基于LabVIEW索力测试系统开发研究
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摘要
拉索作为一种效率极高的全张力受拉构件,由于具有灵活的布置方式而广泛地应用于现代土木工程中。但作为结构体系中的“生命线”,拉索直接受外界环境作用影响,易发生各种病害而引发自身乃至整体结构的失效。因而,有必要通过索力测试以掌握结构体系中的索力状态水平,从而为结构的施工控制指导及运营监测评估提供良好的数据支持。在现行成桥阶段的索力测试中,频率法因其成熟的理论及快捷、反复的操作程序,几乎成为唯一选择。本文基于该法进行测试系统开发研究,其主要内容如下:
基于频率法测试原理,针对工程中一般索构件的力学特性进行解析法和数值法研究。根据解析法归纳,得到适用于刚度索的水平直梁动力计算模型和适用于柔性索的小垂度拉索模型分别在理想边界条件下的频率方程。考虑真实索构件的实际特性(几何非线性、复杂边界条件)与解析法(适用条件、求解效率)之间的矛盾,采用普通一维有限元单元建模,就特定拉索进行参数影响分析,结果表明拉索抗弯刚度及边界选取是影响拉索频率索力关系的主要因素。然一维单元受其构造假定局限,难以准确模拟实际拉索截面尺度的刚度特性,故采用退化梁单元对不同长度拉索进行三维仿真建模探析,其动力分析结果与梁单元及公式值符合较好。由此,退化单元分析模式所得结果可作为索力测试系统数据分析库中的分析存档,可针对截面、材料变化复杂或受力形式多变索构件进行补充分析,实现其测试调用。
完整的索力测试系统开发基于NI系列硬件产品及其LabVIEW平台,主要通过LabVIEW所编制的虚拟仪器对实际测试进行操控。根据索力测试中数据采集、分析及存储三大任务分别设计程序模块,通过三者集成实现测试采集的信号调理及交互控制、数据分析的索动力计算模式的开发调用以及同步的自动数据存储。
针对索力测试系统进行数值模型验证以及实际工程实验验证。前者采用拉索有限元模型分别在单点随机荷载、单点简谐荷载、多点高斯荷载激励作用下的位移时程曲线进行传感器的时域信号模拟,通过系统子程序的运行得到相应工况下的数值模型测试结果,同模型预加索力参数对比验证程序内置函数的准确及一般适用性,该索力数值误差因所取激励荷载的差异,约在5%以内,基本满足工程精度要求。后者则采用系统现场实测拉索的索力值与其历史数据的比较以验证软、硬件集成系统测试的综合效果,其索力数值在其历史变化范围内,偏差在7%左右。
As the economical and efficient tension member, the cables are frequently applied to the modern structures due to their flexible laying pattern. The cables, working as the "lifeline" in the structures, tend to be influenced by external environment changes directly, leading to various kinds of defects, and resulting in partial or even whole structure. Therefore, whether the cables are asked for the construction control or condition assessment in the cable-supported structures* health monitoring, the study about testing cable force based on vibration method is valued in practice. Currently, the virbration test is almost the only choice in cable force measurement due to its mature theoretical basis and convenient repeatable procedures. Based on this test method, this dissentation had researchen on the subject of cable tesion test system. The main content is as followed:
The cables' mechanical properties are irrestigated by analytical and numerical methods respectively based on the theory of the virbration method. According to the analytical method, a straight beam model considering bending stiffness and small sag cable model for dynamic analysis are introduced, and the corresponding frequency equations with the ideal boundary conditions can be obtained. But the actual cable's characters (geometric nonliearity) are in contradictions with the applicable condition and solving efficiency of analytical method, so the numerical method by beam element was conducted to analysize the parameters of the cables with given conditions. However, the conventional beam element is not able to simulate the bending stiffness in beam's section, therefore, it turn to the degenerated beam element to simulate the cables, and the results agree well with the results based on beam element and formula calculations. So it could be introduced into the cable force test system as a kind of cables' dynamic analysis mode, especially for some variable-section cables or for whose irregular material distribution and some cables under variable forces in space. The complete cable tension test system is developed based on the serials of NI instruments and the LabVIEW platform, to be operating in a computer-controled mode in test process. The eventual system is mainly formed by signals acquisition and conditioning module with human-computer interaction, data analysis files with test program's calling and savings modules. The Numerical verification and field testing are regimed to check the organized measurement system. For the former, the time domain signals picking up by the accelerometers are simulated via the time-history analysis of numerical models under single-pointed random loadings or single-pointed harmonic loadings or multi-pointed Gaussian loadings with various different sampling times. Then by way of comparing this test system's results with the pre-definited tension set in numerical models according to conditions as above-mentioned, it could verify the accuracy and general application. The discrepancy between the results is lower than 5% just satisfying the error limit in the engineering application. For the latter, the total and finial assembled system is operated to verify the effects of this composing hardware and software, with difference 7 %.
基于频率法测试原理,针对工程中一般索构件的力学特性进行解析法和数值法研究。根据解析法归纳,得到适用于刚度索的水平直梁动力计算模型和适用于柔性索的小垂度拉索模型分别在理想边界条件下的频率方程。考虑真实索构件的实际特性(几何非线性、复杂边界条件)与解析法(适用条件、求解效率)之间的矛盾,采用普通一维有限元单元建模,就特定拉索进行参数影响分析,结果表明拉索抗弯刚度及边界选取是影响拉索频率索力关系的主要因素。然一维单元受其构造假定局限,难以准确模拟实际拉索截面尺度的刚度特性,故采用退化梁单元对不同长度拉索进行三维仿真建模探析,其动力分析结果与梁单元及公式值符合较好。由此,退化单元分析模式所得结果可作为索力测试系统数据分析库中的分析存档,可针对截面、材料变化复杂或受力形式多变索构件进行补充分析,实现其测试调用。
完整的索力测试系统开发基于NI系列硬件产品及其LabVIEW平台,主要通过LabVIEW所编制的虚拟仪器对实际测试进行操控。根据索力测试中数据采集、分析及存储三大任务分别设计程序模块,通过三者集成实现测试采集的信号调理及交互控制、数据分析的索动力计算模式的开发调用以及同步的自动数据存储。
针对索力测试系统进行数值模型验证以及实际工程实验验证。前者采用拉索有限元模型分别在单点随机荷载、单点简谐荷载、多点高斯荷载激励作用下的位移时程曲线进行传感器的时域信号模拟,通过系统子程序的运行得到相应工况下的数值模型测试结果,同模型预加索力参数对比验证程序内置函数的准确及一般适用性,该索力数值误差因所取激励荷载的差异,约在5%以内,基本满足工程精度要求。后者则采用系统现场实测拉索的索力值与其历史数据的比较以验证软、硬件集成系统测试的综合效果,其索力数值在其历史变化范围内,偏差在7%左右。
As the economical and efficient tension member, the cables are frequently applied to the modern structures due to their flexible laying pattern. The cables, working as the "lifeline" in the structures, tend to be influenced by external environment changes directly, leading to various kinds of defects, and resulting in partial or even whole structure. Therefore, whether the cables are asked for the construction control or condition assessment in the cable-supported structures* health monitoring, the study about testing cable force based on vibration method is valued in practice. Currently, the virbration test is almost the only choice in cable force measurement due to its mature theoretical basis and convenient repeatable procedures. Based on this test method, this dissentation had researchen on the subject of cable tesion test system. The main content is as followed:
The cables' mechanical properties are irrestigated by analytical and numerical methods respectively based on the theory of the virbration method. According to the analytical method, a straight beam model considering bending stiffness and small sag cable model for dynamic analysis are introduced, and the corresponding frequency equations with the ideal boundary conditions can be obtained. But the actual cable's characters (geometric nonliearity) are in contradictions with the applicable condition and solving efficiency of analytical method, so the numerical method by beam element was conducted to analysize the parameters of the cables with given conditions. However, the conventional beam element is not able to simulate the bending stiffness in beam's section, therefore, it turn to the degenerated beam element to simulate the cables, and the results agree well with the results based on beam element and formula calculations. So it could be introduced into the cable force test system as a kind of cables' dynamic analysis mode, especially for some variable-section cables or for whose irregular material distribution and some cables under variable forces in space. The complete cable tension test system is developed based on the serials of NI instruments and the LabVIEW platform, to be operating in a computer-controled mode in test process. The eventual system is mainly formed by signals acquisition and conditioning module with human-computer interaction, data analysis files with test program's calling and savings modules. The Numerical verification and field testing are regimed to check the organized measurement system. For the former, the time domain signals picking up by the accelerometers are simulated via the time-history analysis of numerical models under single-pointed random loadings or single-pointed harmonic loadings or multi-pointed Gaussian loadings with various different sampling times. Then by way of comparing this test system's results with the pre-definited tension set in numerical models according to conditions as above-mentioned, it could verify the accuracy and general application. The discrepancy between the results is lower than 5% just satisfying the error limit in the engineering application. For the latter, the total and finial assembled system is operated to verify the effects of this composing hardware and software, with difference 7 %.
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