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泰山南坡土壤发生特性与系统分类研究
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摘要
当前,以诊断层和诊断特性为基础、定量化为特点的土壤系统分类是国际土壤分类的主流,定量化、标准化和统一化已成为国际土壤分类发展的大趋势,我国土壤系统分类研究也取得了阶段性成果—中国土壤系统分类。将分类系统应用于科研和生产实践,以期不断发展完善,已成为我国土壤分类研究之必需。
     位于华北大平原上的泰山是山东最有代表性山体,1987年被列为世界自然与文化遗产,自然景观在泰山垂直方向上表现出逐渐演变和有规律的更替。多样的山地气候、生物、地形及成土母质,形成了众多的土壤类型以及土壤垂直分布差异。本研究以海拔1545米的泰山主峰南坡不同海拔高度的10典型土壤剖面为研究对象,通过野外调查、室内理化性质分析,研究了土壤的发生特性,以《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》为依据,确定了其在系统分类中的地位和分布界线。旨在为山地土壤系统分类和土壤资源开发利用提供依据。研究结果表明:
     1、泰山南坡土壤的主要理化性质随海拔高度的上升呈规律的变化:机械组成中的粘粒,从山下到山顶粘粒含量依次递减,海拔800米以下出现粘化层;土壤有机质含量丰富,表层有机碳含量一般在15g/kg以上,有机碳含量随海拔高度升高而相应增加,海拔1400~1500米的灌丛草甸植被下有机碳含量最高;土壤呈酸性或微酸性,随着海拔高度上升,PH值略微升高,酸度减弱;PH值和盐基饱和度呈现显著的正相关;土体与粘粒中的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3含量相对比较稳定,土体中的SiO_2含量较高,K_2O、MgO、CaO含量较少,SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3含量之和约占土壤矿质部分的90%以上,矿质元素含量的顺序依次为:SiO_2>Al_2O_3>Fe_2O_3>CaO>MgO>K_2O>TiO_2>MnO。
     2、本地区土壤划分出的诊断表层有暗沃表层、淡薄表层,诊断表下层有雏形层、粘化层、漂白层,诊断特性有3个:土壤水分状况、土壤温度状况、盐基饱和度。
     3、供试土壤在系统分类中划分为3个土纲,5个亚纲,7个土类:泰山南坡土壤的垂直带谱结构为:简育干润淋溶土(<300m)→湿润正常新成土+漂白湿润林溶土+酸性湿润淋溶土(300~800m)→酸性湿润雏形土+湿润正常新成土(800~1000m)→简育湿润雏形土(1000~1300)→简育常湿雏形土(1300~1400m)→冷凉常湿雏形土(>1400m).
     4、土壤系统分类与地理发生分类的分类结果是基本吻合的,分布界线也大体一致,说明系统分类是以土壤发生理论为基础的,两种分类体系有密切联系。
Nowdays, the international majority of soil classification is the Soil Taxonomy, which is based on the Diagnostic horizon and Diagnostic characteristics, and characterized by quantification. The tendency of soil classification in the word is quantification, standardization and internationalization. The study of Chinese Soil Taxonomy has achieved great phase outcome-Chinese Soil Taxonomy. It is necessary to put classification system into scientific research, practice and make it consummate.
     Taishan Mountain locates in the east of North China Plain and the middle of Shandong province erecting from the Shandong hills. Taishan Mountain in Shandong was included as "World Cultural and Natural Heritage" by UNESCO in Dec 1987. The natural landscape varys regularly and gradually in verticality, The various mountain climate, biology, landform and parent materiall lead to numerous soil types and different distribution of soils in verticality. Ten typical profiles of different altitude on the south slope of the Tianzhu Peak of Taishan Mountain, which is 1545 meters in altitude, were reseached in this study. By field survey, the physical and chemical characteristics anasysis of the soils, we studied thoroughly the soil Genetic, discussed the positions in Taxonomic classification and the distribution of the soils on the basis of the Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy (3rdedition), and to provide the foundation of Soil Taxonomy of mountain and resources development.The results indicate that:
     1.The main physical and chemical characteristics vary regularly: the content of clay decreases with rising of the altitude, the Argic horizon emerges below the altitude of 800 meters; the content of organic matter is enrichment, the content of organic carbon of epipedon is higher than 15g/kg, while the content of organic carbon increases with increasing of altitude, and in the altitude of 1400-1545meters,the soils under the meadow have the maximum content organic carbon; the soils appear acid or slightly acid reaction, the pH increased appreciably and acid weaken with increasing of altitude;pH and BS are distinct plus correlated; the contents of SiO_2、Al_2O_3、and Fe_2O_3 of the soil body and clay are all relatively stabilization; In the soil body, the content of SiO_2 is much high and K_2O、MgO、CaO is very little, the total contents of SiO_2, Al_2O_3、and Fe_2O_3 occupy 90% of the mineral parts, the sequence of mineral elementals is: SiO_2>Al_2O_3>Fe_2O_3>CaO>MgO>K_2O>TiO_2>MnO.
     2.The Diagnostic surface horizons divided on the soils of the area are Mollic epipedon, Ochric epipedon. The Diagnostic subsurface horizons are Cambic horizon, Argic horizon and Albic horizon. The diagnostic characteristics are Soil moisture regimes, Soil temperature regimes and Base saturation.
     3.The soils are divided into 3 Order, 5 Suborder, 7 Groups in Soil Taxonomy: The soil vertical zone structure of south slope Taishan Mountain is: Hapli-Ustic Argosols(<300m)→Acidi+Albi-Udic Argosols + Udic-Orthic Primosols(300-800m)→Acidi-UdicCambosols+Udic-Orthic Primosols(800-1000)→Hapli-UdicCambosols(1 000-1300)→Hapli-PerudicCambosols(1300 - 1400m)→Bori-Perudic Cambosols(> 1400m)
     4.The result of Soil Taxonomy consist fundamentally with that of the genetic classification and the boundaries roughly identify with each other, indicating the taxonomic classification is based on the genesis theory and the two classification system are touched tightly. The comparability and otherness are coexist in the text of Soil Taxonomy with numerical analysis method, which indicates that Soil Taxonomy is a kind of more objective and more scientific method for soil classification, and the numerical analysis can be considered as the measure to test the Soil Taxonomy.
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