重型柴油机可变气门系统的开发及实验研究
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摘要
现代柴油机在高负荷时，如何提高热效率同时实现超低NOx和微粒排放是一大难题。作者课题组提出了柴油机燃烧过程混合和化学时间尺度控制及燃烧路径控制概念，提出了一种高热效率和超低排放燃烧理论—“高密度-低温”燃烧理论。高密度-低温燃烧过程主要通过两级涡轮增压和进气门晚关来组织。进气门晚关可以降低有效压缩比，降低压缩阶段的压力和温度，延长滞燃期增加混合时间，控制预混燃烧的着火和燃烧过程。
为了实现高密度-低温燃烧过程，降低发动机主要有害物排放并提高热效率，本文作者创造性地提出并设计了一种滑阀式两模式进气门晚关机构(IVCA)。两模式是指气门既可以按照原凸轮型线运行，也可以通过液压活塞产生一个附加升程叠加在原凸轮升程上使进气门晚关，两模式工作可以满足发动机不同工况下的要求。工作过程仿真分析表明，该系统可以有效地推迟进气门关闭定时，进油孔、回油1孔对于气门关闭定时延迟角度影响巨大，而回油2孔对于气门落座速度有着重要影响；同时发现采用较小的进油孔直径及合理的回油2孔开启位置可以获得较好的气门关闭定时转速一致性。通过实验标定确定了最优的参数组合为进油孔直径1.3mm，回油1孔直径1.0mm，回油2孔直径2.0mm，回油2孔开启位置1.1mm。两模式工作的进气门晚关系统结构简单、安装方便，特别适合安装于现有重载柴油机上，优化完成的气门关闭定时对发动机不同运行工况都有很好的适应性，通过微调的进气门关闭定时，具有很好的各缸一致性。较好转速适应性和高的各缸工作一致性使本系统具有很强的实用价值。
IVCA对于发动机燃烧实验的研究影响证明，大负荷时IVCA是降低缸内压力最为有效的手段。中等负荷下IVCA对于燃烧过程的控制和排放物控制的效果明显，IVCA降低了有效压缩比，降低了压缩阶段的缸内压力和温度，增加了滞燃期，混合时间增加，获得了更加均匀的混合气，减少了局部浓区，有利于降低碳烟排放，IVCA降低了进气量，降低了着火前的温度，且当量比增加，NOx排放降低，最终使NOx和碳烟的折衷排放改善。IVCA对重载柴油机热效率的影响显著，随着进气门关闭定时的延迟，在米勒循环作用和换气功降低的双重作用下，热效率有显著提高，1600转/分中负荷时热效率可提高3.7%，1900转/分中负荷时热效率可提高7.3%。最后，作者综合考虑发动机热效率和排放，通过实验方法确定了IVCA在全工况范围内的工作MAP。
The enhancement of fuel efficiency and simultaneous suppression of NOx andsoot formation in a high-load modern diesel engine has been a big challenge.Professor Su and his research team presented a new concept of mixing and chemistrytime-scale control and combustion path control and put forward the HighDensity-Low Temperature Combustion (HD-LTC) theory, which is realized by twostage turbo charge and late intake valve closing and showed higher thermal efficiencyand very low emission potential. Late intake valve closure can lower the effectivecompression ratio, the pressure and compressed gas temperatures near the top deadcenter; increase ignition delay and mixing time and control the ignition andcombustion process of premixed combustion.
To carry out the high density-low temperature combustion, the author developeda two mode late intake valve closing actuation (IVCA)controlled by a slide valve.Two mode means the valve can either work on the original cam lift or get anadditional lift created by a hydraulic piston adding to the original cam lift to retard theintake valve close timing to satisfy different work conditions. The simulation of theworking process showed this system can postpone the intake valve closure timingeffectively, the intake hole and back hole1can strongly affect the intake valve closetiming, while back hole2mainly affect the velocity when the valve is closing. It wasalso found that lesser intake hole diameter and suitable back hole2open timing canget preferable intake valve close timing coherence for different speeds. Throughexperimental study, the author finally confirmed the best parameters: intake holediameter1.3mm, back hole1diameter1.0mm, back hole2diameter2.0mm, backhole2opening position1.1mm. The two mode working system has simple structureand is easy to equip, especially suitable for the diesel engines already in use.Optimized and adjusted late intake valve closing system is suitable for differentworking conditions, and has good cylinder-to-cylinder coherence. The goodadaptability and coherence of the late intake valve closing system offer greatpractical value. The study of the effects of IVCA on diesel engine Combustioncharacteristics showed IVCA is the most effective way to lower in-cylinder pressureat high loads. At medium loads IVCA has obvious effect on combustion progresscontrol and emission control. The IVCA lowered effective compression ratio, thepressure and compressed gas temperatures near the top dead center; increaseedignition delay and mixing time; achieved more homogeneous mixture and reduced local rich regions—which is better for depressing soot emissions. IVCA reducedintake gas; lowered the temperature before ignition; enhanced equivalence ratio—which directly resulted in NOx emission reduction, and improved the NOx-soottrade-off. IVCA has distinguished effects on heavy duty diesel engines, when theintake valve close timing is retarded, thermal efficiency is enhanced because of Millercycle and pumping loss decrease, a3.7%and7.3%thermal efficiency improvementcan be achieved at1600rpm and1900rpm50%load respectively.Based on the engine thermal efficiency and emissions, the author finallyaccomplished the IVCAworking MAP in the working plane through experiments.
为了实现高密度-低温燃烧过程，降低发动机主要有害物排放并提高热效率，本文作者创造性地提出并设计了一种滑阀式两模式进气门晚关机构(IVCA)。两模式是指气门既可以按照原凸轮型线运行，也可以通过液压活塞产生一个附加升程叠加在原凸轮升程上使进气门晚关，两模式工作可以满足发动机不同工况下的要求。工作过程仿真分析表明，该系统可以有效地推迟进气门关闭定时，进油孔、回油1孔对于气门关闭定时延迟角度影响巨大，而回油2孔对于气门落座速度有着重要影响；同时发现采用较小的进油孔直径及合理的回油2孔开启位置可以获得较好的气门关闭定时转速一致性。通过实验标定确定了最优的参数组合为进油孔直径1.3mm，回油1孔直径1.0mm，回油2孔直径2.0mm，回油2孔开启位置1.1mm。两模式工作的进气门晚关系统结构简单、安装方便，特别适合安装于现有重载柴油机上，优化完成的气门关闭定时对发动机不同运行工况都有很好的适应性，通过微调的进气门关闭定时，具有很好的各缸一致性。较好转速适应性和高的各缸工作一致性使本系统具有很强的实用价值。
IVCA对于发动机燃烧实验的研究影响证明，大负荷时IVCA是降低缸内压力最为有效的手段。中等负荷下IVCA对于燃烧过程的控制和排放物控制的效果明显，IVCA降低了有效压缩比，降低了压缩阶段的缸内压力和温度，增加了滞燃期，混合时间增加，获得了更加均匀的混合气，减少了局部浓区，有利于降低碳烟排放，IVCA降低了进气量，降低了着火前的温度，且当量比增加，NOx排放降低，最终使NOx和碳烟的折衷排放改善。IVCA对重载柴油机热效率的影响显著，随着进气门关闭定时的延迟，在米勒循环作用和换气功降低的双重作用下，热效率有显著提高，1600转/分中负荷时热效率可提高3.7%，1900转/分中负荷时热效率可提高7.3%。最后，作者综合考虑发动机热效率和排放，通过实验方法确定了IVCA在全工况范围内的工作MAP。
The enhancement of fuel efficiency and simultaneous suppression of NOx andsoot formation in a high-load modern diesel engine has been a big challenge.Professor Su and his research team presented a new concept of mixing and chemistrytime-scale control and combustion path control and put forward the HighDensity-Low Temperature Combustion (HD-LTC) theory, which is realized by twostage turbo charge and late intake valve closing and showed higher thermal efficiencyand very low emission potential. Late intake valve closure can lower the effectivecompression ratio, the pressure and compressed gas temperatures near the top deadcenter; increase ignition delay and mixing time and control the ignition andcombustion process of premixed combustion.
To carry out the high density-low temperature combustion, the author developeda two mode late intake valve closing actuation (IVCA)controlled by a slide valve.Two mode means the valve can either work on the original cam lift or get anadditional lift created by a hydraulic piston adding to the original cam lift to retard theintake valve close timing to satisfy different work conditions. The simulation of theworking process showed this system can postpone the intake valve closure timingeffectively, the intake hole and back hole1can strongly affect the intake valve closetiming, while back hole2mainly affect the velocity when the valve is closing. It wasalso found that lesser intake hole diameter and suitable back hole2open timing canget preferable intake valve close timing coherence for different speeds. Throughexperimental study, the author finally confirmed the best parameters: intake holediameter1.3mm, back hole1diameter1.0mm, back hole2diameter2.0mm, backhole2opening position1.1mm. The two mode working system has simple structureand is easy to equip, especially suitable for the diesel engines already in use.Optimized and adjusted late intake valve closing system is suitable for differentworking conditions, and has good cylinder-to-cylinder coherence. The goodadaptability and coherence of the late intake valve closing system offer greatpractical value. The study of the effects of IVCA on diesel engine Combustioncharacteristics showed IVCA is the most effective way to lower in-cylinder pressureat high loads. At medium loads IVCA has obvious effect on combustion progresscontrol and emission control. The IVCA lowered effective compression ratio, thepressure and compressed gas temperatures near the top dead center; increaseedignition delay and mixing time; achieved more homogeneous mixture and reduced local rich regions—which is better for depressing soot emissions. IVCA reducedintake gas; lowered the temperature before ignition; enhanced equivalence ratio—which directly resulted in NOx emission reduction, and improved the NOx-soottrade-off. IVCA has distinguished effects on heavy duty diesel engines, when theintake valve close timing is retarded, thermal efficiency is enhanced because of Millercycle and pumping loss decrease, a3.7%and7.3%thermal efficiency improvementcan be achieved at1600rpm and1900rpm50%load respectively.Based on the engine thermal efficiency and emissions, the author finallyaccomplished the IVCAworking MAP in the working plane through experiments.
引文
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