加害给付之研究
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摘要
自德国学者提出积极侵害债权理论以来,加害给付理论的存在已有一个世纪的历史。世界各国通过各种渠道在不同程度上接受了该理论,并结合本国实际的法律环境对其作了新的诠释,有些国家和地区还将其载入法典。由于我国学者长期以来对加害给付并未给予足够的重视,因而对于何为加害给付,加害给付的构成要件是什么,加害给付的救济规则如何设计,学者们的观点大相径庭,莫衷一是。而实践中因为我国法律对加害给付虽然隐约有所规定,在合同法上和其它相关的法律法规中也有相关的规定,但是并不能真正的解决实践中的问题。因而加强加害给付的理论研究,借鉴国外的相关理论为我国所用,提高我国的相关法律具有一定的理论和现实意义。
文章采用比较归纳的方法对加害给付进行了系统研究,以加害给付的历史沿革作为切入点,阐述了大陆法系的积极侵权行为和英美法系中的相关规定,并在此基础上进行比较,探讨其异同;同时针对我国加害给付理论与实践的现状分析了加害给付制度的基本理论,包括加害给付的界定,加害给付的构成,进而提出了加害给付制度的救济方式。笔者认为必须在立足学者争议的相关理论基础上,从法律的具体规定出发,通过完善加害给付的内部制度即明确界定加害给付制度,选择符合中国国情的救济方式和模式,和完善外部制度即将加害给付制度与惩罚性损害赔偿制度、精神损害赔偿等具体的相关制度结合,才能真正完善我国的相关法律。
Since Germen scholars put forward a theory of positive infringement, the theory of injury claim lies for a century. Countries around the world have accept the theory in varying degrees through various channels, and integrate their actual legal environment with new interpretation, some countries will included it in the statute. Owing to not playing enough emphasis on injury performance for a long time, Chinese scholars have widely divergent views on what is the concept of theory of positive infringement, what is the element of injury performance , and how to desin the regulation of injury claim. In China, though provided vaguely in the contract law and other relevant laws and regulations, the theory of injury performance still can not solve the real problems in practice. Therefore, it is of a certain theoretical and practical significance to strengthen injury performance theoretical research and enhance China's relevant laws, by referring to foreign-related theories.
In this paper, using the method of comparison , the author study injury performance systematically. Starting the theory at the point of the history of injury performance, I elaborate the relevant provisions about the positive infringement action in the continental law system and common law system. And thebasing on this comparison, I explore the similarities and differences . At the same time, I analyze the basical theory of injury claim according to the theory and practice in our country, including the definition of injury performance , the elements of injury performance , and then putting forward a relief methods of injury performance system. The author think, we can basically improve our country's relevant laws. only by basing on the controversial theories of the scholars , on the basis of the specific provisions of the law, defining Injury performance system clearly through the improvement of internal systems, choosing perfect ways and relief modes in line with China's national conditions, and then perfecting the external system that combine the systems of the injury payment with the systems of punitive damages , and with the relevant specific provision of spirit damages.
文章采用比较归纳的方法对加害给付进行了系统研究,以加害给付的历史沿革作为切入点,阐述了大陆法系的积极侵权行为和英美法系中的相关规定,并在此基础上进行比较,探讨其异同;同时针对我国加害给付理论与实践的现状分析了加害给付制度的基本理论,包括加害给付的界定,加害给付的构成,进而提出了加害给付制度的救济方式。笔者认为必须在立足学者争议的相关理论基础上,从法律的具体规定出发,通过完善加害给付的内部制度即明确界定加害给付制度,选择符合中国国情的救济方式和模式,和完善外部制度即将加害给付制度与惩罚性损害赔偿制度、精神损害赔偿等具体的相关制度结合,才能真正完善我国的相关法律。
Since Germen scholars put forward a theory of positive infringement, the theory of injury claim lies for a century. Countries around the world have accept the theory in varying degrees through various channels, and integrate their actual legal environment with new interpretation, some countries will included it in the statute. Owing to not playing enough emphasis on injury performance for a long time, Chinese scholars have widely divergent views on what is the concept of theory of positive infringement, what is the element of injury performance , and how to desin the regulation of injury claim. In China, though provided vaguely in the contract law and other relevant laws and regulations, the theory of injury performance still can not solve the real problems in practice. Therefore, it is of a certain theoretical and practical significance to strengthen injury performance theoretical research and enhance China's relevant laws, by referring to foreign-related theories.
In this paper, using the method of comparison , the author study injury performance systematically. Starting the theory at the point of the history of injury performance, I elaborate the relevant provisions about the positive infringement action in the continental law system and common law system. And thebasing on this comparison, I explore the similarities and differences . At the same time, I analyze the basical theory of injury claim according to the theory and practice in our country, including the definition of injury performance , the elements of injury performance , and then putting forward a relief methods of injury performance system. The author think, we can basically improve our country's relevant laws. only by basing on the controversial theories of the scholars , on the basis of the specific provisions of the law, defining Injury performance system clearly through the improvement of internal systems, choosing perfect ways and relief modes in line with China's national conditions, and then perfecting the external system that combine the systems of the injury payment with the systems of punitive damages , and with the relevant specific provision of spirit damages.
引文
[1]梅因.古代法.北京:商务出版社,1980,17
[2]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(三).北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,73
[3]王荣珍.对加害给付概念与救济的再思考.北京:政法论坛(中国政法大学学报),2005(05)
[4]杜景林,等·德国债法改革.北京:法律出版社 2003,2.
[5]黄丽朵.德国债权法上之积极侵害债权.武汉:湖北社会科学报,2006,(6),138
[6]刘孔中.积极侵害债权之研究--总论部分(下)北京:法学丛刊,121,70
[7]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第三册).北京:中国政法大学,2000,3
[8]姚志明.债务不履行--不完全给付之研究 台湾:台湾元照出版公司,2000,3-33
[9]史尚宽.债法总论.北京:中国政法大学,2000.378-421;
郑玉波.民法债编总论.北京:中国政法大学,2004,255
[10]Andrew Beckerman-Rodau.Article:A Jurisprudential Approach to Common Law Legal Analysis 普通法加害给付法律分析.美国:新泽西州Rutgers大学法学院法律评论,1999,269
[11]尹田.法国现代合同法.北京:法律出版社,1995.300:298.
[12]王家福.民法债权.北京:法律出版社,1991,167
[13]王利明.违约责任论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003,206-208,360-361
[14]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000,669
[15]李永军.合同法.北京:法律出版社,2005,604,682-683,685-689
[16]曾世雄.损害赔偿法原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.363;364、17.
[17]刘海奕.加害给付研究.梁慧星.民商法论丛(4).北京:法律出版社,1996.351:384:353.
[18]Jose L.Gonzalez.Article:A Managed Care organization′s Medical Malpractice Liability for Denial of Care:the Lost World失去的世界:医疗错误中的加害给付.美国:休斯顿法律评论,1998,715
[19]Kenneth S.Abraham Paul C.Weiler.Article:Enterprise Medical Liability and the Choice of the Responsible Enterprise.企业医疗责任和承担责任的企业.美国:美国法律和医疗杂志,波士顿法律学院,1994,29
[20]孙鹏.合同法热点问题研究.北京:群众出版社,2001.386;382;386;386;28.
[21]徐国栋.民法基本原则解释---成文法局限性之克服.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.254
[22]崔建远.合同法.北京:法律出版社,2000.73.
[23]王利明,杨立新.侵权行为法.北京:法律出版社,1999.
[24]桂菊平.论出卖人瑕疵担保责任、积极侵害债权及产品责任之关系.梁慧星.民商法论丛(2).北京:法律出版社,1999.373:417.
[25]王利明.民商法研究第2辑.北京:法律出版社,2001,517
[26]林诚二.民法理论与问题研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000,375.380.
[27]李开国,张玉敏.中国民法学.北京:法律出版社,2002.11.
[28][英]P·S·阿狄亚·合同法导论·赵旭东,等译·北京:法律出版社,2002·
[29][日]内田贵·契约的再生·胡宝海,译·梁慧星主编·民商法论丛(第4卷)·北京:法律出版社,1996
[30]王利明.论加害给付时间.北京:中国民商法律网,原载于法制与社会发展,1995,(05)
[31]Symeon C.Symeonides.Lecture:Choice of Law for Products Liability:The 1990s and Beyond产品质量的法律选择:1990年代或以前;美国:Tulane大学法律评论,2004,3,1247
[32]Symeon C.Symeonides.Article:Party Choice of Law in Product-liability Conflicts产品质量纠纷的责任人的选择.美国:Williamette国际法和纠纷解决杂志,2004,263
[33]解志国.侵犯物质性权利与精神损害赔偿.北京:判解研究,2001,(2)
[34]张良.加害给付新探.河南:河南省政法管理干部学院学报,2005,(2),100
[35]刘孔中·论积极侵害债权·梁慧星,主编·民商法论丛(第4卷)·北京:法律出版社,1996.
[36]周清林.理性的困惑:请求权竞合问题研究.现代法学,2003,(2).
[37]汪世虎.合同责任与侵权责任竞合问题研究.现代法学,2002,(8).
[38]罗春,陈庆.加害给付.合同责任?侵权责任?.西南政法大学学报,2005(1)
[39]李正东.论加害给付.广西右江民族师专学报,2001,(1),63
[40]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第7册).北京:中国政法大学出版社,1995,134
[41][日]潮见佳男.最近欧洲合同责任-履行障碍法的发展.于敏译.民商法论丛.第10卷.314
[42][英]纳尔森·厄农常·违约与精神损害赔偿·肖厚国,译·梁慧星,主编.民商法论丛(第16卷)·北京:金桥文化出版有限公司,2000.
[43]何宝玉.英国合同法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999,677-680
[44]王利明.违约责任论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996,400
[45]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第1册).北京:中国政法大学出版社,346
[46]韩世远.违约损害赔偿研究.北京:法律出版社,1999
[2]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(三).北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,73
[3]王荣珍.对加害给付概念与救济的再思考.北京:政法论坛(中国政法大学学报),2005(05)
[4]杜景林,等·德国债法改革.北京:法律出版社 2003,2.
[5]黄丽朵.德国债权法上之积极侵害债权.武汉:湖北社会科学报,2006,(6),138
[6]刘孔中.积极侵害债权之研究--总论部分(下)北京:法学丛刊,121,70
[7]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第三册).北京:中国政法大学,2000,3
[8]姚志明.债务不履行--不完全给付之研究 台湾:台湾元照出版公司,2000,3-33
[9]史尚宽.债法总论.北京:中国政法大学,2000.378-421;
郑玉波.民法债编总论.北京:中国政法大学,2004,255
[10]Andrew Beckerman-Rodau.Article:A Jurisprudential Approach to Common Law Legal Analysis 普通法加害给付法律分析.美国:新泽西州Rutgers大学法学院法律评论,1999,269
[11]尹田.法国现代合同法.北京:法律出版社,1995.300:298.
[12]王家福.民法债权.北京:法律出版社,1991,167
[13]王利明.违约责任论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003,206-208,360-361
[14]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000,669
[15]李永军.合同法.北京:法律出版社,2005,604,682-683,685-689
[16]曾世雄.损害赔偿法原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.363;364、17.
[17]刘海奕.加害给付研究.梁慧星.民商法论丛(4).北京:法律出版社,1996.351:384:353.
[18]Jose L.Gonzalez.Article:A Managed Care organization′s Medical Malpractice Liability for Denial of Care:the Lost World失去的世界:医疗错误中的加害给付.美国:休斯顿法律评论,1998,715
[19]Kenneth S.Abraham Paul C.Weiler.Article:Enterprise Medical Liability and the Choice of the Responsible Enterprise.企业医疗责任和承担责任的企业.美国:美国法律和医疗杂志,波士顿法律学院,1994,29
[20]孙鹏.合同法热点问题研究.北京:群众出版社,2001.386;382;386;386;28.
[21]徐国栋.民法基本原则解释---成文法局限性之克服.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.254
[22]崔建远.合同法.北京:法律出版社,2000.73.
[23]王利明,杨立新.侵权行为法.北京:法律出版社,1999.
[24]桂菊平.论出卖人瑕疵担保责任、积极侵害债权及产品责任之关系.梁慧星.民商法论丛(2).北京:法律出版社,1999.373:417.
[25]王利明.民商法研究第2辑.北京:法律出版社,2001,517
[26]林诚二.民法理论与问题研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000,375.380.
[27]李开国,张玉敏.中国民法学.北京:法律出版社,2002.11.
[28][英]P·S·阿狄亚·合同法导论·赵旭东,等译·北京:法律出版社,2002·
[29][日]内田贵·契约的再生·胡宝海,译·梁慧星主编·民商法论丛(第4卷)·北京:法律出版社,1996
[30]王利明.论加害给付时间.北京:中国民商法律网,原载于法制与社会发展,1995,(05)
[31]Symeon C.Symeonides.Lecture:Choice of Law for Products Liability:The 1990s and Beyond产品质量的法律选择:1990年代或以前;美国:Tulane大学法律评论,2004,3,1247
[32]Symeon C.Symeonides.Article:Party Choice of Law in Product-liability Conflicts产品质量纠纷的责任人的选择.美国:Williamette国际法和纠纷解决杂志,2004,263
[33]解志国.侵犯物质性权利与精神损害赔偿.北京:判解研究,2001,(2)
[34]张良.加害给付新探.河南:河南省政法管理干部学院学报,2005,(2),100
[35]刘孔中·论积极侵害债权·梁慧星,主编·民商法论丛(第4卷)·北京:法律出版社,1996.
[36]周清林.理性的困惑:请求权竞合问题研究.现代法学,2003,(2).
[37]汪世虎.合同责任与侵权责任竞合问题研究.现代法学,2002,(8).
[38]罗春,陈庆.加害给付.合同责任?侵权责任?.西南政法大学学报,2005(1)
[39]李正东.论加害给付.广西右江民族师专学报,2001,(1),63
[40]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第7册).北京:中国政法大学出版社,1995,134
[41][日]潮见佳男.最近欧洲合同责任-履行障碍法的发展.于敏译.民商法论丛.第10卷.314
[42][英]纳尔森·厄农常·违约与精神损害赔偿·肖厚国,译·梁慧星,主编.民商法论丛(第16卷)·北京:金桥文化出版有限公司,2000.
[43]何宝玉.英国合同法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999,677-680
[44]王利明.违约责任论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996,400
[45]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第1册).北京:中国政法大学出版社,346
[46]韩世远.违约损害赔偿研究.北京:法律出版社,1999