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铁基合金激光熔覆层质量与性能改善的研究
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摘要
由于激光熔覆的快速加热,快速凝固的工艺特点,熔覆层易产生裂纹,阻碍了激光熔覆技术的工业应用。在常用的自熔性合金中,FeNiCrBSi铁基合金价格低廉,具有良好的耐低应力磨损性能和优良的耐弱腐蚀介质腐蚀的性能,但由于其与基底的润湿性差,相比Ni、Co基自熔性合金熔覆层而言,更易产生裂纹。本文系统地研究了FeNiCrBSi铁基合金激光熔覆层的开裂行为及开裂的机理,从优化激光熔覆的工艺参数,调节熔覆材料的成分,首次尝试添加一定量的具有细晶作用TiO_2、Nb_2O_5、MgO,研究了工艺参数条件、材料成分的变化对熔覆层的开裂敏感性和组织性能的影响。
     在热轧45~#钢表面,采用自动送粉法在不同的激光工艺参数条件下进行G312FeNiCrBSi铁基合金和G312铁基合金分别加入不同含量的TiO_2、Nb_2O_5、MgO的激光熔覆实验。采用渗透法观察熔覆层表面裂纹;利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察熔覆层横断面的显微组织,并对熔覆层的典型组织进行EDS能谱分析,结合X射线衍射物相分析研究了各元素在熔覆层的分布,并测试了熔覆层横断面的硬度分布和熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能。研究结果和主要结论如下:
     1.在本文实验条件下,在45#钢表面熔覆G312铁基合金层有两类裂纹,一类裂纹产生于熔覆层与基材的交界面,这种裂纹主要是由于激光比能量不足,覆层与基底结合不紧密所致;另一类裂纹由熔覆层顶部的结构不均匀处产生,向下沿枝晶间或横贯枝晶延伸。
     2.G312熔覆层的组织可分为四层:与基底结合处的以平面晶生长的界面;中下部以奥氏体为基体垂直界面向上生长的胞状枝晶;中上部逆热流生长的树枝状共晶和大大小小的块状物;顶部以奥氏体为基体分布的粗大的块状物、细小的枝晶结构。EDS微区成分分析结果显示:熔覆层枝晶中大的块状物富Cr,Si大部分固溶于奥氏体中,另一部分存在于枝晶中,熔覆层顶部含Si量较中下部高。
     3.本文结合激光熔覆过程中的凝固特征,提出G312铁基合金激光熔覆层产生裂纹主要是由于激光熔覆的工艺特点所造成的组织凝固不均匀引起的,且熔覆层中存在少量的低熔点的Si和B的共晶化合物,前者引起应力集中,后者是
    
    郑州大学硕士学位论文摘要
    熔覆层韧性的薄弱环节,使熔覆层不能承受熔覆过程引起较大的拉应力。要降低
    熔覆层的开裂敏感性,一方面要使熔覆层的组织分布更加均匀,以减少应力集中,
    另一方面要提高熔覆层的韧性。
     4.加入一定量的TIOZ,可改善G312激光熔覆层的质量与性能。实验结果表
    明:TIOZ的含量、工艺参数均对G312铁基合金层的质量与性能有明显的影响,
    且存在最佳参数组合。在本文所述实验条件下,当激光功率P=2.0一2.ZKw、扫
    描速度v=3Inln/S、TIOZ加入量3 wt.%时,可获得质量良好的涂层。
     5.G312十3%TIOZ熔覆层由以细小的伪共晶结构为主的组织构成,熔覆层开
    裂敏感性降低,硬度稍有下降,但耐磨性并不降低。Ti02对铁基熔覆层性能的改
    善的原因是:加入少量的TIOZ后,Si还原TIOZ,Ti元素与B、C等相互作用,析
    出高熔点的Ti的硼化物和碳化物,提高了形核率,使组织颗粒细化、均匀,减
    少了应力集中,同时减少了低熔点的硅化物和硼化物在晶界的偏聚,提高了组织
    的强韧性。
     6.向G3 12合金粉末中加入适量的NbZO。可以有效地细化、均匀熔覆层的组
    织,减小熔覆层的内应力,降低熔覆层的开裂敏感性;在本文所述实验条件下,
    0.6 WT%、0.SWT%的NbZOS是最佳的。
     7.G312+0.8 WT%NbZO。的熔覆层组织明显地可分为三层:界面、胞状枝晶区、
    树枝状枝晶区。EDS分析显示各元素在界面和胞状晶区的分布与G3 12熔覆层相
    似:界面和奥氏体基体组成为Fe一Ni固溶体,其中固溶少量的Cr和Si,由于基
    底的稀释,界面含铁量较高;胞状枝晶区的组成为r(FeNi)固溶体+cr、Ni的硅
    化物和Cr的硼化物、碳化物,硅化物的含量很小;树枝状枝晶区组成为r(FeNi)
    固溶体+Cr、Ni、Nb的硅化物和硼化物、Cr和Nb的碳化物组成的共晶体,Nb元
    素主要分布于涂层的中上部的树枝状晶区中。
     8.加入NbZO。的实验还发现,多道搭接对熔覆层的组织有明显地影响,搭接区
    的组织为大小约几微米的颗粒均匀地分布在奥氏体基体上,而不是组织长大和粗
    化,小颗粒含Nb量较高,大的颗粒含Cr量较高。
     9.微观分析认为:适量的NbZO。对熔覆层质量的改善的主要原因是NbC在高温
    形核,且弥散分布,与Y(Fe--Ni)固溶体形成共晶体,抑制了Cr的硼化物的长
    大。
    
    郑州大学硕士学位论文
    摘要
     10.加入MgO,Mg元素偏聚在晶界,能显著细化组织。但由于一部分MgO不
    分解,其热膨胀系数大;分解的Mgo有一部分与Ni化合生成MgNiZ,MgNiZ与
    奥氏体生成低熔点共晶,这二者削弱了细化组织所起的强韧化作用。总体而言,
    MgO对提高熔覆层抗开裂能力的作用是很有限的。
     n.综合比较研究可以初步得到这样的结论,在向FeNICrBSi系熔覆材料中
    加入氧化物以改善熔覆层质量或性能时,需要考虑以下三个方面因素:一是引入
    的氧化物如果不分解,不能成为熔覆层中的有害夹杂相;二是氧化物中的金属元
    素不能与其它元素生成脆性相并长大或生成低熔点共晶;三是氧化物中的金属元
    素在熔池中若能?
Cracks are easy to generate in laser-clad layers for laser cladding is a process of sharply heating and solidifying, which is one of the main problems hindering the industrial application of laser cladding. Fe-based alloy consisted of Fe-Ni-Cr-B-Si is a kind of cheapest material among the widedly-used self-melting alloys, and is of good performance under low stress abrasive condition and weak corrosive environment. But it is more sensitive to internal stress that is produced in the processing of laser cladding. The thesis systemmatically analyzes the special property and the mechanism of crack generating. According to the mechanism, we focused on the effect of processing parameters and the addition of several oxides with the function of refine the structure to cladded alloy.
    The laser cladding of ferrous-based alloy doped without and with various concentration of TiO2. Nb2O5, MgO on steel 45 by powder feeding were carried out under different processing parameters. A kind of commercial ferrous-based power named G312 was employed in the present work. The structural observation on the cross-section of laser coatings by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectrobolometer (EDS) analysis was performed, and the phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) was accomplished. The cracking observation on the surface of the coatings, the hardness measurement in the cross-section of the clad layers and the tribo-testing tests were also completed. The main results and conclusions are shown as the following:
    1. There are two kinds of sources of cracks in the G312 coatings cladding under the processing parameters in the experiment. One kind of source is the cohesion between the basis and the coating. The cracks are formed due to the lower energy power and the bad cohesion. The solution is to increase the energy power or slow the scanning speed of laser beam. Another kind of source is the top part of cladding layers of ill-distribution phases. Cracks extend from the top to the inner part along the boundary of neighboring eutectics or across eutectics.
    2.The coating of G312 can be divided into four different tissues: the Y(Fe-Ni) plain crystal interface, the celluar eutectic among Y (Fe-Ni) base in the lower part, the branch-like dendritic eutectic with some blocks in the upper part, and big blocks and fine dendritic crystal among (Fe-Ni) base. EDS analysis shows that there is more amount of Cr in the blocks of the dendritic eutectic ,and except dissolved in Y (Fe-Ni) base, Si is more distributed in the big blocks among the top part.
    
    
    ABSTRACT
    3. According to properties of solidifying during laser cladding ,the conclusion can be drawn that cracks are produced due to the uniform tissue formed under sharply cooling condition and the distribution of phases (including Si and B)with lower melting point than Y (Fe-Ni) phase. The former factor causes large inner stress in coatings and the latter is the weakest part to burden the stress. Therefore, to reduce the cracking sensitivity, the tissue should be more uniform and the tenacity in the whole should be higher.
    4.The experimental results indicate that both concentration of TiO2 and processing parameters seriously affected the quality and properties of the coatings and a perfect coating could be produced with 3%TiO2 under 2.0-2.2 kw laser power of 3mm/s scanning speed.
    5. The coating is mainly made up of pseudo eutectics. The cracking sensitivity is improved at the expense of a little decrease in hardness, but the wear resistance does not reduce. The improvement is attributed to the reaction between TiO2 and Si, B, C that can be analyzed from two factors. On the one hand, the amount of phases including Si and B with lower melting points is reduced. On the other hand, the formation of TiB2 and TiC in the eutectics is benefitial to the finement of grain sizes and uniform distribution of microstructure.
    6. The experimental results also indicate that concentration of Nb2O5 could make the structure fine and well distributed to reduc
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