R1234yf汽车空调系统性能研究
摘要
目前汽车空调系统中普遍采用的R134a制冷剂具有很高的温室效应指数(GWP),会对环境带来不利影响。汽车空调系统中制冷剂替代问题已经迫在眉睫,成为了工业界及学术界共同关注的焦点,然而作为R134a的世界范围内的替代物目前仍未完全明确。除了不破坏臭氧层及使用安全以外,下一代汽车空调制冷剂的最大要求为低GWP值。基于这种要求,目前世界范围内可供选择的制冷剂主要有R1234yf, C02以及R32等,这其中又以R1234yf制冷剂的替代可行性最高。本文对R1234yf制冷剂在汽车空调典型工况下的理论循环进行热力学分析,并进行了该制冷剂汽车空调系统的直接替代性能测试,将理论分析与实验测试的结果与C02及R32的结果进行对比,论证了R1234yf是目前替代性最好的汽车空调制冷剂。在此基础上建立R1234yf制冷剂的系统及部件仿真模型,进行系统性能优化实验研究及生命周期环境影响(LCCP)分析。研究结果表明,R1234yf制冷剂作为最有希望的下一代汽车空调制冷剂,其系统性能可以经过优化达到与现有R134a系统相当的水平,采用优化的R1234yf系统,可以大幅度降低汽车空调系统的LCCP指数,符合人们对汽车工业发展的要求。本文的研究内容及主要成果如下：
一、从热力学性质及安全性等方面比较了R1234yf与CO2以及R32等低GWP值制冷剂在汽车空调系统中使用的可行性,并在汽车空调典型工况下建立上述几种制冷剂的理论循环,对其各自性能进行定性的分析及比较,并讨论了运行参数变化对各种制冷剂理论循环性能的影响。
二、对R1234yf在汽车空调系统中直接替代的情况进行实验研究,并与R32及C02汽车空调系统的性能进行对比。结果表明,R1234yf在现有汽车空调系统中可以直接替代,性能与原有R134a系统相比略有不足。R32制冷剂系统需要采用小排量的压缩机,各部件的耐压特性也需重新设计。R32本身的单位容积制冷量很大,系统性能与R134a系统相当。CO：系统压力非常高,需要对现有汽车空调系统完全重新设计,在环境温度不高时,可以得到与原有R134a系统相当的性能。从系统性能及运行状态等方面综合考虑,结果表明R1234yf具有最好的替代可行性,并且直接替代系统存在优化空间。
三、在上述研究的基础上,选取R1234yf系统做重点研究,建立了R1234yf制冷剂的蒸发器及冷凝器的仿真模型,比较研究现有的管内两相传热关联式对R1234yf制冷剂的适用性。结果表明Kandlikar的沸腾传热关联式及Cavallini的冷凝传热关联式对于R1234yf制冷剂具有最好的适用性。在部件模型研究的基础上,开发了精度优良的R1234yf系统仿真模型,并借助模型研究了R1234yf系统性能优化方向。
四、R1234yf系统性能优化的实验研究。采用调节弹簧预紧力及充注介质的方法对R1234yf系统中的热力膨胀阀进行优化设计,更好的控制R1234yf系统中蒸发器出口过热度,使系统性能得到明显改善。在R1234yf系统中引入中间换热器,使系统制冷量得到明显提高,达到与R134a系统基本相当的水平。讨论了R1234yf制冷剂应用于变排量压缩机的情况,并对采用变排量压缩机的R1234yf系统进行了实车性能环模测试。
五、研究了汽车空调环境影响的不同评判标准,认为汽车空调生命周期环境影响指数(LCCP)是目前最完善的评价指标。结合GREEN-MAC-LCCP模型对R1234yf汽车空调系统的LCCP指数进行计算,结果表明在不同城市气象条件下,汽车空调系统中应用R1234yf制冷剂都可以显著降低对环境的不利影响。
At present, the refrigerant used in the automotive air conditioning system is R134a,which has a high GWP value. Refrigerant R134a is harmful to the environment and is restrictto use in the automotive air conditioning system. Finding the substitute of R134a in future’sautomotive air conditioning system is very urgent and it has become a focus in the industryand academic. However, the next generation of refrigerant for automotive air conditioningsystem has not been decided until now. It is widely accepted that the next generation ofrefrigerant for automotive air conditioning system should has low GWP value. According tothis requirement, the probable candidate refrigerants for automotive air conditioning systemare CO2, R1234yf and R32. According to the recent years’ studies, R1234yf is considered asthe most probable replacement of R134a among these cndidants. In the present study, thethermodynamic analysis of the theoretical cycle of R1234yf under typical automotive airconditioning system working condition is investigated. The performances of R1234yf“drop-in” system are experimentally studied. The results are compared to other candidants,such as CO2and R32, and the conclusion is obtained that the system with R1234yf is themost probable candidate from the standpoints of system performance and operation condition.Hence the simulation models of components and system with R1234yf are developed andverified. It is found that the performance of R1234yf system could be optimized and becomecomparable to that of R134a system. The LCCP value of the R1234yf system is alsocalculated and compared to that of R134a system. In general, using R1234yf in theautomotive air conditioning system can decrease the impact to the environment.The maincontents and results of this study are as below:
1) The thermodynamic and safety-related properties of R1234yf were compared withother low GWP refrigerants, such as CO2and R32. The theoretical cycles of these refrigerantsunder typical working condition of automotive air conditioning system were studied and theirperformances were compared. The effects of operation parameters to the performance oftheoretical cycles were investigated.
2) The performances of R1234yf “drop-in” system were experimentally investigated. Thesystem performance and operation condition were compared with those of systems withCO2and R32. R1234yf “drop-in” system obtained a little lower performance compared withR134a system. A compressor with small displacement should be employed when R32used inthe automotive air conditioning system. The pressure resistant requirement of eachcomponent in R32system should be higher. The system with R32had an acceptableperformance compared to R134a. The working pressure of CO2is extremely high and theredesign of the whole system is needed. The CO2system has a comparable performanceunder low heat load conditions. These results demonstrated that R1234yf system had the bestcharacteristics of replacement and it had the potential of optimization
3) The system with R1234yf was considered as the most probable candidate for theR134a system. Hence the simulation models of evaporator and condenser using R1234yfwere developed and verified by experimental data. The suitability of different two-phase heattransfer correlations to R1234yf was investigated. It was found that Kandlikar’s boiling heattransfer correlation and Cavallini’s condensing heat transfer correlation had the bestsuitability to R1234yf. Moreover, the simulation model of R1234yf system was developedbased on the component models. The optimization of the R1234yf system was studied usingthe system model.
4) The optimization of the R1234yf system was experimentally investigated. Theexpansion valve for R1234yf system was optimized by changing the charged fluid andadjusting the spring force. The optimized expansion valve could control the super heat ofR1234yf at a proper value and improve the system performance. Internal heat exchanger wasintroduced in the R1234yf system. It could improve the cooling capacity of R1234yf system.The performance of the optimized R1234yf system could be comparable to that of R134asystem. Besides, the performance of R1234yf system with variable displacement compressorwas investigated by bench test and practical vehicle wind tunnel test.
5) The different criterions on the effects of automotive air conditioning system to theenvironment were investigated. The LCCP (life cycle climate performance) value ofautomotive air conditioning system was considered as the most comprehensive criterion. TheLCCP value of R1234yf system was calculated based on the GREEN-MAC-LCCP model. Itshowed that using R1234yf could obviously decrease the LCCP value of automotive airconditioning system.
一、从热力学性质及安全性等方面比较了R1234yf与CO2以及R32等低GWP值制冷剂在汽车空调系统中使用的可行性,并在汽车空调典型工况下建立上述几种制冷剂的理论循环,对其各自性能进行定性的分析及比较,并讨论了运行参数变化对各种制冷剂理论循环性能的影响。
二、对R1234yf在汽车空调系统中直接替代的情况进行实验研究,并与R32及C02汽车空调系统的性能进行对比。结果表明,R1234yf在现有汽车空调系统中可以直接替代,性能与原有R134a系统相比略有不足。R32制冷剂系统需要采用小排量的压缩机,各部件的耐压特性也需重新设计。R32本身的单位容积制冷量很大,系统性能与R134a系统相当。CO：系统压力非常高,需要对现有汽车空调系统完全重新设计,在环境温度不高时,可以得到与原有R134a系统相当的性能。从系统性能及运行状态等方面综合考虑,结果表明R1234yf具有最好的替代可行性,并且直接替代系统存在优化空间。
三、在上述研究的基础上,选取R1234yf系统做重点研究,建立了R1234yf制冷剂的蒸发器及冷凝器的仿真模型,比较研究现有的管内两相传热关联式对R1234yf制冷剂的适用性。结果表明Kandlikar的沸腾传热关联式及Cavallini的冷凝传热关联式对于R1234yf制冷剂具有最好的适用性。在部件模型研究的基础上,开发了精度优良的R1234yf系统仿真模型,并借助模型研究了R1234yf系统性能优化方向。
四、R1234yf系统性能优化的实验研究。采用调节弹簧预紧力及充注介质的方法对R1234yf系统中的热力膨胀阀进行优化设计,更好的控制R1234yf系统中蒸发器出口过热度,使系统性能得到明显改善。在R1234yf系统中引入中间换热器,使系统制冷量得到明显提高,达到与R134a系统基本相当的水平。讨论了R1234yf制冷剂应用于变排量压缩机的情况,并对采用变排量压缩机的R1234yf系统进行了实车性能环模测试。
五、研究了汽车空调环境影响的不同评判标准,认为汽车空调生命周期环境影响指数(LCCP)是目前最完善的评价指标。结合GREEN-MAC-LCCP模型对R1234yf汽车空调系统的LCCP指数进行计算,结果表明在不同城市气象条件下,汽车空调系统中应用R1234yf制冷剂都可以显著降低对环境的不利影响。
At present, the refrigerant used in the automotive air conditioning system is R134a,which has a high GWP value. Refrigerant R134a is harmful to the environment and is restrictto use in the automotive air conditioning system. Finding the substitute of R134a in future’sautomotive air conditioning system is very urgent and it has become a focus in the industryand academic. However, the next generation of refrigerant for automotive air conditioningsystem has not been decided until now. It is widely accepted that the next generation ofrefrigerant for automotive air conditioning system should has low GWP value. According tothis requirement, the probable candidate refrigerants for automotive air conditioning systemare CO2, R1234yf and R32. According to the recent years’ studies, R1234yf is considered asthe most probable replacement of R134a among these cndidants. In the present study, thethermodynamic analysis of the theoretical cycle of R1234yf under typical automotive airconditioning system working condition is investigated. The performances of R1234yf“drop-in” system are experimentally studied. The results are compared to other candidants,such as CO2and R32, and the conclusion is obtained that the system with R1234yf is themost probable candidate from the standpoints of system performance and operation condition.Hence the simulation models of components and system with R1234yf are developed andverified. It is found that the performance of R1234yf system could be optimized and becomecomparable to that of R134a system. The LCCP value of the R1234yf system is alsocalculated and compared to that of R134a system. In general, using R1234yf in theautomotive air conditioning system can decrease the impact to the environment.The maincontents and results of this study are as below:
1) The thermodynamic and safety-related properties of R1234yf were compared withother low GWP refrigerants, such as CO2and R32. The theoretical cycles of these refrigerantsunder typical working condition of automotive air conditioning system were studied and theirperformances were compared. The effects of operation parameters to the performance oftheoretical cycles were investigated.
2) The performances of R1234yf “drop-in” system were experimentally investigated. Thesystem performance and operation condition were compared with those of systems withCO2and R32. R1234yf “drop-in” system obtained a little lower performance compared withR134a system. A compressor with small displacement should be employed when R32used inthe automotive air conditioning system. The pressure resistant requirement of eachcomponent in R32system should be higher. The system with R32had an acceptableperformance compared to R134a. The working pressure of CO2is extremely high and theredesign of the whole system is needed. The CO2system has a comparable performanceunder low heat load conditions. These results demonstrated that R1234yf system had the bestcharacteristics of replacement and it had the potential of optimization
3) The system with R1234yf was considered as the most probable candidate for theR134a system. Hence the simulation models of evaporator and condenser using R1234yfwere developed and verified by experimental data. The suitability of different two-phase heattransfer correlations to R1234yf was investigated. It was found that Kandlikar’s boiling heattransfer correlation and Cavallini’s condensing heat transfer correlation had the bestsuitability to R1234yf. Moreover, the simulation model of R1234yf system was developedbased on the component models. The optimization of the R1234yf system was studied usingthe system model.
4) The optimization of the R1234yf system was experimentally investigated. Theexpansion valve for R1234yf system was optimized by changing the charged fluid andadjusting the spring force. The optimized expansion valve could control the super heat ofR1234yf at a proper value and improve the system performance. Internal heat exchanger wasintroduced in the R1234yf system. It could improve the cooling capacity of R1234yf system.The performance of the optimized R1234yf system could be comparable to that of R134asystem. Besides, the performance of R1234yf system with variable displacement compressorwas investigated by bench test and practical vehicle wind tunnel test.
5) The different criterions on the effects of automotive air conditioning system to theenvironment were investigated. The LCCP (life cycle climate performance) value ofautomotive air conditioning system was considered as the most comprehensive criterion. TheLCCP value of R1234yf system was calculated based on the GREEN-MAC-LCCP model. Itshowed that using R1234yf could obviously decrease the LCCP value of automotive airconditioning system.
引文
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