异构无线网络中的接入选择机制研究
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摘要
未来无线通信网络的发展趋势之一将是各种不同无线接入技术的融合。多种不同无线接入技术的共存及融合带来多方面的益处，包括：提高无线资源利用率、提高网络容量、为用户提供更好的服务质量、降低网络基础建设费用等，这些由异构无线接入网络的融合所带来的益处可以统称为多接入增益。多接入选择(MRAS，Multiple Radio Access Selection)作为协同无线资源管理中关键技术，通过动态管理终端接入一个或多个不同的无线网络，可有效利用多接入增益。由多接入选择所带来的多接入增益包括两个方面：多接入分集(Multi-Radio Access Diversity)和多接入合并(Multi-Radio Access Combining)。本论文将主要探讨在异构无线网络环境中，如何利用多接入选择技术来达到多接入增益最大化，提高无线传输性能。
论文首先分析了下一代无线通信网络的主要技术标准和发展状况，针对下一代无线通信网络的发展趋势之一：异构无线网络融合，从核心网、接入网、终端三个方面分析了相应的融合机制。在此基础上，重点探讨了接入网层面的融合机制，提出了基于通用链路层(GLL，Generic Link Layer)和协同无线资源管理(MRRM，Multi-Radio Resource Management)的两种异构网络融合架构。
其次论文将多接入选择从实现角度分为两个方面展开来进行分析：一方面，研究在多接入网络环境中，在新业务产生或因其他条件下(如切换、负载均衡、QoS保证下降等)要求终端重新选择网络时，如何设计接入选择算法来动态根据用户及网络需求选择最佳的网络进行接入。这种多接入选择由于在时间发生上间隔较长，可看作是“慢速多接入选择”(Slow MRAS)。另外一方面，根据多接入无线网络信道相互独立变化的特征，通过设计多接入系统下的分组调度算法，动态分配分组包在适当一个或多个接入链路上传输，这种多接入选择的实现基于网络间深耦合模式而快速执行，并能获得更高的多接入增益，可看作是“快速多接入选择”(Fast MRAS)。论文基于对这两种多接入选择的基本原理和研究现状分析总结的基础上，提出了研究中存在的问题和面临的挑战。
然后，论文在“慢速多接入选择”方面，首先针对多接入选择的主要目标之一负载均衡，提出一种基于多维Markov链的异构网络负载均衡的理论分析模型，通过其性能分析得出网络与业务主要参数的变化对负载均衡性能的影响，而这将有效指导多接入选择算法的设计。其次，针对现有研究中提出的多接入选择方法多是针对传统话音业务，而对分组网络及业务分析的不足，首先提出了一种异构无线分组网络中负载及业务资源消耗的估计策略，并在此基础上提出一种考虑业务特性并以负载均衡为目标的多接入选择算法。最后，考虑到多接入选择实际为多种不同因素共同影响并作用的结果，这些因素种类繁多包括如网络容量及负载状况、业务服务质量、用户喜好、可用性安全性等，并且由于异构网络中无线资源及链路技术的差异性，上述参数有不同的可接受度和数量等级，在多接入选择中很难统一量化比较。因此，论文提出了一种结合目标代价函数与层次分析法的动态多接入选择算法，来解决这一多因素影响下的多接入选择问题。
在“快速多接入选择”方面，论文从选择式与并行多接入传输的角度深入分析了如何利用多接入分集和多接入合并增益。在选择式多接入传输方面，实际可以转化为在多用户、多接入状况下的分组调度问题，从理论上上述过程可以分为多用户调度和多接入分配两部分，然而基于这种分割的选择式多接入传输算法并不能达到性能的最优。因此，在本文将多用户、多接入调度进行联合设计，提出了一种利用选择式多接入传输分集的分组调度算法。另外，传统并行多接入传输主要的目标为提高传输的可靠性，但往往以牺牲系统资源为代价。针对如何提高传输可靠性的同时获得系统吞吐量性能的要求，在本文，将纠错编码机制与多接入传输分集方法联合设计，首先提出两种了结合比特级纠错编码的并行多接入传输的方法：IPMRTD与CPMRTD，其次考虑到可实现性，提出了一种基于分组级纠错编码的并行多接入传输方法：MRTD-PFEC，并在此基础上讨论其在协作通信中的应用场景。
最后，在总结全文的基础上，提出了论文不足及未来的研究方向。
In the near future, multitude of wireless communication networks based on a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) and standards will emerge and coexist. The availability of multiple access alternatives offers the capability of increasing the overall transmission capacity, providing better service quality and reducing the deployment costs for wireless access. These potential gains can be named multi-access gain. Multi-radio access selection (MRAS) that decide an appropriate radio access technology for a specific service is proved to be an efficient method to exploit the multi-radio access gain, which comes from two aspects: multi-radio access diversity (MRAD) and multi-radio access combining (MRAC). The thesis will investigate how to design optimum MRAS strategies to exploit the multi-radio access gain in heterogeneous wireless networks.
Firstly, a description of the next generation of wireless communication network is given. As one of the trend of next generation wireless system, the key inter-working technologies of heterogeneous networks are analysed from the following point of view: core network, access network and terminal respectively. Then, the thesis emphasises on the inter-working strategy at the level of access network, and proposes two inter-working network architectures based on the concepts of generic link layer (GLL) and multi-radio resource management (MRRM).
Secondly, the thesis divides the MRAS into two types: slow MRAS and fast MRAS, in terms of the time scale of implementation. On one hand, the access selection function will be triggered by some incidents including new service generation, inter-system handover or the degradation of QoS, where MRAS operates in the order of seconds and upwards, so it is named Slow MRAS. On the other hand, access selection can operate in the order of milliseconds to be able to react to rapid channel quality variations (fast fading), which is implemented by scheduling packets over multiple radio accesses and exploit more multi-radio access gain, so it is named fast MRAS. Based on the thorough analysis of implementation and the state of art of MRAS, the thesis presents the now-existed problems and challenges in the research on MRAS.
For slow MRAS, the thesis first propose a theoretic analysis model for load balancing with multi-radio access selection by using multi-dimensions Markov chain. The analytical results reveal how the variation of main parameters affect the performance of load balancing, which will guide the designing of access selection algorithm. When considering the lack of MRAS algorithm for wireless packet network, the thesis gives a method to evaluate the required resource of service and network load based on the packet-level information, then propose a load balancing-based MRAS algorithm with consideration of various qualities of packet service. Moreover, MRAS actually depends on multiple deciding factors, which belong to different properties and are hard to be compared directly, including status of link, system capacity, network load, QoS providence, user preference, security and availability, etc. To settle this problem, the thesis proposes a multiple factors determined MRAS algorithm based on the cost function and analytic hierarchy process.
For fast MRAS, both the selective and parallel multi-radio transmissions are investigated to exploit the gain of multi-radio transmission diversity and multi-radio transmission combining. Selective multi-radio transmission can be converted into the problem of packet scheduling in the condition of multi-user and multi-radio access, and can be implemented in two steps: multi-user scheduling and multi-radio accesses allocation. In the thesis, a novel selective multi-radio transmission algorithm is proposed, in which the two steps are jointly designed to achieve the optimum performance. Moreover, Parallel multi-radio transmission is used to increase the reliability of transmission in wireless environment, but at the cost of consuming more radio resources. In the thesis, the forward error correction (FEC) strategy and multi-radio transmission are combined to solve this problem. Two novel bit level FEC-based parallel multi-radio transmission algorithms: IPMRTD and CPMRTD are proposed. Furthermore, considering the complexity of implementation, the thesis also proposes a packet level FEC-based parallel multi-radio transmission algorithm, and discusses its applications in cooperative communications.
Finally, the works in the thesis are summarized and future works are introduced.
论文首先分析了下一代无线通信网络的主要技术标准和发展状况，针对下一代无线通信网络的发展趋势之一：异构无线网络融合，从核心网、接入网、终端三个方面分析了相应的融合机制。在此基础上，重点探讨了接入网层面的融合机制，提出了基于通用链路层(GLL，Generic Link Layer)和协同无线资源管理(MRRM，Multi-Radio Resource Management)的两种异构网络融合架构。
其次论文将多接入选择从实现角度分为两个方面展开来进行分析：一方面，研究在多接入网络环境中，在新业务产生或因其他条件下(如切换、负载均衡、QoS保证下降等)要求终端重新选择网络时，如何设计接入选择算法来动态根据用户及网络需求选择最佳的网络进行接入。这种多接入选择由于在时间发生上间隔较长，可看作是“慢速多接入选择”(Slow MRAS)。另外一方面，根据多接入无线网络信道相互独立变化的特征，通过设计多接入系统下的分组调度算法，动态分配分组包在适当一个或多个接入链路上传输，这种多接入选择的实现基于网络间深耦合模式而快速执行，并能获得更高的多接入增益，可看作是“快速多接入选择”(Fast MRAS)。论文基于对这两种多接入选择的基本原理和研究现状分析总结的基础上，提出了研究中存在的问题和面临的挑战。
然后，论文在“慢速多接入选择”方面，首先针对多接入选择的主要目标之一负载均衡，提出一种基于多维Markov链的异构网络负载均衡的理论分析模型，通过其性能分析得出网络与业务主要参数的变化对负载均衡性能的影响，而这将有效指导多接入选择算法的设计。其次，针对现有研究中提出的多接入选择方法多是针对传统话音业务，而对分组网络及业务分析的不足，首先提出了一种异构无线分组网络中负载及业务资源消耗的估计策略，并在此基础上提出一种考虑业务特性并以负载均衡为目标的多接入选择算法。最后，考虑到多接入选择实际为多种不同因素共同影响并作用的结果，这些因素种类繁多包括如网络容量及负载状况、业务服务质量、用户喜好、可用性安全性等，并且由于异构网络中无线资源及链路技术的差异性，上述参数有不同的可接受度和数量等级，在多接入选择中很难统一量化比较。因此，论文提出了一种结合目标代价函数与层次分析法的动态多接入选择算法，来解决这一多因素影响下的多接入选择问题。
在“快速多接入选择”方面，论文从选择式与并行多接入传输的角度深入分析了如何利用多接入分集和多接入合并增益。在选择式多接入传输方面，实际可以转化为在多用户、多接入状况下的分组调度问题，从理论上上述过程可以分为多用户调度和多接入分配两部分，然而基于这种分割的选择式多接入传输算法并不能达到性能的最优。因此，在本文将多用户、多接入调度进行联合设计，提出了一种利用选择式多接入传输分集的分组调度算法。另外，传统并行多接入传输主要的目标为提高传输的可靠性，但往往以牺牲系统资源为代价。针对如何提高传输可靠性的同时获得系统吞吐量性能的要求，在本文，将纠错编码机制与多接入传输分集方法联合设计，首先提出两种了结合比特级纠错编码的并行多接入传输的方法：IPMRTD与CPMRTD，其次考虑到可实现性，提出了一种基于分组级纠错编码的并行多接入传输方法：MRTD-PFEC，并在此基础上讨论其在协作通信中的应用场景。
最后，在总结全文的基础上，提出了论文不足及未来的研究方向。
In the near future, multitude of wireless communication networks based on a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) and standards will emerge and coexist. The availability of multiple access alternatives offers the capability of increasing the overall transmission capacity, providing better service quality and reducing the deployment costs for wireless access. These potential gains can be named multi-access gain. Multi-radio access selection (MRAS) that decide an appropriate radio access technology for a specific service is proved to be an efficient method to exploit the multi-radio access gain, which comes from two aspects: multi-radio access diversity (MRAD) and multi-radio access combining (MRAC). The thesis will investigate how to design optimum MRAS strategies to exploit the multi-radio access gain in heterogeneous wireless networks.
Firstly, a description of the next generation of wireless communication network is given. As one of the trend of next generation wireless system, the key inter-working technologies of heterogeneous networks are analysed from the following point of view: core network, access network and terminal respectively. Then, the thesis emphasises on the inter-working strategy at the level of access network, and proposes two inter-working network architectures based on the concepts of generic link layer (GLL) and multi-radio resource management (MRRM).
Secondly, the thesis divides the MRAS into two types: slow MRAS and fast MRAS, in terms of the time scale of implementation. On one hand, the access selection function will be triggered by some incidents including new service generation, inter-system handover or the degradation of QoS, where MRAS operates in the order of seconds and upwards, so it is named Slow MRAS. On the other hand, access selection can operate in the order of milliseconds to be able to react to rapid channel quality variations (fast fading), which is implemented by scheduling packets over multiple radio accesses and exploit more multi-radio access gain, so it is named fast MRAS. Based on the thorough analysis of implementation and the state of art of MRAS, the thesis presents the now-existed problems and challenges in the research on MRAS.
For slow MRAS, the thesis first propose a theoretic analysis model for load balancing with multi-radio access selection by using multi-dimensions Markov chain. The analytical results reveal how the variation of main parameters affect the performance of load balancing, which will guide the designing of access selection algorithm. When considering the lack of MRAS algorithm for wireless packet network, the thesis gives a method to evaluate the required resource of service and network load based on the packet-level information, then propose a load balancing-based MRAS algorithm with consideration of various qualities of packet service. Moreover, MRAS actually depends on multiple deciding factors, which belong to different properties and are hard to be compared directly, including status of link, system capacity, network load, QoS providence, user preference, security and availability, etc. To settle this problem, the thesis proposes a multiple factors determined MRAS algorithm based on the cost function and analytic hierarchy process.
For fast MRAS, both the selective and parallel multi-radio transmissions are investigated to exploit the gain of multi-radio transmission diversity and multi-radio transmission combining. Selective multi-radio transmission can be converted into the problem of packet scheduling in the condition of multi-user and multi-radio access, and can be implemented in two steps: multi-user scheduling and multi-radio accesses allocation. In the thesis, a novel selective multi-radio transmission algorithm is proposed, in which the two steps are jointly designed to achieve the optimum performance. Moreover, Parallel multi-radio transmission is used to increase the reliability of transmission in wireless environment, but at the cost of consuming more radio resources. In the thesis, the forward error correction (FEC) strategy and multi-radio transmission are combined to solve this problem. Two novel bit level FEC-based parallel multi-radio transmission algorithms: IPMRTD and CPMRTD are proposed. Furthermore, considering the complexity of implementation, the thesis also proposes a packet level FEC-based parallel multi-radio transmission algorithm, and discusses its applications in cooperative communications.
Finally, the works in the thesis are summarized and future works are introduced.
引文
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