相变蓄冷建筑围护结构性能研究
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摘要
相变蓄能技术在建筑中的应用，可以减小室内热环境的波动，同时通过对过剩热量/冷量的吸收/释放可达到建筑节能的目的。本文旨在研究一种与建筑围护结构结合的新型相变蓄冷体系：研发新型的相变材料、封装方法及与围护结构结合的合理方式，并测试其实际的蓄冷效果，最后建立其传热模型。
本文采用熔融共混法，以高级脂肪酸和高碳醇为原料，差示扫描量热法（DSC）为测试手段，研制出了一系列具有较高潜热可适用于我国温带大陆季风气候的夏季蓄冷相变材料。研究了以高分子材料为支撑包覆材料、微粒径铝粉为导热系数增强剂的定型相变材料及其制备方法，而且对其进行了泄露性测试、SEM微观形态特征扫描、红外波普测试、DSC相变热物性测试，并测试了添加铝粉后的蓄放热效率提高情况。研究分析了另一种封装方式—相变蓄能板，将相变材料用铝制板材封装成坚固、安全、无泄漏的板状结构，且相变蓄能板内部带有肋片，在加固板材的同时提高了相变材料的吸放热速率。搭建了空心砖结构的三间大尺寸房间，将相变蓄能板与围护结构相结合，实验研究了两套相变蓄冷系统（PCMOW，相变蓄能板与围护结构外侧结合；PCMIW，相变蓄能板与围护结构内侧结合）相比较于没有相变材料的普通房间（Reference）的蓄冷情况，且实验过程采用三个操作策略：自然蓄冷策略、夜间自然对流策略和夜间强制排风策略。
对实验结果采用对比方法进行了分析。夜间自然对流策略和夜间强制排风策略运行效果要好于自然蓄冷策略；夜间强制排风策略的结果并不优于夜间自然对流策略，而且消耗了排风扇的功耗；因此三个策略中，夜间自然对流策略最优。对于相变蓄能系统，PCMIW在三个阶段的测试结果均优于PCMOW，而PCMIW和PCMOW的室内温度都低于Reference。在实测数据的基础上，建立了相变围护结构的传热模型，并采用相对误差分析法及Bland-Altman一致性分析法验证了模型的正确性。
Phase change material (PCM) used in the building not only can decrease the indoorthermal environment fluctuations, but also reduce the building energy consumptionthrough absorbing surplus heat/cold and releasing the heat/cold in need. The studyaims to research a new type of passive PCM cold storage system combined withbuilding envelops. Objectives of the study included the development of new PCM,encapsulation, the methods to combine with building envelops, the experiment of coldstorage, and the establishment of heat-transfer model.
This research has developed a series of high latent heat PCMs that is workable forthe temperate continental monsoon climate of China, based on the testing instrumentof differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the raw materials of higher fatty acidand high alcohols. A new kind of form-stable PCM has been prepared in this study,which was supported and stabilized by high polymer materials (HDPE and EVA), andwhose thermal conductivity was enhanced by aluminum powder. Tests have beenconducted to verify the properties of form-stable PCM, namely, leakage test, SEMtest, infrared spectrum test, DSC test, enhancement test of heat releasing/absorbingefficiency. Another encapsulating method, PCM panel, has been researched. ThePCMs were firmly and securely contained in the PCM panel without leakage. Finswere fixed in the internal structure to strengthen the panel and increase the efficiencyof heat releasing/absorbing. Three full-scale perforated brick test rooms were built totest the cold storage performance. Two systems: PCMOW-PCM panel combined withthe outside surface of building envelop, and PCMIW-PCM panel combined with theinside surface of building envelop, were conducted in the two rooms, and theremaining room was the reference with no PCMs. Three strategies were adopted inthe test, including free cooling, open window and door in night and forced ventilationin night.
Results have been compared in the analysis process. It was found that, free coolingstrategy had a worse-performing and the results of the two strategies of open windowand door in night and forced ventilation in night showed almost the same level, butthe strategy of forced ventilation in night consumed energy for air exhauster. It is concluded that open window and door in night is the best strategy. Compared thePCMOW and PCMIW system, PCMIW showed a better cold storage performance inall the three strategies, and the indoor temperatures of both PCMOW and PCMIWwere lower than that of reference. Based on the measured value, the heat-transfermodel of PCM building envelops were established, which has been verified at last.
本文采用熔融共混法，以高级脂肪酸和高碳醇为原料，差示扫描量热法（DSC）为测试手段，研制出了一系列具有较高潜热可适用于我国温带大陆季风气候的夏季蓄冷相变材料。研究了以高分子材料为支撑包覆材料、微粒径铝粉为导热系数增强剂的定型相变材料及其制备方法，而且对其进行了泄露性测试、SEM微观形态特征扫描、红外波普测试、DSC相变热物性测试，并测试了添加铝粉后的蓄放热效率提高情况。研究分析了另一种封装方式—相变蓄能板，将相变材料用铝制板材封装成坚固、安全、无泄漏的板状结构，且相变蓄能板内部带有肋片，在加固板材的同时提高了相变材料的吸放热速率。搭建了空心砖结构的三间大尺寸房间，将相变蓄能板与围护结构相结合，实验研究了两套相变蓄冷系统（PCMOW，相变蓄能板与围护结构外侧结合；PCMIW，相变蓄能板与围护结构内侧结合）相比较于没有相变材料的普通房间（Reference）的蓄冷情况，且实验过程采用三个操作策略：自然蓄冷策略、夜间自然对流策略和夜间强制排风策略。
对实验结果采用对比方法进行了分析。夜间自然对流策略和夜间强制排风策略运行效果要好于自然蓄冷策略；夜间强制排风策略的结果并不优于夜间自然对流策略，而且消耗了排风扇的功耗；因此三个策略中，夜间自然对流策略最优。对于相变蓄能系统，PCMIW在三个阶段的测试结果均优于PCMOW，而PCMIW和PCMOW的室内温度都低于Reference。在实测数据的基础上，建立了相变围护结构的传热模型，并采用相对误差分析法及Bland-Altman一致性分析法验证了模型的正确性。
Phase change material (PCM) used in the building not only can decrease the indoorthermal environment fluctuations, but also reduce the building energy consumptionthrough absorbing surplus heat/cold and releasing the heat/cold in need. The studyaims to research a new type of passive PCM cold storage system combined withbuilding envelops. Objectives of the study included the development of new PCM,encapsulation, the methods to combine with building envelops, the experiment of coldstorage, and the establishment of heat-transfer model.
This research has developed a series of high latent heat PCMs that is workable forthe temperate continental monsoon climate of China, based on the testing instrumentof differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the raw materials of higher fatty acidand high alcohols. A new kind of form-stable PCM has been prepared in this study,which was supported and stabilized by high polymer materials (HDPE and EVA), andwhose thermal conductivity was enhanced by aluminum powder. Tests have beenconducted to verify the properties of form-stable PCM, namely, leakage test, SEMtest, infrared spectrum test, DSC test, enhancement test of heat releasing/absorbingefficiency. Another encapsulating method, PCM panel, has been researched. ThePCMs were firmly and securely contained in the PCM panel without leakage. Finswere fixed in the internal structure to strengthen the panel and increase the efficiencyof heat releasing/absorbing. Three full-scale perforated brick test rooms were built totest the cold storage performance. Two systems: PCMOW-PCM panel combined withthe outside surface of building envelop, and PCMIW-PCM panel combined with theinside surface of building envelop, were conducted in the two rooms, and theremaining room was the reference with no PCMs. Three strategies were adopted inthe test, including free cooling, open window and door in night and forced ventilationin night.
Results have been compared in the analysis process. It was found that, free coolingstrategy had a worse-performing and the results of the two strategies of open windowand door in night and forced ventilation in night showed almost the same level, butthe strategy of forced ventilation in night consumed energy for air exhauster. It is concluded that open window and door in night is the best strategy. Compared thePCMOW and PCMIW system, PCMIW showed a better cold storage performance inall the three strategies, and the indoor temperatures of both PCMOW and PCMIWwere lower than that of reference. Based on the measured value, the heat-transfermodel of PCM building envelops were established, which has been verified at last.
引文
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