陕西佛坪大熊猫栖息地质量评价及保护管理研究
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摘要
大熊猫(Ailuroplda melanoleuca)作为中国特有的史前了遗动物,享有“国宝”和“活化石”的美誉。大熊猫是中国一级保护动物,也是当前世界上最濒危野生动物之一。大熊猫种群的保护及生态监测工作始终受到中国政府的高度重视和国际社会的普遍关注。近一个世纪以来,随着人类经济社会的发展,生产生活范围逐渐增大,压缩了野生动物的生存空间,使其栖息地斑块逐年减小,并逐步孤岛化,大熊猫栖息地的缩减和片段化也较为严重。为充分了解当前秦岭大熊猫栖息地受干扰现状及其栖息地的管理状况,探求大熊猫栖息地干扰因子的监测和有效的管理方法,减少秦岭大熊猫种群的灭绝风险,本研究以秦岭地区大熊猫分布最为集中的兴隆岭种群为例对佛坪县大熊猫栖息地适宜性等级、受干扰状况及栖息地保护管理等级及管理对策进行了相关的研究,以期为制定秦岭大熊猫栖息地相应的管理措施提供基础资料。所取得主要研究结果如下：
1.结合全国第四次大熊猫调查项目及2011-2012年在秦岭佛坪县地区的野外样方、样线的实地数据调查结果,根据野生动物生存的三个必需条件,食物、水源及隐蔽条件确定用于大熊猫栖息地质量评估的影响因子指标体系,对大熊猫栖息地适宜性等级进行了综合评估。确定大熊猫适宜栖息地面积及潜在栖息地面积,佛坪自然保护区大熊猫适宜栖息地面积远高于观音山保护区。利用大熊猫活动点对研究结果进行验证,发现大熊猫活动痕迹基本上都落在栖息地适宜性较高的区域。
2.通过对大熊猫栖息地因子的分析及适宜性评估结果发现：影响大熊猫栖息地质量的关键因素是地形因子及食物资源分布即限制因子,例如竹子密度及竹林斑块大小等；水源是广布资源不会对大熊猫的栖息地造成较大影响,今后在进行大熊猫栖息地监测或管理时可以只针对限制因子进行调查。
3.首次对大熊猫栖息地的人为干扰进行量化研究,通过对佛坪大熊猫栖息地人为干扰的实地调查发现,大熊猫栖息地人为干扰状况年变化不大,人为干扰的主要类型是放牧及药品采集,生态旅游也逐渐成为影响栖息地质量的一个主要因素,割竹及林木砍伐等人为干扰受到了很好的控制。干扰信息主要集中在交通便利公路两侧及居民点附近,人为干扰是大熊猫栖息地质量降低的主要因素。利用地理信息系统软件佛坪大熊猫栖息地受人为干扰状况进行了评估,结果表明：观音山自然保护区受人为干扰严重,尤其是108国道两侧及通向凉风垭的公路两侧明显,佛坪自然保护区相对人为干扰较少。
4.结合大熊猫栖息地自然景观及受干扰状况的评估,首次通过GIS软件的图层叠加功能,对大熊猫栖息地进行管理等级的划分。研究结果表明：今后管理的重点应该放在栖息地质量较好但人为干扰严重的凉风垭及三官庙一带。加速观音山保护区108国道佛坪段废弃公路大熊猫天然栖息地走廊区域竹林恢复建设,实现大熊猫局域种群之间的遗传交流,减少人为干扰的发生也是大熊猫栖息地管理的重点。
5.根据佛坪县各自然保护区大熊猫栖息地管理现状的调查结果,结合大熊猫栖息地管理等级评价结果及大熊猫栖息地受干扰因素及干扰强度提出了相应的管理措施建议。提出加强大熊猫栖息地的巡护监测管理、恢复被破坏的栖息地植被及竹林、合理开发生态旅游通过改善当地居民生活条件形成人与自然共生、融合的新型关系,达到社区和谐共管的管理措施,是实现大熊猫栖息地有效保护管理工作的基础。
本研究结果证明：影响大熊猫生存和发展的关键因素是食物资源在栖息地中的分布及人为干扰对其的影响,大熊猫会主动回避有干扰的栖息地。根据大熊猫栖息地管理等级的划分结果,自然保护区要及时调整保护策略,杜绝关键区域的人为干扰及恢复栖息地自然植被景观,从而有效地开展大熊猫秦岭亚种的保护工作。本研究为今后野生动物的栖息地保护管理及生态监测提供了指导和示范作用。
The giant panda(Ailuroplda melanoleuca) as our country unique rare and endangered wild animals enjoyed the "national treasure" and "living fossil" reputation. The giant panda as one of the most endangered of10kinds of wild animals has become our country and even the global biodiversity conservation flagship species. Its habitat protection level also becomes the symbol of the world wildlife protection level; its field survival state is of concern for all around the world. With the expansion of human activities the habitat to the survival of wild animals has become seriously fragmentation in recent decades. The giant pandas habitat is also severely reduction and fragmentation. To fully understand the interference and management situation of the giant pandas habitat in Qinling, seek the effective monitoring and management methods of the giant panda habitat, reduce the risk of extinction of the Qinling giant panda population, the relevant research was done to the Xinglongling populations that is most concentrated populations in Qinling areas. The giant panda habitat adaptability level and the status of the interference were studied and expected to give the basic data for the corresponding management measures. The main results were as follows:
1. The field survey of field quadrats and transect line was done in Foping area Qinling Mountain in2011-2012years combined with the fourth time giant panda research projects. The quality assessment factor index system is determined according to the three necessary condition of the wild animals'survival:the food, the water and the concealment conditions. The GIS software was used to establish habitat suitability assessment model of the giant pandas according to the existing habitat impact factor. The results were verification making use of giant pandas active point. The results showed that most of the points fall in the area of higher habitat suitability. The Foping Nature Reserve suitable habitat area is much higher than the Guanyinshan Nature Reserve. This provided the basis for subsequent panda habitat management.
2. The analysis of the giant panda habitat factors and suitability evaluation results showed that the key factors affecting the quality of the giant panda habitat is food resource distribution, such as the density of bamboo and bamboo forest patch size, etc.; another resource, including water will not cause great influence to the giant panda habitat. The habitat monitoring or management of the giant panda can only investigate evaluation the limiting factors which will save manpower and material resources.
3. The habitat disturbance investigation of the giant panda was conducted in the field nearly two years in Foping. The result showed that there is little changed of human disturbance in years. The main types of human disturbance are the grazing and drug acquisition. Ecological tourism gradually becomes a major factor affecting the quality of habitat. Cutting bamboo and logging has received a good control. Interference information is mainly concentrated on either side of a highway or near residential areas. Human disturbance becomes one of the important factors of the giant panda habitat fragmentation. The geographic information system software was used to evaluate the disturbed conditions of giant pandas habitat. The results show that the human disturbance is seriously in Guanyinshan Nature Reserve than Foping Nature Reserve, especially in both sides of the108National Highway and the road of leads to Liangfengya protection station.
4. The layer overlay function of GIS software was used to the habitat management evaluation of giant pandas combination the natural landscape and the status of the human interference. The results show that the management should focus on habitat quality is better but human disturbance is serious areas such as Liangfegnya and Sanguanmiao area in the future. The habitat corridor area and natural vegetation restoration and construction is the key of realized the giant panda genetic exchange between local populations. To reduce human disturbance is the key of the giant panda habitat management.
5. The management suggestions were put forward according to our field investigation and management levels evaluate results. We should strengthen the monitoring and management in the giant pandas habitat and recover the forest and vegetation. A new relationship that human and the nature harmonious coexistence would form through reasonable development of ecotourism improving the local residents living conditions. It is the foundation of management to achieve effective protection of the natural habitat for giant pandas that the harmonious community co-management management measures.
This study results show that the key factors of influencing the giant panda survival and development is the distribution of food resources and human disturbance in the habitat. The giant pandas are able to active avoidance the interference place. We should timely adjust the protection strategy according to the division results of giant panda habitat management level. We also made reduce human disturbance and recover natural vegetation landscape in the habitat. This study provides guidance and exemplary role for the future of wildlife habitat management and ecological monitoring.
1.结合全国第四次大熊猫调查项目及2011-2012年在秦岭佛坪县地区的野外样方、样线的实地数据调查结果,根据野生动物生存的三个必需条件,食物、水源及隐蔽条件确定用于大熊猫栖息地质量评估的影响因子指标体系,对大熊猫栖息地适宜性等级进行了综合评估。确定大熊猫适宜栖息地面积及潜在栖息地面积,佛坪自然保护区大熊猫适宜栖息地面积远高于观音山保护区。利用大熊猫活动点对研究结果进行验证,发现大熊猫活动痕迹基本上都落在栖息地适宜性较高的区域。
2.通过对大熊猫栖息地因子的分析及适宜性评估结果发现：影响大熊猫栖息地质量的关键因素是地形因子及食物资源分布即限制因子,例如竹子密度及竹林斑块大小等；水源是广布资源不会对大熊猫的栖息地造成较大影响,今后在进行大熊猫栖息地监测或管理时可以只针对限制因子进行调查。
3.首次对大熊猫栖息地的人为干扰进行量化研究,通过对佛坪大熊猫栖息地人为干扰的实地调查发现,大熊猫栖息地人为干扰状况年变化不大,人为干扰的主要类型是放牧及药品采集,生态旅游也逐渐成为影响栖息地质量的一个主要因素,割竹及林木砍伐等人为干扰受到了很好的控制。干扰信息主要集中在交通便利公路两侧及居民点附近,人为干扰是大熊猫栖息地质量降低的主要因素。利用地理信息系统软件佛坪大熊猫栖息地受人为干扰状况进行了评估,结果表明：观音山自然保护区受人为干扰严重,尤其是108国道两侧及通向凉风垭的公路两侧明显,佛坪自然保护区相对人为干扰较少。
4.结合大熊猫栖息地自然景观及受干扰状况的评估,首次通过GIS软件的图层叠加功能,对大熊猫栖息地进行管理等级的划分。研究结果表明：今后管理的重点应该放在栖息地质量较好但人为干扰严重的凉风垭及三官庙一带。加速观音山保护区108国道佛坪段废弃公路大熊猫天然栖息地走廊区域竹林恢复建设,实现大熊猫局域种群之间的遗传交流,减少人为干扰的发生也是大熊猫栖息地管理的重点。
5.根据佛坪县各自然保护区大熊猫栖息地管理现状的调查结果,结合大熊猫栖息地管理等级评价结果及大熊猫栖息地受干扰因素及干扰强度提出了相应的管理措施建议。提出加强大熊猫栖息地的巡护监测管理、恢复被破坏的栖息地植被及竹林、合理开发生态旅游通过改善当地居民生活条件形成人与自然共生、融合的新型关系,达到社区和谐共管的管理措施,是实现大熊猫栖息地有效保护管理工作的基础。
本研究结果证明：影响大熊猫生存和发展的关键因素是食物资源在栖息地中的分布及人为干扰对其的影响,大熊猫会主动回避有干扰的栖息地。根据大熊猫栖息地管理等级的划分结果,自然保护区要及时调整保护策略,杜绝关键区域的人为干扰及恢复栖息地自然植被景观,从而有效地开展大熊猫秦岭亚种的保护工作。本研究为今后野生动物的栖息地保护管理及生态监测提供了指导和示范作用。
The giant panda(Ailuroplda melanoleuca) as our country unique rare and endangered wild animals enjoyed the "national treasure" and "living fossil" reputation. The giant panda as one of the most endangered of10kinds of wild animals has become our country and even the global biodiversity conservation flagship species. Its habitat protection level also becomes the symbol of the world wildlife protection level; its field survival state is of concern for all around the world. With the expansion of human activities the habitat to the survival of wild animals has become seriously fragmentation in recent decades. The giant pandas habitat is also severely reduction and fragmentation. To fully understand the interference and management situation of the giant pandas habitat in Qinling, seek the effective monitoring and management methods of the giant panda habitat, reduce the risk of extinction of the Qinling giant panda population, the relevant research was done to the Xinglongling populations that is most concentrated populations in Qinling areas. The giant panda habitat adaptability level and the status of the interference were studied and expected to give the basic data for the corresponding management measures. The main results were as follows:
1. The field survey of field quadrats and transect line was done in Foping area Qinling Mountain in2011-2012years combined with the fourth time giant panda research projects. The quality assessment factor index system is determined according to the three necessary condition of the wild animals'survival:the food, the water and the concealment conditions. The GIS software was used to establish habitat suitability assessment model of the giant pandas according to the existing habitat impact factor. The results were verification making use of giant pandas active point. The results showed that most of the points fall in the area of higher habitat suitability. The Foping Nature Reserve suitable habitat area is much higher than the Guanyinshan Nature Reserve. This provided the basis for subsequent panda habitat management.
2. The analysis of the giant panda habitat factors and suitability evaluation results showed that the key factors affecting the quality of the giant panda habitat is food resource distribution, such as the density of bamboo and bamboo forest patch size, etc.; another resource, including water will not cause great influence to the giant panda habitat. The habitat monitoring or management of the giant panda can only investigate evaluation the limiting factors which will save manpower and material resources.
3. The habitat disturbance investigation of the giant panda was conducted in the field nearly two years in Foping. The result showed that there is little changed of human disturbance in years. The main types of human disturbance are the grazing and drug acquisition. Ecological tourism gradually becomes a major factor affecting the quality of habitat. Cutting bamboo and logging has received a good control. Interference information is mainly concentrated on either side of a highway or near residential areas. Human disturbance becomes one of the important factors of the giant panda habitat fragmentation. The geographic information system software was used to evaluate the disturbed conditions of giant pandas habitat. The results show that the human disturbance is seriously in Guanyinshan Nature Reserve than Foping Nature Reserve, especially in both sides of the108National Highway and the road of leads to Liangfengya protection station.
4. The layer overlay function of GIS software was used to the habitat management evaluation of giant pandas combination the natural landscape and the status of the human interference. The results show that the management should focus on habitat quality is better but human disturbance is serious areas such as Liangfegnya and Sanguanmiao area in the future. The habitat corridor area and natural vegetation restoration and construction is the key of realized the giant panda genetic exchange between local populations. To reduce human disturbance is the key of the giant panda habitat management.
5. The management suggestions were put forward according to our field investigation and management levels evaluate results. We should strengthen the monitoring and management in the giant pandas habitat and recover the forest and vegetation. A new relationship that human and the nature harmonious coexistence would form through reasonable development of ecotourism improving the local residents living conditions. It is the foundation of management to achieve effective protection of the natural habitat for giant pandas that the harmonious community co-management management measures.
This study results show that the key factors of influencing the giant panda survival and development is the distribution of food resources and human disturbance in the habitat. The giant pandas are able to active avoidance the interference place. We should timely adjust the protection strategy according to the division results of giant panda habitat management level. We also made reduce human disturbance and recover natural vegetation landscape in the habitat. This study provides guidance and exemplary role for the future of wildlife habitat management and ecological monitoring.
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