Bragg光纤光栅的制作及在传感器和光纤放大器中应用研究
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摘要
本论文的主要工作是研究、制作Bragg 光纤光栅及其研究Bragg 光纤光栅在传感器和光纤放大器中的应用。首先简要介绍了光纤通信技术和光纤光栅的发展,对Bragg 光纤光栅的制备及其在光通信系统和光纤传感领域中的应用作了概括介绍。其次,对光纤光栅的耦合模理论作了严格推导,特别对Bragg 光纤光栅、切趾光纤光栅、多模Bragg 光纤光栅作了理论分析。在实验方面,在B-Ge 共掺单模光纤上制作出高折变量的Bragg 光纤光栅,通过紫外修整调节光栅的中心波长和边模抑制比;利用切趾相位板和预曝光的方法制作出高边模抑制比、窄通道间隔的切趾Bragg 光纤光栅;分析和实验测试了Bragg 光纤光栅的温度和应力特性,并利用负温度膨胀系数材料对Bragg光纤光栅作了温度补偿式封装;在渐变折射率多模光纤上制作了均匀和倾斜的多模光纤Bragg 光栅,分析和测试了多模光纤Bragg 光栅的温度、应力和弯曲特性,首次发现弯曲可以使均匀多模光纤光栅的低阶模的能量耦合到高阶模当中,实现模式间的转换。提出了一种可以测量30 吨压力的基于Bragg光纤光栅的高压传感器。首次提出一种基于镶嵌腐蚀Bragg 光纤光栅弯曲传感器,并提出一种解决温度和应力交叉敏感问题的办法。在国内首次提出并证实利用一块chirped 相位掩模板和程控扫描曝光法制作用于掺铒光纤放大器增益平坦的啁啾光纤Bragg 光栅滤波器。我们制作的高折变量Bragg 光纤光栅、切趾Bragg 光纤光栅、啁啾光纤Bragg 光栅增益平坦滤波器和基于Bragg 光纤光栅的应力应变和弯曲传感器都达到实用化的要求。
After low loss fiber in the wavelength of 1550nm was successfully developed, optical fiber communication is the most active technology of communication field. Optical fiber communication, satellite communication and mobile communication are the three main orientations of modern communication technology. At present, plenty of communication business continuously emerges, especially fast development of Internet induces rapid increase of communication capacity. Thus, it is necessary to establish large-capacity and high-speed optical fiber communication system. Fiber gratings provide possibilities for the further development of large-capacity and high-speed optical fiber communication system. Fiber grating is a new kind of all-fiber passive device that results from that the refractive index of optical fiber core is periodicity microperturbation. Because of the excellent properties such as compatible with optical fiber, easy fabrication, little insert loss, small volume and low price, fiber gratings have wide application in optical fiber communication and sensor field. Thus,
since the successful fabrication of first fiber grating, the fabrication and application of fiber gratings is central issue of interest all along. Bragg fiber grating is one type of reflection gratings whose reflective wavelength depends on the product of grating's effective refractive index and grating’s period, and grating’s reflectivity and bandwidth depend on the change in refractive index along grating and grating’s length. Then, designing grating’s period and modulating the change in index can fabricate Bragg fiber grating with different reflective wavelength and reflectivity; in addition, Bragg fiber grating has especially sensitivity to the temperature and strain. It is these unique properties that make Bragg fiber gratings have unique applications both in optical communication and sensor field, such as filters and sensors. The work of this thesis is deeply studying the principle, fabrication properties and applications of Bragg fiber gratings. The main achievements of this thesis are shown as following: 1. We strictly deduced couple mode theory that describes the principle of fiber gratings from Maxwell equation. Through grating's apodization, one can deduce grating's sibemobe and the ripple of group delay. The principle of multimode fiber Bragg gratings is studied elementarily. Firstly,in the theory the Maximum number of propagating modes was detruded and introduce the concept of principal mode. Secondly, according to the phase-matching condition of Bragg fiber gratings and the propagation constant of the principal mode, the relationship curve with the resonance wavelength of grating and this propagation constant is plotted,analyzing the resonance wavelength and its propagation constant of the couple between different principal modes;Lastly, to analyze the mode coupling of slated grating in multimode fiber, and the resonance wavelength is the result of the coupling between low order mode and higher order mode, there several pair of modes coupling can occur in the same wavelength, the resonance wavelength between the resonance wavelengths induced by the neighboring principal modes is caused by different modes, there is mode coupling between the same modes. 2. We have fabricated high quality Bragg fiber gratings by using the method of phase mask. Firstly, there high change of refractive index(～3×10-3)Bragg fiber gratings is fabricated in B-Ge codoped fibers with unform phase mask, through UV-trimming to increase the center wavelength of gratings and side mode suppression ratio; Secondly, in the single fiber we have fabricated high quality Bragg fiber gratings (with reflectivity of 99%, sidemode suppression ratio of ～29dB,3-dB bandwidth of 0.4nm,30-dB bandwidth of
0.8nm, flattened level in the top of reflective spectrum lower then 0.01dB)by used the method of precondition exposure and apodisation phase mask, this grating’s level is in the international standard; Lastly, uniform and slated multimode fiber Bragg gratings is fabrication in the graded refractive index multimode fiber, analyzing and testing multimode fiber graing’s temperature and strain properties. Experiment data show that there the same properties about temperature strain are in the slated gratings with the slated angle lower than 20; We firstly discover that the band can couple the energies from lower order mode to higher order mode, to carry out the exchange from lower order mode to higher order mode . 3. In order to make the properties not vary with temperature, we packed the Bragg fiber gratings in negative thermal-expansion coefficient material whose length is almost the same as grating, basing on the theory analysis and experiment test about gratings' temperature and strain properties. In the range of -2 0～60oC, the central wavelength's temperature coefficient of packed Bragg fiber grating fabricated by using phase mask is 0. 0005nm /oC, the reflective bandwidth and reflectivity of packed Bragg fiber grating almost doesn’t vary with temperature, the packed Bragg fiber grating's temperature property is improved greatly,the technology level is in the lead. 4. We first propped bend sensor with an embedded etched Bragg fiber grating. Bend sensor is flatly to embed the gratings into flectional beam that is bended when, the grating is bended. For uniform Bragg fiber gratings, when beam is bended , the center wavelength of grating linearly varies with curvature,the grating’s reflectivity and bandwidth almost doesn’t vary with curvature, we have experimentally demonstrated this property ; For linearly etched Bragg fiber grating with high reflectivity, when the beam is bended, the grating’s reflective power or bandwidth linearly vary with curvature and is insensitive to temperature. The reflective power can be detected by OPM. In experiment, we have obtain the resolution of sensor is about 0.0054 m-1(The resolution of OPM is 0.01 mW). The grating’s reflection power is independent of temperature in the range from 0 to 50℃. The sensitivity of sensor can be changed by controlling the taper of the grating. A main advantage of this scheme is simple and its cost is lower than other bending sensors with OSA or wavelength meter.
After low loss fiber in the wavelength of 1550nm was successfully developed, optical fiber communication is the most active technology of communication field. Optical fiber communication, satellite communication and mobile communication are the three main orientations of modern communication technology. At present, plenty of communication business continuously emerges, especially fast development of Internet induces rapid increase of communication capacity. Thus, it is necessary to establish large-capacity and high-speed optical fiber communication system. Fiber gratings provide possibilities for the further development of large-capacity and high-speed optical fiber communication system. Fiber grating is a new kind of all-fiber passive device that results from that the refractive index of optical fiber core is periodicity microperturbation. Because of the excellent properties such as compatible with optical fiber, easy fabrication, little insert loss, small volume and low price, fiber gratings have wide application in optical fiber communication and sensor field. Thus,
since the successful fabrication of first fiber grating, the fabrication and application of fiber gratings is central issue of interest all along. Bragg fiber grating is one type of reflection gratings whose reflective wavelength depends on the product of grating's effective refractive index and grating’s period, and grating’s reflectivity and bandwidth depend on the change in refractive index along grating and grating’s length. Then, designing grating’s period and modulating the change in index can fabricate Bragg fiber grating with different reflective wavelength and reflectivity; in addition, Bragg fiber grating has especially sensitivity to the temperature and strain. It is these unique properties that make Bragg fiber gratings have unique applications both in optical communication and sensor field, such as filters and sensors. The work of this thesis is deeply studying the principle, fabrication properties and applications of Bragg fiber gratings. The main achievements of this thesis are shown as following: 1. We strictly deduced couple mode theory that describes the principle of fiber gratings from Maxwell equation. Through grating's apodization, one can deduce grating's sibemobe and the ripple of group delay. The principle of multimode fiber Bragg gratings is studied elementarily. Firstly,in the theory the Maximum number of propagating modes was detruded and introduce the concept of principal mode. Secondly, according to the phase-matching condition of Bragg fiber gratings and the propagation constant of the principal mode, the relationship curve with the resonance wavelength of grating and this propagation constant is plotted,analyzing the resonance wavelength and its propagation constant of the couple between different principal modes;Lastly, to analyze the mode coupling of slated grating in multimode fiber, and the resonance wavelength is the result of the coupling between low order mode and higher order mode, there several pair of modes coupling can occur in the same wavelength, the resonance wavelength between the resonance wavelengths induced by the neighboring principal modes is caused by different modes, there is mode coupling between the same modes. 2. We have fabricated high quality Bragg fiber gratings by using the method of phase mask. Firstly, there high change of refractive index(～3×10-3)Bragg fiber gratings is fabricated in B-Ge codoped fibers with unform phase mask, through UV-trimming to increase the center wavelength of gratings and side mode suppression ratio; Secondly, in the single fiber we have fabricated high quality Bragg fiber gratings (with reflectivity of 99%, sidemode suppression ratio of ～29dB,3-dB bandwidth of 0.4nm,30-dB bandwidth of
0.8nm, flattened level in the top of reflective spectrum lower then 0.01dB)by used the method of precondition exposure and apodisation phase mask, this grating’s level is in the international standard; Lastly, uniform and slated multimode fiber Bragg gratings is fabrication in the graded refractive index multimode fiber, analyzing and testing multimode fiber graing’s temperature and strain properties. Experiment data show that there the same properties about temperature strain are in the slated gratings with the slated angle lower than 20; We firstly discover that the band can couple the energies from lower order mode to higher order mode, to carry out the exchange from lower order mode to higher order mode . 3. In order to make the properties not vary with temperature, we packed the Bragg fiber gratings in negative thermal-expansion coefficient material whose length is almost the same as grating, basing on the theory analysis and experiment test about gratings' temperature and strain properties. In the range of -2 0～60oC, the central wavelength's temperature coefficient of packed Bragg fiber grating fabricated by using phase mask is 0. 0005nm /oC, the reflective bandwidth and reflectivity of packed Bragg fiber grating almost doesn’t vary with temperature, the packed Bragg fiber grating's temperature property is improved greatly,the technology level is in the lead. 4. We first propped bend sensor with an embedded etched Bragg fiber grating. Bend sensor is flatly to embed the gratings into flectional beam that is bended when, the grating is bended. For uniform Bragg fiber gratings, when beam is bended , the center wavelength of grating linearly varies with curvature,the grating’s reflectivity and bandwidth almost doesn’t vary with curvature, we have experimentally demonstrated this property ; For linearly etched Bragg fiber grating with high reflectivity, when the beam is bended, the grating’s reflective power or bandwidth linearly vary with curvature and is insensitive to temperature. The reflective power can be detected by OPM. In experiment, we have obtain the resolution of sensor is about 0.0054 m-1(The resolution of OPM is 0.01 mW). The grating’s reflection power is independent of temperature in the range from 0 to 50℃. The sensitivity of sensor can be changed by controlling the taper of the grating. A main advantage of this scheme is simple and its cost is lower than other bending sensors with OSA or wavelength meter.
引文
[1.1] 张煦,光通信技术,1996,20(1):88
[1.2] 朗讯网站2000 年9 月26 日新闻对WaveStar 和MicroStar 的介绍
[1.3] P.St.J.Russell,et al.Recet progress in Photonics Crystal fibers,Proc,OFC 2000,3:P98-100.
[1.4] P. Russell, Photonics Crystal fibers, Science, 2000. Vol.299, P358-361.
[1.5]光波分复用技术讲座,张成良,张海懿,电信技术,1999 年,第6 期,P13-17.
[1.6] I.Bennion,UV-written in-fiber Bragg gratings, Optical and Quantum Electronics.,1996,Vol. 28, P93-135.
[1.7] C. R Giles, Lightwave application of fiber Bragg gratings, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, Vol.15, No.8, P1391-1404.
[1.8] J. E. Sipe, L. Poladian, C. Martijin de Sterke, Propagation through nonuniform grating structures, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol.11(4), 1994, 1307～1320.
[1.9] K. O. Hill, G. Meltz, Fiber Bragg grating technology fundimentals and overview, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, Vol.15, 1783～1390.
[1.10] J. L. Archambault, S. G. Grubb, Fiber gratings in lasers and amlipiers, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, Vol.15, 1263～1276.
[1.11] K. O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D. C. Johnson, et al.,Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1978, Vol. 32, p.647-649.
[1.12] G. Meltz, W. W. Morey, and W. H. Glenn, Opt. Lett. 1989, Vol.14, P823-825.
[1.13] K. 0. Hill, 8. Malo, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson, and J. Albert,Bragg gratings fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask,Appl. Phys. Lett., 1993,Vol. 62, No. 10,P1035-1037
[1.14] P. Lemaire, and R. M. Alkins, Electron. Lett. 1993, Vol.29, p.1191-1192.
[1.15] P. L. Swart, A. A. Chtcherbakov, W. L. Joubert, M. G. Shlyagin, Study of the pressure dependence of hydrogen diffusion in optical fiber by an interferometric technique, Opt. Commun., 2003, Vol.217,189～196.
[1.16] C. Y, Wei, C. C. Ye, S. W. Janms, et al., The influence of hydrogen load and the fabrication process on the mechanical strength of optical fibre Bragg gratings, Opt. Materials, 2002, Vol.20, 241～251.
[1.17] 韦占雄博士论文,第一章。
[1.18] Y. J. Rao, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 1997, Vol.15, p.779-785
[1.19] R. M. Measure, S. E. Karr, and K. Liu, J. Smart Mater. Struc. 1992, p1-:36.
[1.20]Fiber Bragg gratings-fundamentals and applications in telecommunications and sensing, Andreas Othonos and Kyriacos Kalli, Artech House Boston London
[1.21] C.R.Giles, and V.Mizrahi, Proc. IOOC’95: ThC-2
[1.22] Pan . J.J. and Y.shi, Electron. Lett., 1997, Vol.33,, P1895-1896
[1.23] H. J. Patrick, C. C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, Electron. Lett. 1998, Vol.34, p1773-74.
[1.24] X. Shu, X. Zhu, S. Jiang, W. Shi, and D. Huang, Electron.Lett., 1999,35,1580
[1.25] R. Leberf, B. Landousies, T. Georges, et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 1997, Vol.15, p766.
[1.26] C. D. Pool, J. M. Wieselfeld, D. J. Di Giovanni, and A. M. Vengsarkar, J. Lightwave Technol. 1994, Vol.12, p1746.
[1.27] A. M. Vengsarkar, Laser Focus World.1996, Vol.32, p243-248.
[1.28]P.S.Cross and H.kogelnik,Sidelide suppression incorrugated -waveguide filters,Optics Letters,1997,Vol.1,P43-45.
[1.29]K. Ennser,et al.,Optimization of Apodized Linearly Chirped Fiber Gratings for Optical Communications,IEEE Journal of
Quantum Electronics,1998,Vol.34,770-777.
[1.30]W.H.Loh, M.J.Cole, M.J.Cole, S.Barcelos and R.I.Laming, Opt.Lett., 1995, Vol.20, p2051
[1.31]Remigius Zengerle and Ottokar Leminger. Phase-shifted Bragg-grating filter with improved transmission characteristics. J. Lightwave Technol., 1995, 13(12):2354-2358.
[1.32] C.Martijn de Sterke and N.G.R.Broderick. Coupled-mode equations for periodic superstructure Bragg gratings. Opt. Lett., 1995, Vol.20, p2039~2041;
[1.33] Jorg Hubner, Dan Zauner and Martin Kristensen. Strong sampled Bragg gratings for WDM applications. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 1998, Vol.10, p552~554.
[1.34]I.Bennion,UV-written in-fiber Bragg gratings, Optical and Quantum Electronica.,1996,Vol. 28, P93-135
[1.35] D.Taverner, D.J.Richardson, S.Barcelos et al. Dispersion compensation of step-index fiber using cascaded chirped fiber gratings. Electron.Lett. 1995, Vol.31, p1004-1005.
[1.36] M.C.Farries, K.Sugden, D.C.J.Reid et al. Very broad reflection bandwidth (44nm) chirped fibre gratings and narrow bandpass filters produced by the use of an amplitude mask. Electron.Lett., 1994, Vol.30, p891~892
[1.37] K. 0. Hill, 8. Malo, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson, and J. Albert,Appl. Phys. Lett., 1993,Vol. 62, No. 10,P1035-1037.
[1.38]W.H.Loh, M.J.Cole, M.N.Zervas, S.Barcelos, and R.I.Laming, Complex grating structures with uniform phase masks based on the moving fiber-scanning beam technique, Optical Society of America, 1995,Vol.20,No.20,P2051-2053.
[1.39]赵志勇,于永森,马玉刚,曹英辉,郑伟,钱颖,卓仲畅,郑杰,张玉书,基于啁啾光纤光栅的增益平坦器滤波器,吉林大学学报(理学版),2004,Vol.42,No.2,255-256.
[1.40] A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, Fiber Grating Sensors,J.lightwave technol., 1997, VOl. 15, NO. 8 ,P1442-1463.
[1.2] 朗讯网站2000 年9 月26 日新闻对WaveStar 和MicroStar 的介绍
[1.3] P.St.J.Russell,et al.Recet progress in Photonics Crystal fibers,Proc,OFC 2000,3:P98-100.
[1.4] P. Russell, Photonics Crystal fibers, Science, 2000. Vol.299, P358-361.
[1.5]光波分复用技术讲座,张成良,张海懿,电信技术,1999 年,第6 期,P13-17.
[1.6] I.Bennion,UV-written in-fiber Bragg gratings, Optical and Quantum Electronics.,1996,Vol. 28, P93-135.
[1.7] C. R Giles, Lightwave application of fiber Bragg gratings, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, Vol.15, No.8, P1391-1404.
[1.8] J. E. Sipe, L. Poladian, C. Martijin de Sterke, Propagation through nonuniform grating structures, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol.11(4), 1994, 1307～1320.
[1.9] K. O. Hill, G. Meltz, Fiber Bragg grating technology fundimentals and overview, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, Vol.15, 1783～1390.
[1.10] J. L. Archambault, S. G. Grubb, Fiber gratings in lasers and amlipiers, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, Vol.15, 1263～1276.
[1.11] K. O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D. C. Johnson, et al.,Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1978, Vol. 32, p.647-649.
[1.12] G. Meltz, W. W. Morey, and W. H. Glenn, Opt. Lett. 1989, Vol.14, P823-825.
[1.13] K. 0. Hill, 8. Malo, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson, and J. Albert,Bragg gratings fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask,Appl. Phys. Lett., 1993,Vol. 62, No. 10,P1035-1037
[1.14] P. Lemaire, and R. M. Alkins, Electron. Lett. 1993, Vol.29, p.1191-1192.
[1.15] P. L. Swart, A. A. Chtcherbakov, W. L. Joubert, M. G. Shlyagin, Study of the pressure dependence of hydrogen diffusion in optical fiber by an interferometric technique, Opt. Commun., 2003, Vol.217,189～196.
[1.16] C. Y, Wei, C. C. Ye, S. W. Janms, et al., The influence of hydrogen load and the fabrication process on the mechanical strength of optical fibre Bragg gratings, Opt. Materials, 2002, Vol.20, 241～251.
[1.17] 韦占雄博士论文,第一章。
[1.18] Y. J. Rao, D. J. Webb, D. A. Jackson, et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 1997, Vol.15, p.779-785
[1.19] R. M. Measure, S. E. Karr, and K. Liu, J. Smart Mater. Struc. 1992, p1-:36.
[1.20]Fiber Bragg gratings-fundamentals and applications in telecommunications and sensing, Andreas Othonos and Kyriacos Kalli, Artech House Boston London
[1.21] C.R.Giles, and V.Mizrahi, Proc. IOOC’95: ThC-2
[1.22] Pan . J.J. and Y.shi, Electron. Lett., 1997, Vol.33,, P1895-1896
[1.23] H. J. Patrick, C. C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, Electron. Lett. 1998, Vol.34, p1773-74.
[1.24] X. Shu, X. Zhu, S. Jiang, W. Shi, and D. Huang, Electron.Lett., 1999,35,1580
[1.25] R. Leberf, B. Landousies, T. Georges, et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 1997, Vol.15, p766.
[1.26] C. D. Pool, J. M. Wieselfeld, D. J. Di Giovanni, and A. M. Vengsarkar, J. Lightwave Technol. 1994, Vol.12, p1746.
[1.27] A. M. Vengsarkar, Laser Focus World.1996, Vol.32, p243-248.
[1.28]P.S.Cross and H.kogelnik,Sidelide suppression incorrugated -waveguide filters,Optics Letters,1997,Vol.1,P43-45.
[1.29]K. Ennser,et al.,Optimization of Apodized Linearly Chirped Fiber Gratings for Optical Communications,IEEE Journal of
Quantum Electronics,1998,Vol.34,770-777.
[1.30]W.H.Loh, M.J.Cole, M.J.Cole, S.Barcelos and R.I.Laming, Opt.Lett., 1995, Vol.20, p2051
[1.31]Remigius Zengerle and Ottokar Leminger. Phase-shifted Bragg-grating filter with improved transmission characteristics. J. Lightwave Technol., 1995, 13(12):2354-2358.
[1.32] C.Martijn de Sterke and N.G.R.Broderick. Coupled-mode equations for periodic superstructure Bragg gratings. Opt. Lett., 1995, Vol.20, p2039~2041;
[1.33] Jorg Hubner, Dan Zauner and Martin Kristensen. Strong sampled Bragg gratings for WDM applications. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 1998, Vol.10, p552~554.
[1.34]I.Bennion,UV-written in-fiber Bragg gratings, Optical and Quantum Electronica.,1996,Vol. 28, P93-135
[1.35] D.Taverner, D.J.Richardson, S.Barcelos et al. Dispersion compensation of step-index fiber using cascaded chirped fiber gratings. Electron.Lett. 1995, Vol.31, p1004-1005.
[1.36] M.C.Farries, K.Sugden, D.C.J.Reid et al. Very broad reflection bandwidth (44nm) chirped fibre gratings and narrow bandpass filters produced by the use of an amplitude mask. Electron.Lett., 1994, Vol.30, p891~892
[1.37] K. 0. Hill, 8. Malo, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson, and J. Albert,Appl. Phys. Lett., 1993,Vol. 62, No. 10,P1035-1037.
[1.38]W.H.Loh, M.J.Cole, M.N.Zervas, S.Barcelos, and R.I.Laming, Complex grating structures with uniform phase masks based on the moving fiber-scanning beam technique, Optical Society of America, 1995,Vol.20,No.20,P2051-2053.
[1.39]赵志勇,于永森,马玉刚,曹英辉,郑伟,钱颖,卓仲畅,郑杰,张玉书,基于啁啾光纤光栅的增益平坦器滤波器,吉林大学学报(理学版),2004,Vol.42,No.2,255-256.
[1.40] A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, Fiber Grating Sensors,J.lightwave technol., 1997, VOl. 15, NO. 8 ,P1442-1463.
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