太阳能光伏发电系统的控制问题研究
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摘要
世界能源危机和环境污染使得开发利用可再生能源和各种绿色能源以实现可持续发展成为人类必须采取的措施。近年来,太阳能光伏发电技术和产业得到了长足的发展,太阳能光伏发电不仅是当今能源的一个重要补充,更具备成为未来主要能源之一的潜力。
本文以太阳能光伏发电系统为研究对象,对其中的控制问题,包括光伏阵列模型的建立、光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪控制方法、DC/DC变换器及并网控制策略、孤岛检测、远程监控等进行了系统深入的研究。本文的主要工作和成果如下:
1.光伏阵列应用特性是太阳能光伏发电系统研究中的最基本问题,本文在厂家提供的常见参数的基础上,提出了光伏阵列的四参数工程模型,该模型能复现光伏阵列在任意温度及光强下的特性,为电路仿真和系统设计提供了基础。
2.最大功率点跟踪控制方法是太阳能光伏发电系统中提高系统效率的重要手段。本文在分析介绍恒电压法、扰动观察法和电导增量法基础上,提出了恒压法结合扰动观察法、恒压法结合电导增量法的最大功率点跟踪控制方法。
3.DC/DC变换器在太阳能光伏发电系统中具有广泛应用。针对Buck和Boost变换器,在Σ-Δ(sigma-delta)调制器的基础上,引入指数趋近律的滑模变结构控制器设计方法,对系统实现了固定的开关频率,并可通过对控制参数的调节来调整系统性能。
4.并网电流的跟踪控制是太阳能光伏并网发电系统中的关键技术之一,基于滑模变结构控制,对单级式单相并网系统采用L,LC滤波器的情况进行了研究,为了克服常见Buck型并网逆变器直接并网时要求光伏阵列电压高于电网电压,研究了使用Boost型逆变器进行并网。
5.孤岛效应是太阳能光伏并网系统中必须解决的问题。本文分析了孤岛产生的原因及常见孤岛检测方法。在太阳能光伏并网发电系统中,为了获得最大输出功率,并网电流幅值要随外部环境变化而变化。并网时,由于大电网的钳制作用,公共耦合点电压等于电网电压;断网时,变化的并网电流幅值将导致公共耦合点电压的变化,基于此提出了并网电流幅值扰动的孤岛检测算法。
6.开发了以DSC+CPLD为控制核心,IPM组成主电路的单相光伏并网系统的软硬件装置,在此基础上,开发了以ARM为核心的光伏并网发电的远程监控系统,系统采用以太网以实现远程监控。
7.最后,总结全文,指出了有待于进一步研究的方向。
The problem of world energy crisis and environment pollution makes it necessary to exploit the renewable and green energy sources, in order to realize sustainable development. Solar photovoltaic (PV) generation technologies and industries have made great progress in recent year. Solar PV generation has become one of the most supplement energy, and has the potentiality to become one of the main energy.
This thesis focuses on the control problems of solar PV generation system, which include modeling the PV array, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control methods for PV arrays, the control strategies in DC/DC converters and PV gird-connected systems, islanding detection methods in PV gird-connected system, remote monitor and control for PV gird-connected systems. The main contents and results are as follows:
1. The application characteristic of PV arrays is the base of research on solar PV generation system. This thesis presents four parameters engineering model of PV arrays on the base of common parameters provided by manufactures. The model can replicate the characteristic of PV arrays in any temperature and intensity. The model provides a basis for circuit simulation and system design.
2. The MPPT control method is one of important means to improve system efficiency in solar PV generation system. This thesis proposes two MPPT control methods based on the analysis and introduction the constant voltage method, perturb-observe method and conductance increment method. One proposed MPPT method is the method combing constant voltage method with perturb-observe method, the other is the method combing constant voltage method with conductance increment method.
3. DC/DC converters have wide application in solar PV generation system. The sliding Variable structure control strategies based on Z-A modulator are proposed for Buck and Boost converter. The exponential approach law is introduced to design sliding variable structure controller. The system has the constant switch frequency and the performance of the system can be adapted through adjusting the control parameters.
4. The tracking control of grid-connected current is one of the key technologies in solar PV grid-connected generation system. The single-stage single phase grid-connected systems with L and LC filter are investigated based on sliding variable structure control. Aimed at the demand in Buck grid-connected inverter which the voltage of PV arrays is higher than the grid voltage, the Boost grid-connected inverter is investigated.
5. Islanding effect must be prevented in the solar PV grid-connected system. The reason of islanding is analyzed and common islanding detection methods are introduced. The amplitude of grid-connected current should change with external environment in order to obtain maximum output power of PV arrays. The voltage of the common coupling point is equal to grid voltage when grid is connected because of the clamp effect of grid. The variation of the amplitude of grid-connected current results in the change of the voltage of the common coupling point when grid is off. Based on above, the variation of the amplitude of grid-connected current is proposed for the islanding detection.
6. The software and hardware experiment set of PV grid-connected system is developed, in which the control kernel is composed of DSC and CPLD, and the power circuit is composed of IPM. Based on this, the PV grid-connected remote monitor and control system is developed based on ARM, in which remote monitor and control is realized based on Ethernet.
7. Finally, this thesis makes some conclusions, and presents some issues for future research.
本文以太阳能光伏发电系统为研究对象,对其中的控制问题,包括光伏阵列模型的建立、光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪控制方法、DC/DC变换器及并网控制策略、孤岛检测、远程监控等进行了系统深入的研究。本文的主要工作和成果如下:
1.光伏阵列应用特性是太阳能光伏发电系统研究中的最基本问题,本文在厂家提供的常见参数的基础上,提出了光伏阵列的四参数工程模型,该模型能复现光伏阵列在任意温度及光强下的特性,为电路仿真和系统设计提供了基础。
2.最大功率点跟踪控制方法是太阳能光伏发电系统中提高系统效率的重要手段。本文在分析介绍恒电压法、扰动观察法和电导增量法基础上,提出了恒压法结合扰动观察法、恒压法结合电导增量法的最大功率点跟踪控制方法。
3.DC/DC变换器在太阳能光伏发电系统中具有广泛应用。针对Buck和Boost变换器,在Σ-Δ(sigma-delta)调制器的基础上,引入指数趋近律的滑模变结构控制器设计方法,对系统实现了固定的开关频率,并可通过对控制参数的调节来调整系统性能。
4.并网电流的跟踪控制是太阳能光伏并网发电系统中的关键技术之一,基于滑模变结构控制,对单级式单相并网系统采用L,LC滤波器的情况进行了研究,为了克服常见Buck型并网逆变器直接并网时要求光伏阵列电压高于电网电压,研究了使用Boost型逆变器进行并网。
5.孤岛效应是太阳能光伏并网系统中必须解决的问题。本文分析了孤岛产生的原因及常见孤岛检测方法。在太阳能光伏并网发电系统中,为了获得最大输出功率,并网电流幅值要随外部环境变化而变化。并网时,由于大电网的钳制作用,公共耦合点电压等于电网电压;断网时,变化的并网电流幅值将导致公共耦合点电压的变化,基于此提出了并网电流幅值扰动的孤岛检测算法。
6.开发了以DSC+CPLD为控制核心,IPM组成主电路的单相光伏并网系统的软硬件装置,在此基础上,开发了以ARM为核心的光伏并网发电的远程监控系统,系统采用以太网以实现远程监控。
7.最后,总结全文,指出了有待于进一步研究的方向。
The problem of world energy crisis and environment pollution makes it necessary to exploit the renewable and green energy sources, in order to realize sustainable development. Solar photovoltaic (PV) generation technologies and industries have made great progress in recent year. Solar PV generation has become one of the most supplement energy, and has the potentiality to become one of the main energy.
This thesis focuses on the control problems of solar PV generation system, which include modeling the PV array, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control methods for PV arrays, the control strategies in DC/DC converters and PV gird-connected systems, islanding detection methods in PV gird-connected system, remote monitor and control for PV gird-connected systems. The main contents and results are as follows:
1. The application characteristic of PV arrays is the base of research on solar PV generation system. This thesis presents four parameters engineering model of PV arrays on the base of common parameters provided by manufactures. The model can replicate the characteristic of PV arrays in any temperature and intensity. The model provides a basis for circuit simulation and system design.
2. The MPPT control method is one of important means to improve system efficiency in solar PV generation system. This thesis proposes two MPPT control methods based on the analysis and introduction the constant voltage method, perturb-observe method and conductance increment method. One proposed MPPT method is the method combing constant voltage method with perturb-observe method, the other is the method combing constant voltage method with conductance increment method.
3. DC/DC converters have wide application in solar PV generation system. The sliding Variable structure control strategies based on Z-A modulator are proposed for Buck and Boost converter. The exponential approach law is introduced to design sliding variable structure controller. The system has the constant switch frequency and the performance of the system can be adapted through adjusting the control parameters.
4. The tracking control of grid-connected current is one of the key technologies in solar PV grid-connected generation system. The single-stage single phase grid-connected systems with L and LC filter are investigated based on sliding variable structure control. Aimed at the demand in Buck grid-connected inverter which the voltage of PV arrays is higher than the grid voltage, the Boost grid-connected inverter is investigated.
5. Islanding effect must be prevented in the solar PV grid-connected system. The reason of islanding is analyzed and common islanding detection methods are introduced. The amplitude of grid-connected current should change with external environment in order to obtain maximum output power of PV arrays. The voltage of the common coupling point is equal to grid voltage when grid is connected because of the clamp effect of grid. The variation of the amplitude of grid-connected current results in the change of the voltage of the common coupling point when grid is off. Based on above, the variation of the amplitude of grid-connected current is proposed for the islanding detection.
6. The software and hardware experiment set of PV grid-connected system is developed, in which the control kernel is composed of DSC and CPLD, and the power circuit is composed of IPM. Based on this, the PV grid-connected remote monitor and control system is developed based on ARM, in which remote monitor and control is realized based on Ethernet.
7. Finally, this thesis makes some conclusions, and presents some issues for future research.
引文
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