黄孢原毛平革菌及其关键功能酶对木质纤维素降解转化特性的研究
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摘要
木质纤维素是自然界中最丰富的可再生有机资源。天然的木质纤维素是由木质素、纤维素、半纤维素构成；其中木质素是高度不规则且不可溶的聚合物,它通过共价键与半纤维素相连接形成木质素-碳水化合物复合物,此后又与纤维素相包裹形成结构更为复杂的植物细胞壁,即天然的木质纤维素。如此复杂的化学结构既妨碍了木质纤维素的转化,同时也导致自然界中木质纤维素的降解过程非常缓慢。由于木质素对木质纤维素的保护作用及其自身的难降解特性使得木质素降解成为木质纤维素降解的关键因素和限速步骤。堆肥化处理技术是实现有机固体废物无害化、减量化、资源化的重要手段。但是传统的堆肥方法存在历时长,肥效低,有机质传化不完全等问题。特别是富含木质纤维素废物的堆肥基质,其影响更加明显。白腐菌是目前所发现的一类唯一能彻底降解木质素的微生物,它可以分泌木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、漆酶等胞外酶降解木质素。黄孢原毛平革菌是白腐菌的典型代表,因此,本研究选择了黄孢原毛平革菌作为研究对象,系统地考察了该菌体及其关键功能酶在简单固态条件下(固态和复杂固态条件下(堆肥体系)中对天然木质素降解能力及降解机理。
在固态发酵条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌接种浓度过高而会影响木质纤维素的降解效率,过低则会导致其降解效果较差。在本实验范围内,最佳的接种浓度为4m L/35g干样。在此接种浓度下,木质素的降解率可以达到39.1%。此外由于木质素的屏障作用被打破,黄孢原毛平革菌对半纤维的降解能力也有了显著的提高。电镜扫描结果与紫外光谱分析结果也表明,在此接种浓度下黄孢原毛平革菌对木质纤维素结构破坏的程度最为严重。
将黄孢原毛平革菌接种于堆肥体系,结果表明它可以显著提高木质素和半纤维素的降解率,但对纤维素的降解影响不是很明显。此外本实验还考察了该菌对堆肥过程中物质转化的影响。因此,在堆肥过程中监测了腐殖质、胡敏酸、富里酸以及腐殖化指标的动态变化。结果表明,接种黄孢原毛平革菌对富里酸形成的影响不明显,但它可以显著增加胡敏酸的含量。腐殖化指标结果表明黄孢原毛平革菌可以有效地促进堆肥腐熟速度,缩短堆肥周期,提高堆肥腐殖质的稳定性以及腐殖化度。腐殖质的光学特性以及其分级分析结果表明接种黄孢原毛平革菌可以促进堆料中脂肪类、多糖类等物质的降解,同时还可以有效提高芳环族类化合物的含量。实验结果还表明,随着堆肥时间的推进,处理样中胡敏酸芳构化的进程被加速；最后,聚类结果表明,接种黄孢原毛平革菌可以有效缩短堆肥周期,促进堆体提前腐熟和稳定。
黄孢原毛平革菌主要依靠其所分泌的胞外酶降解木质素。本实验通过正交实验法考察了愈创木酚与复合碳源共降解对黄孢原毛平革菌产酶的影响；同时探讨不同分子结构对酶催化机制的影响。实验结果表明：同时添加愈创木酚及不同结构的碳源对该菌产酶有显著影响,高浓度的愈创木酚对产酶有明显的促进作用；在培养基中添加愈创木酚2mmol/L、葡萄糖2.5g/L和糊精5g/L,可以显著提高黄孢原毛平革菌的综合产酶能力；黄孢原毛平革菌可以分泌纤维素酶和木聚糖酶,而且二者之间有较好的线性正相关关系。
将以上优化条件得到的高活性粗酶液添加至富含木质纤维素的堆肥体系中,考察其对堆肥基质降解和转化的影响。结果表明：添加酶液主要是有利于打破术质素所形成的屏障作用,同时使半纤维素得以暴露,因此半纤维素的降解率也可以被有效提高,此结果与直接接种黄孢原毛平革菌菌体的效果相类似。腐殖质变化结果表明,酶液对胡敏酸形成的影响主要作用于堆肥后期(30d以后),但此阶段以促进微生物对腐殖质分子结构的转换为主,而对于有机物降解能力的影响不明显。堆肥过程的酶活性变化表明,堆肥过程中LiP和MnP的活性高峰是交替出现,且添加酶液对LiP的影响主要体现在堆肥后期。FTIR光谱分析结果表明,添加酶液有利于木质素结构中甲基、亚甲基以及羟基基团的降解,同时GC/MS结果分析表明,添加酶液可以促进木质素结构中苯环氧化开环,C-C键的断裂以及双键氧化等。这些作用均有利于堆肥过程中其它微生物群落的营养供给以及物质进一步的降解与转化。
为了进一步从机理上了解添加关键功能酶对堆肥过程的影响,本章节以Biolog方法为主要监测手段,结合聚类分析以及PCA分析方法,考察添加酶液对富含木质纤维素堆体中微生物群落代谢能力的影响。结果表明,添加酶液可以显著提高微生物对有机碳的降解能力;AWCD的变化表明,当堆肥进入第6d后,添加酶液后,微生物对胺类碳源的代谢能力显著增强,同时在堆肥进入第15d后,微生物对羧酸类碳源和聚合物类碳源的能力也有较为明显的提高。微生物群落代谢聚类分析结果表明,添加酶液可以改善堆肥微生物对中间代谢产物类碳源的代谢能力。通过主成分分析(PCA)发现,添加酶液提高了堆体中微生物对双亲化合物、聚合物、氨基酸和氨基化合物等碳源的代谢能力,由此可导致堆肥基质被更高效降解。此外,堆肥各时期群落代谢聚类结果表明,酶液对堆肥进程的影响主要表现在一次发酵的第6d和二次发酵的第30d,从而有效地加速了堆肥进程。
Lignocellulose is a macromolecular complex consisted of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Lignin is a highly irregular and insoluble polymer, chemically bonded by covalent linkages of hemicellulose. Therefore, the lignin-carbohydrate complexes enwrap cellulose in plant cell wall. This complex structure inhibits lignocellulose transformation, and consequently slows down the lignocellulosic waste degradation process in nature. Therefore, it is generally accepted that lignin decomposition is the rate-limiting step during composting. White-rot fungi are currently being used not only in the biodegradation of lignin, as they secrete the low specificity and strong oxidative ligninolytic enzymes (such as Lignin Peroxidase, Mn-dependent Peroxidase, lacases et al) which could oxidatively degrade lignin and mineralize them into CO2and water. Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) is a typical representative of the white rot fungus; therefore, this study selected P. chrysosporium as research subjects to study the lignin degradation characteristic and mechanism of P. chrysosporium and its key functional enzymes in solid-state fermentationand and composting system.
In solid state fermentation conditions, the high inoculum concentration of P. chrysosporium would affect the degradation of lignocellulose degradation efficiency. However, the low concentration of it would lead to less degradation. In the experimental range, the best inoculum concentration was4mL/35g dry sample. In this inoculums concentration, the lignin degradation rates of up to39.1%. Furthermore, since the lignin barrier is broken, the degradation of hemicellulose has also been significantly improved by inoculum of P. chrysosporium. Scanning electron microscope and UV spectrum analysis results also show that, in this concentration, the damage of lignocellulose is most severe.
The results show that P. chrysosporium can significantly improve the degradation of lignin and hemicellulose rate, but the degradation of cellulose is not very obvious. In addition, the effect of P. chrysosporium on lignocellulose transformation was also investigated in this experiment. Therefore, in the composting process, the humus, humic acid, fulvic acid and the humification index of dynamic changes were monitored. The results show that the formation of FA was not obviously influenced by the inoculum of P. chrysosporium, while the HA was significantly enhanced by the inoculum. Humification index also revealed that the composting became mature and steady earlier with P. chrysosporium. And the humification degree of compost was also enhanced. UV and FTIR analysis of humic substances indicated that P. chrysosporium could increase the aromatic content and decrease the polysaccharide and aliphatic contents of composting. With the composting progresses, the compost with P. chrysosporium of humic acid aromatization process was accelerated. This means that P. chrysosporium would improve the degree humification and stable the composting process. Finally, the clustering results indicated that inoculation of P. chrysosporium can effectively shorten the composting time, and promote the early maturity and stability of the composting.
The influence of guaiacol and compounded carbons sources co-degradation on enzymes of white-rot fungi was studied through the orthogonal experiment. The results show that carbons with different structures and guaiacol have remarkable effect on enzymes secreting by P. chrysosporium. High concentration of guaiacol can enhance enzymes production. After optimumization of various factors, addition of guaiacol2mmol/L, glucose2.5g/L, dextrine5g/L in culture medium can significantly promote enzymes production. CMCase and xylanase produced by P. chrysosporium are little affected by exterior environment. According to the correlativity between the CMCase and the xylanase analyzed using linear regression, a postive correlation the CMCase and the xylanas is found.
The above high activity of crude enzyme solution added to the lignocellulose-rich compost system. And the effects of the enzymes on lignocellulose degradation and transformation were studied. The results show that adding enzyme is mainly beneficial to break the barrier formed by the lignin, which resulted in the hemicellulose can be exposed. Therefore, the degradation of hemicellulose was also enhanced. These results were samiler to the inoculation of P. chrysosporium. Humuic results indicate that the effect of enzymes in the formation of humic acid was mainly observed after30day. And at this stage the enzymes resulted in the chang of humic molecular structure, however, the significant effect on organic matter degradation was not obvious. During composting, the peak activity of LiP and MnP are alternating, and the effect of enzymes on LiP is mainly after30day. FTIR spectroscopy results indicat that the addition of enzyme was beneficial to the demethylation and then promoted side chain oxidation of lignin. The degradation of aliphatic compounds was accelerated and aromatization was enhanced simultaneously. While GC/MS results showed that addition of enzymes could promote depolymerization of dipolymer and double bond oxidation to accelerate the subsequent lignin degradation. These effects were beneficial to material supply of nutrients for microbial community and further degradation and transformation of lignocellulose during composting.
The objective of this study was to assess the response of carbon utilization profiles to addition of ligninolytic enzymes during composting. Carbon utilization (measured by Biolog EocPlateTM) revealed that, in the treatment, average well-color development (AWCD) of amino acids was significantly enhanced after day6(P<0.05), while AWCD of carboxylic acids and polymers were increased after day15. The microbial community metabolic of cluster analysis showed that when the enzymes were added into the compost, the carbon metablic capability of intermediate metabolite was improved. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the differentiation of the treatment and the control. The results indicated that, when the enzymes were added, microbial communities enhanced the metabolic capability of miscellaneous, polymers, amino acids and amides carbon substrates, which results in the efficient degradation of organic carbon. In addition, cluster analysis of each composting phase showed that the effects of the enzymes on microbial community metabolism were mainly observed on6d and30d, which promoted the composting process.
在固态发酵条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌接种浓度过高而会影响木质纤维素的降解效率,过低则会导致其降解效果较差。在本实验范围内,最佳的接种浓度为4m L/35g干样。在此接种浓度下,木质素的降解率可以达到39.1%。此外由于木质素的屏障作用被打破,黄孢原毛平革菌对半纤维的降解能力也有了显著的提高。电镜扫描结果与紫外光谱分析结果也表明,在此接种浓度下黄孢原毛平革菌对木质纤维素结构破坏的程度最为严重。
将黄孢原毛平革菌接种于堆肥体系,结果表明它可以显著提高木质素和半纤维素的降解率,但对纤维素的降解影响不是很明显。此外本实验还考察了该菌对堆肥过程中物质转化的影响。因此,在堆肥过程中监测了腐殖质、胡敏酸、富里酸以及腐殖化指标的动态变化。结果表明,接种黄孢原毛平革菌对富里酸形成的影响不明显,但它可以显著增加胡敏酸的含量。腐殖化指标结果表明黄孢原毛平革菌可以有效地促进堆肥腐熟速度,缩短堆肥周期,提高堆肥腐殖质的稳定性以及腐殖化度。腐殖质的光学特性以及其分级分析结果表明接种黄孢原毛平革菌可以促进堆料中脂肪类、多糖类等物质的降解,同时还可以有效提高芳环族类化合物的含量。实验结果还表明,随着堆肥时间的推进,处理样中胡敏酸芳构化的进程被加速；最后,聚类结果表明,接种黄孢原毛平革菌可以有效缩短堆肥周期,促进堆体提前腐熟和稳定。
黄孢原毛平革菌主要依靠其所分泌的胞外酶降解木质素。本实验通过正交实验法考察了愈创木酚与复合碳源共降解对黄孢原毛平革菌产酶的影响；同时探讨不同分子结构对酶催化机制的影响。实验结果表明：同时添加愈创木酚及不同结构的碳源对该菌产酶有显著影响,高浓度的愈创木酚对产酶有明显的促进作用；在培养基中添加愈创木酚2mmol/L、葡萄糖2.5g/L和糊精5g/L,可以显著提高黄孢原毛平革菌的综合产酶能力；黄孢原毛平革菌可以分泌纤维素酶和木聚糖酶,而且二者之间有较好的线性正相关关系。
将以上优化条件得到的高活性粗酶液添加至富含木质纤维素的堆肥体系中,考察其对堆肥基质降解和转化的影响。结果表明：添加酶液主要是有利于打破术质素所形成的屏障作用,同时使半纤维素得以暴露,因此半纤维素的降解率也可以被有效提高,此结果与直接接种黄孢原毛平革菌菌体的效果相类似。腐殖质变化结果表明,酶液对胡敏酸形成的影响主要作用于堆肥后期(30d以后),但此阶段以促进微生物对腐殖质分子结构的转换为主,而对于有机物降解能力的影响不明显。堆肥过程的酶活性变化表明,堆肥过程中LiP和MnP的活性高峰是交替出现,且添加酶液对LiP的影响主要体现在堆肥后期。FTIR光谱分析结果表明,添加酶液有利于木质素结构中甲基、亚甲基以及羟基基团的降解,同时GC/MS结果分析表明,添加酶液可以促进木质素结构中苯环氧化开环,C-C键的断裂以及双键氧化等。这些作用均有利于堆肥过程中其它微生物群落的营养供给以及物质进一步的降解与转化。
为了进一步从机理上了解添加关键功能酶对堆肥过程的影响,本章节以Biolog方法为主要监测手段,结合聚类分析以及PCA分析方法,考察添加酶液对富含木质纤维素堆体中微生物群落代谢能力的影响。结果表明,添加酶液可以显著提高微生物对有机碳的降解能力;AWCD的变化表明,当堆肥进入第6d后,添加酶液后,微生物对胺类碳源的代谢能力显著增强,同时在堆肥进入第15d后,微生物对羧酸类碳源和聚合物类碳源的能力也有较为明显的提高。微生物群落代谢聚类分析结果表明,添加酶液可以改善堆肥微生物对中间代谢产物类碳源的代谢能力。通过主成分分析(PCA)发现,添加酶液提高了堆体中微生物对双亲化合物、聚合物、氨基酸和氨基化合物等碳源的代谢能力,由此可导致堆肥基质被更高效降解。此外,堆肥各时期群落代谢聚类结果表明,酶液对堆肥进程的影响主要表现在一次发酵的第6d和二次发酵的第30d,从而有效地加速了堆肥进程。
Lignocellulose is a macromolecular complex consisted of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Lignin is a highly irregular and insoluble polymer, chemically bonded by covalent linkages of hemicellulose. Therefore, the lignin-carbohydrate complexes enwrap cellulose in plant cell wall. This complex structure inhibits lignocellulose transformation, and consequently slows down the lignocellulosic waste degradation process in nature. Therefore, it is generally accepted that lignin decomposition is the rate-limiting step during composting. White-rot fungi are currently being used not only in the biodegradation of lignin, as they secrete the low specificity and strong oxidative ligninolytic enzymes (such as Lignin Peroxidase, Mn-dependent Peroxidase, lacases et al) which could oxidatively degrade lignin and mineralize them into CO2and water. Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) is a typical representative of the white rot fungus; therefore, this study selected P. chrysosporium as research subjects to study the lignin degradation characteristic and mechanism of P. chrysosporium and its key functional enzymes in solid-state fermentationand and composting system.
In solid state fermentation conditions, the high inoculum concentration of P. chrysosporium would affect the degradation of lignocellulose degradation efficiency. However, the low concentration of it would lead to less degradation. In the experimental range, the best inoculum concentration was4mL/35g dry sample. In this inoculums concentration, the lignin degradation rates of up to39.1%. Furthermore, since the lignin barrier is broken, the degradation of hemicellulose has also been significantly improved by inoculum of P. chrysosporium. Scanning electron microscope and UV spectrum analysis results also show that, in this concentration, the damage of lignocellulose is most severe.
The results show that P. chrysosporium can significantly improve the degradation of lignin and hemicellulose rate, but the degradation of cellulose is not very obvious. In addition, the effect of P. chrysosporium on lignocellulose transformation was also investigated in this experiment. Therefore, in the composting process, the humus, humic acid, fulvic acid and the humification index of dynamic changes were monitored. The results show that the formation of FA was not obviously influenced by the inoculum of P. chrysosporium, while the HA was significantly enhanced by the inoculum. Humification index also revealed that the composting became mature and steady earlier with P. chrysosporium. And the humification degree of compost was also enhanced. UV and FTIR analysis of humic substances indicated that P. chrysosporium could increase the aromatic content and decrease the polysaccharide and aliphatic contents of composting. With the composting progresses, the compost with P. chrysosporium of humic acid aromatization process was accelerated. This means that P. chrysosporium would improve the degree humification and stable the composting process. Finally, the clustering results indicated that inoculation of P. chrysosporium can effectively shorten the composting time, and promote the early maturity and stability of the composting.
The influence of guaiacol and compounded carbons sources co-degradation on enzymes of white-rot fungi was studied through the orthogonal experiment. The results show that carbons with different structures and guaiacol have remarkable effect on enzymes secreting by P. chrysosporium. High concentration of guaiacol can enhance enzymes production. After optimumization of various factors, addition of guaiacol2mmol/L, glucose2.5g/L, dextrine5g/L in culture medium can significantly promote enzymes production. CMCase and xylanase produced by P. chrysosporium are little affected by exterior environment. According to the correlativity between the CMCase and the xylanase analyzed using linear regression, a postive correlation the CMCase and the xylanas is found.
The above high activity of crude enzyme solution added to the lignocellulose-rich compost system. And the effects of the enzymes on lignocellulose degradation and transformation were studied. The results show that adding enzyme is mainly beneficial to break the barrier formed by the lignin, which resulted in the hemicellulose can be exposed. Therefore, the degradation of hemicellulose was also enhanced. These results were samiler to the inoculation of P. chrysosporium. Humuic results indicate that the effect of enzymes in the formation of humic acid was mainly observed after30day. And at this stage the enzymes resulted in the chang of humic molecular structure, however, the significant effect on organic matter degradation was not obvious. During composting, the peak activity of LiP and MnP are alternating, and the effect of enzymes on LiP is mainly after30day. FTIR spectroscopy results indicat that the addition of enzyme was beneficial to the demethylation and then promoted side chain oxidation of lignin. The degradation of aliphatic compounds was accelerated and aromatization was enhanced simultaneously. While GC/MS results showed that addition of enzymes could promote depolymerization of dipolymer and double bond oxidation to accelerate the subsequent lignin degradation. These effects were beneficial to material supply of nutrients for microbial community and further degradation and transformation of lignocellulose during composting.
The objective of this study was to assess the response of carbon utilization profiles to addition of ligninolytic enzymes during composting. Carbon utilization (measured by Biolog EocPlateTM) revealed that, in the treatment, average well-color development (AWCD) of amino acids was significantly enhanced after day6(P<0.05), while AWCD of carboxylic acids and polymers were increased after day15. The microbial community metabolic of cluster analysis showed that when the enzymes were added into the compost, the carbon metablic capability of intermediate metabolite was improved. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the differentiation of the treatment and the control. The results indicated that, when the enzymes were added, microbial communities enhanced the metabolic capability of miscellaneous, polymers, amino acids and amides carbon substrates, which results in the efficient degradation of organic carbon. In addition, cluster analysis of each composting phase showed that the effects of the enzymes on microbial community metabolism were mainly observed on6d and30d, which promoted the composting process.
引文
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