成都平原土壤重金属空间分布及经济损失初步估算研究
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摘要
根据成都平原2005年土壤样点的调查资料，采用GPS、GIS与地统计学结合的方法，对大尺度下成都平原土壤重金属污染在空间分布和污染发生的风险概率进行了模拟，以及基于社会经济因素的影响分析了成都平原土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Hg在空间维度上产生污染的原因，并对其造成的经济损失量进行了初步的估算且提出了相应的对策措施。研究结果分述如下：
(1)成都平原土壤样品中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Hg的检出率均为100％，超标率分别为2.11％、0.70％、21.59％、1.33％、4.48％、4.48％，铅含量未超出土壤环境质量二级标准。
(2)成都平原土壤Cd、Cr、Zn空间分布以斑块状为主，但高值中心分布不同。土壤Cd高值中心主要集中在两个区域在三环路外以南(0.30～2.28mgkg~(-1))呈团块分布和平原西北部都江堰和彭州的部分区域(0.20～0.30mg kg~(-1))。土壤Cr总体上未超过土壤环境质量二级标准，其高值区(100～168mg kg~(-1))位于平原北部彭州一带。土壤Zn的高值区(100～221 mg kg~(-1))和风险概率(取100mg kg~(-1)为阈值)较高的区域(50％～76％)位于平原中部。土壤Cu主要呈块状和条带状分布，其高值区(100～141mg kg~(-1))仅在都江堰、温江、成都市、双流、金堂和龙泉驿等区域内有小范围的超标。土壤Pb在平原东部含量(25～81 mg kg~(-1))与风险概率(取35mg kg~(-1)为阈值)明显高于西部。平原东北部与西南部其值范围与风险发生概率(＜100 mg kg~(-1)，＜23％)均较低。成都平原土壤As含量西南高于东北部，其高值中心包括崇州、新津、大邑和邛崃约占平原面积的40％。土壤Hg的分布以条带状为主，部分为斑块状。其高值中心位于成都市中心城区(0.5～0.8 mg kg~(-1))和都江堰中心城区(0.4～0.5 mg kg~(-1))附近，超过土壤环境质量二级标准。
(3)污染的存在主要是由社会经济因素在空间上的差异性所造成的。因此，分别从工业布局、城市生活垃圾的排放、距中心城区的远近、高速公路、河流分布等方面进行了探讨。土壤重金属Cu，Pb，Hg含量分布与工业布局存在极显著的关系，工业越发达的地区特别是特定的污染行业越发达，其含量越高；城区垃圾排放量总体上与其土壤Cd，Cr，Hg平均含量存在一定关系。在4km的范围内，距主城区的远近与土壤Pb含量呈显著的指数相关关系，但不排除未来对土壤造成危害污染的可能。研究区主要高速公路段之间土壤Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Hg含量差异极显著。受河流运移影响，土壤重金属在出江河-南河-斜江河段、蒲阳河-毗河-北河段和府河段具有不同分布特征，这主要是由于区内烧碱、汞化物、油漆、蓄电池等工厂排出的废水带来的污染，同时也对土壤重金属污染的跨行政区扩散产生作用造成的；不同土地利用下农户对蔬菜或水田作物投入的施肥和管理水平是造成土壤中不同重金属累积差异的主要原因。
(4)成都平原土壤重金属污染经济损失计量总面积为282.93hm~2，占研究区面积的0.04％。分别运用恢复费用法和市场估值法、人力资本法对土壤中重金属残留造成的损失进行了估算，其中恢复费用法得到重度污染区土壤重金属造成的经济损失为339.52万元，而市场估值法、人力资本法从三方面得到农产品品质下降损失、人群发病率提高的损失、土壤重金属重度污染事故损失分别为52.82万元、175.28万元、1.02万元，总共为229.12万元。最后，对这两种估算结果作了比较。
(5)针对成都平原土壤重金属污染现状，应按污染发生的不同程度，采取经济、法律、行政、技术手段相配合，以达到综合治理污染的目的。
In order to assess the amount and spatial distribution of soil heavy metals in Chengdu plain, 142samples were collected from soil, around roadside soil and riverside soil of 7 districts and geostatisticaltools were used. Data of Chengdu plain soil in 2005 were adopt to simulate the spatial distribution ofsoil heavy metals and the risk probability of pollution occurrence in Chengdu plain under macro-scale,and analyzed the reason that caused industry pollution by soil heavy metal Cd,Cr, Cu,Pb,Zn, As and Hgin spatial dimension. Furthermore, this paper discussed the main influencing factors of soil heavy metals,such as municipal solid waste, distances to the downtown, roads and rivers,and based on the influenceof social economy factors, the economic losses put forward.The result showed that as follows:.
(1) From the overall characteristic analyses of soil heavy metals pollution degrees in Chengdu plain,the results showed that all the detectable rates of cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, mercurywere 100％, the exceeding limit rates were 2.11％,0.70％,21.59％,1.33％,4.48％,4.48％, respectively.Thelead content had not Surpassed environmental quality standard for soils.
(2) The soil heavy metal pollution of spatial simulation results in these regions showed that all thepollution tendency in the overall presents east, north were higher than the west, the south except Ascontent, which were mainly correlated with the distribution of pollution sources.
(3) The influencing factors analyses indicated that, the existence of pollution sources mainly causedby the spatial variances of the economy factors especially the Area place factors. The social economyfactors affected the space differences of different heavy metals were more complicated. Discussed thedistribution characteristics of heavy metals under different industrial arrangements, the distribution ofCu,Pb,Hg contents had extremely remarkable relations with industrial distribution under different scales.the more the industry especially the specially appointed contaminate developed, the higher the heavymetal contents, but the variances of soil Cd,Cr,Zn,As contents had less differences under the industrialand enterprise layout. Furthermore, discussed the influences of municipal solid waste to the heavy metalcontents, finally results indicated that the drainage of municipal solid waste had a certain relations with the mean values of Cd,Cr,Hg in general, but the heavy metal contents of Cu, Pb, Zn were not obvious.Combined with data of the five main districts in Chengdu, the Cd, Cr, Hg contents in Qingyang andWuhou district which had high waste drainages was higher than those of Qingbaijiang and Longquanyidistricts. The Changes of heavy metal contents in different distances outside the downtown indicatedthat the difference distances to the downtown has no direct relation with the changes of theCd,Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Hg contents, but assumed the remarkable indexes correlation relations with the soilPb content within 4 km range outside the city center. Analyzed the main highway such as Chengpeng,Cheng-Wenqiong, Chengle, all the elements levels reached safety levels except the average contents ofPb and Cu near the city highways section which surpassed the environment quality standard for soils,but would not remove the pollution possibility caused by the soil in the future. In study area, thedifferences among the main around highway section, Chengpeng, Cheng-Wenqiong, Chengle and thesoil contents of Cr,Cu,Pb was remarkablely, but the differences of Cd, Zn were not obvious. Influencedby the river transporting changings, soil heavy metal present different distributing characteristics indifferent rivers, one of the most reasons of the pollution was caused by the waste water dischargedwhich come from the caustic soda, mercurate thing, paint, accumulator cell factories. In a certaindegrees, water loss and soil erosion was also lead to soil heavy metals pollutions between regions inChengdu Plain.The heavy metal characteristic research under the different land utilization indicated that,the fertilizer and management level to the vegetables'and paddy field crops was the main reason causingdifferent heavy metal accumulation.
(4) Economy loses amounts estimating result indicated that,area for economic loss was282.93hm~2 and was 2.67％in the whole study area.From four aspects,the economic loss for heavymetals pollution in 2005 was 339,520,0 RMB.
(5) In view of the heavy metal pollution present situation in Chengdu plain,measures should betaken including the economy, the law, the administration,the technical method,to achieve comprehensivetreatment contaminates purposes.
(1)成都平原土壤样品中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Hg的检出率均为100％，超标率分别为2.11％、0.70％、21.59％、1.33％、4.48％、4.48％，铅含量未超出土壤环境质量二级标准。
(2)成都平原土壤Cd、Cr、Zn空间分布以斑块状为主，但高值中心分布不同。土壤Cd高值中心主要集中在两个区域在三环路外以南(0.30～2.28mgkg~(-1))呈团块分布和平原西北部都江堰和彭州的部分区域(0.20～0.30mg kg~(-1))。土壤Cr总体上未超过土壤环境质量二级标准，其高值区(100～168mg kg~(-1))位于平原北部彭州一带。土壤Zn的高值区(100～221 mg kg~(-1))和风险概率(取100mg kg~(-1)为阈值)较高的区域(50％～76％)位于平原中部。土壤Cu主要呈块状和条带状分布，其高值区(100～141mg kg~(-1))仅在都江堰、温江、成都市、双流、金堂和龙泉驿等区域内有小范围的超标。土壤Pb在平原东部含量(25～81 mg kg~(-1))与风险概率(取35mg kg~(-1)为阈值)明显高于西部。平原东北部与西南部其值范围与风险发生概率(＜100 mg kg~(-1)，＜23％)均较低。成都平原土壤As含量西南高于东北部，其高值中心包括崇州、新津、大邑和邛崃约占平原面积的40％。土壤Hg的分布以条带状为主，部分为斑块状。其高值中心位于成都市中心城区(0.5～0.8 mg kg~(-1))和都江堰中心城区(0.4～0.5 mg kg~(-1))附近，超过土壤环境质量二级标准。
(3)污染的存在主要是由社会经济因素在空间上的差异性所造成的。因此，分别从工业布局、城市生活垃圾的排放、距中心城区的远近、高速公路、河流分布等方面进行了探讨。土壤重金属Cu，Pb，Hg含量分布与工业布局存在极显著的关系，工业越发达的地区特别是特定的污染行业越发达，其含量越高；城区垃圾排放量总体上与其土壤Cd，Cr，Hg平均含量存在一定关系。在4km的范围内，距主城区的远近与土壤Pb含量呈显著的指数相关关系，但不排除未来对土壤造成危害污染的可能。研究区主要高速公路段之间土壤Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Hg含量差异极显著。受河流运移影响，土壤重金属在出江河-南河-斜江河段、蒲阳河-毗河-北河段和府河段具有不同分布特征，这主要是由于区内烧碱、汞化物、油漆、蓄电池等工厂排出的废水带来的污染，同时也对土壤重金属污染的跨行政区扩散产生作用造成的；不同土地利用下农户对蔬菜或水田作物投入的施肥和管理水平是造成土壤中不同重金属累积差异的主要原因。
(4)成都平原土壤重金属污染经济损失计量总面积为282.93hm~2，占研究区面积的0.04％。分别运用恢复费用法和市场估值法、人力资本法对土壤中重金属残留造成的损失进行了估算，其中恢复费用法得到重度污染区土壤重金属造成的经济损失为339.52万元，而市场估值法、人力资本法从三方面得到农产品品质下降损失、人群发病率提高的损失、土壤重金属重度污染事故损失分别为52.82万元、175.28万元、1.02万元，总共为229.12万元。最后，对这两种估算结果作了比较。
(5)针对成都平原土壤重金属污染现状，应按污染发生的不同程度，采取经济、法律、行政、技术手段相配合，以达到综合治理污染的目的。
In order to assess the amount and spatial distribution of soil heavy metals in Chengdu plain, 142samples were collected from soil, around roadside soil and riverside soil of 7 districts and geostatisticaltools were used. Data of Chengdu plain soil in 2005 were adopt to simulate the spatial distribution ofsoil heavy metals and the risk probability of pollution occurrence in Chengdu plain under macro-scale,and analyzed the reason that caused industry pollution by soil heavy metal Cd,Cr, Cu,Pb,Zn, As and Hgin spatial dimension. Furthermore, this paper discussed the main influencing factors of soil heavy metals,such as municipal solid waste, distances to the downtown, roads and rivers,and based on the influenceof social economy factors, the economic losses put forward.The result showed that as follows:.
(1) From the overall characteristic analyses of soil heavy metals pollution degrees in Chengdu plain,the results showed that all the detectable rates of cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, mercurywere 100％, the exceeding limit rates were 2.11％,0.70％,21.59％,1.33％,4.48％,4.48％, respectively.Thelead content had not Surpassed environmental quality standard for soils.
(2) The soil heavy metal pollution of spatial simulation results in these regions showed that all thepollution tendency in the overall presents east, north were higher than the west, the south except Ascontent, which were mainly correlated with the distribution of pollution sources.
(3) The influencing factors analyses indicated that, the existence of pollution sources mainly causedby the spatial variances of the economy factors especially the Area place factors. The social economyfactors affected the space differences of different heavy metals were more complicated. Discussed thedistribution characteristics of heavy metals under different industrial arrangements, the distribution ofCu,Pb,Hg contents had extremely remarkable relations with industrial distribution under different scales.the more the industry especially the specially appointed contaminate developed, the higher the heavymetal contents, but the variances of soil Cd,Cr,Zn,As contents had less differences under the industrialand enterprise layout. Furthermore, discussed the influences of municipal solid waste to the heavy metalcontents, finally results indicated that the drainage of municipal solid waste had a certain relations with the mean values of Cd,Cr,Hg in general, but the heavy metal contents of Cu, Pb, Zn were not obvious.Combined with data of the five main districts in Chengdu, the Cd, Cr, Hg contents in Qingyang andWuhou district which had high waste drainages was higher than those of Qingbaijiang and Longquanyidistricts. The Changes of heavy metal contents in different distances outside the downtown indicatedthat the difference distances to the downtown has no direct relation with the changes of theCd,Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Hg contents, but assumed the remarkable indexes correlation relations with the soilPb content within 4 km range outside the city center. Analyzed the main highway such as Chengpeng,Cheng-Wenqiong, Chengle, all the elements levels reached safety levels except the average contents ofPb and Cu near the city highways section which surpassed the environment quality standard for soils,but would not remove the pollution possibility caused by the soil in the future. In study area, thedifferences among the main around highway section, Chengpeng, Cheng-Wenqiong, Chengle and thesoil contents of Cr,Cu,Pb was remarkablely, but the differences of Cd, Zn were not obvious. Influencedby the river transporting changings, soil heavy metal present different distributing characteristics indifferent rivers, one of the most reasons of the pollution was caused by the waste water dischargedwhich come from the caustic soda, mercurate thing, paint, accumulator cell factories. In a certaindegrees, water loss and soil erosion was also lead to soil heavy metals pollutions between regions inChengdu Plain.The heavy metal characteristic research under the different land utilization indicated that,the fertilizer and management level to the vegetables'and paddy field crops was the main reason causingdifferent heavy metal accumulation.
(4) Economy loses amounts estimating result indicated that,area for economic loss was282.93hm~2 and was 2.67％in the whole study area.From four aspects,the economic loss for heavymetals pollution in 2005 was 339,520,0 RMB.
(5) In view of the heavy metal pollution present situation in Chengdu plain,measures should betaken including the economy, the law, the administration,the technical method,to achieve comprehensivetreatment contaminates purposes.
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