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金沙江上游流域生态承载力及人与生态系统关系研究
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摘要
自从人类社会产生以来,人类不断改变着赖以生存的环境,工业革命后,人对生态环境的影响变的剧烈,矛盾凸现。在面对人类活动造成的不利现状的时候,人们意识到需要一种新的框架来研究生态系统。区域的生态承载力的量化评价,以及结合人类与生态耦合关系模式的综合型评价是我们面对区域复合系统的不断增强的复杂性的一个现实衡量。金沙江上游流域作为长江上游的重要生态屏障,对长江中下游地区乃至全国的生态系统有着重要的调节作用。区内自然资源丰富,人类活动日益增强,与脆弱的生态环境间耦合效应的研究亟待开展,其关键在于探究资源-环境-人之间的协同开发关系。
     本文结合土地利用进行生态系统特征分类,采用生态系统服务功能分析法量化分析,衡量研究区综合承载力度,找寻承载力背后的人与生态系统之间作用关系的标准。本文主要运用主成分分析法和层次分析法,在综合评价生态承载状况之后,提出了人与生态系统耦合模型以及人-生态系统空间耦合模式特征,为区域未来可持续发展提供科学依据和决策支持。主要取得如下认识和成果:
     (1)概述生态承载力的概念演化与发展,总结现有生态承载力定量分析方法的优缺点,对生态承载力现阶段面临的主要问题和未来发展趋势作了较为详尽的阐述;以独特的理论视角和交叉学科分析工具,分析人与自然间耦合系统(CHANS理论),为可持续发展提供新的启示。
     (2)建立了适合山地脆弱地区生态承载力综合评价指标体系,基于自然-经济-社会的复合生态系统生态承载力的研究选取27项评价指标,利用综合评价法对金沙江上游干流流域(川藏段)的生态弹性力、资源环境承载支撑力和压力状况做综合定量评价确定了研究区承载力等级,科学论证了研究区的生态承载力评价和调控研究的必要性。
     (3)研究表明金沙江上游流域总体生态弹性力中等稳定;生态承载支撑力和承载压力都偏低,总体未超载,整体生态承载状况尚可。从评价结果上分析,森林资源利用和管理是影响流域生态承载力的最关键因素。在结果分析的基础上,结合流域实际情况,对流域生态承载力进行综合评价。通过评价结论分析得出,研究区内生态承载力改善的主要还是在于提高生态承载支撑力,即保证流域内有效资源利用率的同时提升流域内植被覆盖率,是脆弱山地区域生态环境良性发展的前提。
     (4)在生态承载力评价的基础上,针对自然-社会-经济的复合生态系统内部之间的协调性程度,利用主成分分析法确定指标及权重,通过耦合协调度和协调发展度模型来构建研究区的人与生态系统耦合模式,划分出协调程度等级,分别对八个县级单位做具体分析和对策建议,并研究区域人与生态复合系统的空间分布模式及区划。
     (5)人类活动与生态系统耦合评价结果可以看出流域内两者的协调性较好,但协调的程度不高,人类与生态系统综合序参量还处于中低水平。耦合协调类型以北部功能型和南部利用型分布,研究区内环境胁迫和人为的压力同时存在。针对研究区现状,给出了综合对策建议并有针对性的对各县发展提出意见和建议。
Since the beginning of human society, the influence between human andecosystem persists, but the real conflict doesn t stands out until the industrialrevolution. When in the face of adverse situation caused by human activities, peoplerealized that they need a new framework for research in ecosystems, as well as therole of ecosystem carrying capacity for sustainable development. Quantitativeevaluation of regional ecological carrying capacity, as well as the comprehensiveevaluation of the CHANS, is the realistic measure of that we face the increasingcomplexity of regional complex system and prevent more rapid change. As animportant protective screen in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the basin ofupper reaches of the Jinsha River has an important effect on the middle-lower reachesof the Yangtze River and the whole country s ecosystem. Exploring the spatialcoupling effect between rich resources, fragile environment and increasing humanactivities in the region, and building collaborative development relations amongresource-environment–development is the key of the research.
     This article in accordance with land use types in the valley, divides the majortypes of ecological systems, measuring the comprehensive carrying capacity of thisregion by ecosystem services and looking for the standards of a relationship betweenthe carrying capacity of ecosystems and human activities. With the application ofprincipal component analysis and AHP, it has made the evaluation model of couplinghuman and ecological system after the comprehensive assessment of ecologicalcarrying capacity. This provides the scientific basis and decision support for theregional sustainable development in the future. The main results as follow:
     (1) It has an overview of the evolution of the concept of ecological carryingcapacity and development. It analyses the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods for quantitative analysis of ecological carrying capacity, elaborates on themain problems of present and future development of ecological carrying capacity
     trend. It provides the new enlightenment for the sustainable development with aunique perspective and interdisciplinary analysis tool by analyzing the CHANS.
     (2) It has established for comprehensive evaluation index system of ecologicalcarrying capacity of fragile mountain areas with a four-layer structure. It divides thestudy on compound ecological system of ecological carrying capacity based on the“nature–economy-society” into ecological elastic subsystem, ecological carryingcapacity subsystem and ecological capacity pressure subsystem, including climate,feature coverage, the supply of resources, ecological services, environmentmanagement and so on. Using the method of comprehensive evaluation on the upperreaches of Jinsha River basin of Sichuan–Tibet, it determines the level of ecologicalcarrying capacity of the region, and scientific proofs the necessity for the regulationresearch of the ecological carrying capacity.
     (3) Research of the upper reaches of Jinsha River basin of ecological carryingcapacity indicates stable. Ecological carrying capacity and pressure are not overloaded,and the situation of ecological carrying capacity is fine. With the analysis ofevaluation results, use and management of forest resources is the most critical factorsaffecting the ecological carrying capacity. On the basis of the analysis, combined withthe valley to the actual situation, it determines that the key factor to improve theecological carrying capacity is to improve ecological carrying capacity support.Improving vegetation coverage is a prerequisite for guarantee the sound developmentof vulnerable ecological environment in mountainous region.
     (4) On the basis of the assessment of ecological carrying capacity, usingprincipal component analysis method to determine the indicators and weights, itbuilds the model of CHANS and divides the levels of the coordination degree. Itmakes specific analysis and countermeasures of8counties separately and studies onthe spatial distribution pattern of human and ecosystem.
     (5) Good coordination between human activities and ecosystem can be seenfrom the evaluation results. But the degree of coordination is not high enough,ecosystem and human activities in the system are still in low. Coupling coordinationtypes include Functional-North and Utilizing-South. Environmental stress and humanpressure are within this region. For the present situation of this region, it givescomprehensive countermeasures, comments and suggestions focused on thedevelopment of the counties.
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