵ1蚌凤嘉盱丘岗土壤保持监测区
Ⅵ2淮河中游南岸平原农田防护监测区
Ⅶ江淮下游平原水力侵蚀监测区
4、分析了水土保持监测分区监测重点
依据淮河流域水土保持基础资料和水土流失空间异质性特征，针对不同水土保持监测分区（二级分区），分析了区域自然环境与社会经济特征、存在的主要问题，提出了水土保持监测的重点内容、主要监测设施和监测指标。
5、确定了各监测分区监测站点数量
根据经典统计学方法，确定了淮河流域监测站点总数为104。淮河流域各监测分区水土保持监测站点数量如下：
沂蒙山低山丘陵水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2、Ⅰ3）面积为39278km2，监测站点数量25个。
黄泛平原风水复合侵蚀监测区（Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2）面积为48753km2，监测站点数量为16个。
伏牛山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2）面积为22014km2，监测站点数量为17个。
桐柏大别山山地丘陵水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2）面积为31069km2，监测站点数量为19个。
淮北平原岗地水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅴ1、Ⅴ2）面积为85603km2，监测站点数量为12个。
江淮丘陵岗地水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅵ1、Ⅵ2）面积为18517km2，监测站点数量为12个。
江淮下游平原水力侵蚀监测区（Ⅶ）面积为27227km2，监测站点数量为3个。
6、评价了水土保持规划监测站点
根据淮河流域土壤侵蚀空间插值模数图，评价了淮河流域水土保持规划监测站点，得出淮河流域规划监测站点数目较少，淮河流域共需要增加21个监测站点。
7、提出了水土保持监测站点布局
根据经典统计学方法确定的淮河流域各监测分区水土保持监测站点数量和淮河流域土壤侵蚀空间插值模数图，综合考虑地形地貌、土壤侵蚀模数、河流水系、水土保持功能等影响因子，确定了水土保持监测站点位置，得到了各监测站点的监测面积。
Carrying out the Huaihe River Basin Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring partition isnecessary for providing technical support for the preparation of the Watershed MonitoringProgramme, playing the monitoring of soil and water conservation in government decision-making, the role of economic and social development and social services to the public. In thispaper, the Huaihe River Basin, as the research object, by collecting relevant material, analyzesthe river water and soil loss space heterogeneity, the dominant functions for different regionsof the soil and water conservation, take the dominating factor method to establish the soil andwater conservation monitoring regionalization index system, the application of quantitativeand qualitative analysis method of combining the proposed two level monitoring partitionscheme river, made it clear that the key and content of each partition soil erosion monitoringand prepare the soil and water conservation monitoring division special charts. The mainresults are as follows:
1. Construct the index system of soil and water conservation monitoring division
According to the distribution features of the Huaihe River Basin water and soil loss,leading the impact factor analysis and water and soil conservation monitoring division indexchoosing, determine the water and soil conservation monitoring regionalization index system.
(1)Water and soil conservation monitoring First-level Partition Index: Leading indicatorsinclude body types, an average elevation for landscape (county); Auxiliary indexes includesoil and water erosion types the annual precipitation, and soil type
(2)Water and soil conservation monitoring Second-level Partition Index: The main indexis the microlandscape type, soil type, vegetation coverage; Auxiliary indexes is the soilerosion intensity, an average elevation (county), soil type, and average annual rainfall
2. Put forward the soil and water conservation monitoring division naming methods
Follow the soil and water conservation monitoring division naming also embodied thenatural environment characteristics and the characteristics of the soil and water conservationmonitoring principle, puts forward the soil and water conservation monitoring division (twolevels)naming methods.
(1)First-level Partition named: Topography type+Soil erosion types+Monitoring area
(2)Second-level Partition: The geographical position+Topography type+Soil and waterconservation function+Monitoring area
3. Put forward two partition scheme of soil conservation monitoring
In accordance with the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion in the Huaihe River Basinand the Soil and Water Conservation Divisions indicator system, The article uses the methodof the application of quantitative and qualitative combination and puts forward the two levelpartition scheme of the Huaihe River Watershed monitoring, including seven first-levelpartitions and15second-level partitions.
Ⅰ Yimengshan hilly water erosion monitoring area
Ⅰ1The Yishu upstream hilly water conservation monitoring area
Ⅰ2Yimengshan hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅰ3Yimeng piedmont plain farmland protection monitoring area
Ⅱ Yellow River Flood Plain feng shui compostation erosion monitoring area
Ⅱ1Yudong hilly sand sand-fixing monitoring area
Ⅱ2In Southwest sand plains farmland protection monitoring area
Ⅲ Funiu Mountain hills water erosion monitoring area
Ⅲ1Shaying upstream low mountain water conservation monitoring area
Ⅲ2Henan southwest hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅳ The Tongbai Dabie Mountains, mountains and hills water erosion monitoringarea
Ⅳ1Huai dry low mountain in the upstream water conservation monitoring area
Ⅳ2Dabie Mountains,hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅳ3The piedmont plains of the Huainan mountain farmland protective monitoring
area
Ⅴ Huaibei Plain hillock water erosion monitoring area
Ⅴ1Xu Su Huai hilly soil conservation monitoring area
Ⅴ2Huaibei Plain in Northern protection monitoring area
Ⅵ Jianghuai Hill Gang to water erosion monitoring area
Ⅵ1Mussels Fung Ka Xu, hilly soil to maintain the monitoring area
Ⅵ2Huaihe River middle reaches of the south bank of the plain farmland protection
monitoring area
Ⅶ Huaihe River Plain water erosion monitoring area
4. Analysis of the monitoring of soil and water conservation district monitoringpriorities
According to the basic data of the Huaihe River Basin Soil and Water Conservation andthe spatial heterogeneity characteristics of soil erosion for different soil and waterconservation monitoring divisions (two divisions), the article analyzes the regional naturalenvironment and socio-economic characteristics and the main problems, and raises the focusof the Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring content, monitoring facilities, and monitoringindicators.
5.Determine the number of the partition monitoring stations of the variousmonitoring
According to classical statistical methods to determine the total number of monitoringstations of the Huaihe River Basin is104. Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring stations inHuaihe River Basin monitoring partition are listed below:
The area of Yimengshan hilly water erosion monitoring area(Ⅰ1、 Ⅰ2、 Ⅰ3) is39278km2,the number of monitoring stations is25.
The area of Yellow River Flood Plain feng shui compostation erosion monitoring area(Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2)is48753km2, the number of monitoring stations is15.
The area of Funiu Mountain hills water erosion monitoring area(Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2) is22014km2,the number of monitoring stations is17.
The area of The Tongbai Dabie Mountains, mountains and hills water erosion monitoringarea(Ⅳ1、Ⅳ2) is31069km2, the number of monitoring stations is19.
The area of Huaibei Plain hillock water erosion monitoring area(Ⅴ1、Ⅴ2) is85603km2,the number of monitoring stations is12.
The area of Jianghuai Hill Gang to water erosion monitoring area(Ⅵ1、Ⅵ2) is18517km2,the number of monitoring stations is12.
The area of Huaihe River Plain water erosion monitoring area(Ⅶ) is27227km2, thenumber of monitoring stations is3.
6. Valuation of the planning of soil and water conservation monitoring station
According to the spatial interpolation module map of soil erosion in Huaihe basin,Valuation of the planning of soil and water conservation monitoring station, the number inHuaihe River Basin planning monitoring station is less,21monitoring stations are needed to increase Huaihe River basin.
7. Determination the layout of soil and water conservation monitoring station
According to the monitoring station number and soil erosion in Huaihe basin spatialinterpolation modulus of soil and water conservation of classical statistics method todetermine the map of the Huaihe River Basin of the monitoring area, Considering thetopography, soil erosion, river system, soil and water conservation function influence factors,determine the monitoring station location of soil and water conservation, the monitoring areaof each monitoring station.
引文
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