基于蚁群算法和变角相似关系的泵站优化运行研究
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摘要
泵站的调水能够有效地解决水资源时空分布不均的问题,但调水过程会消耗大量的能量,从而导致泵站运行的成本很高。因此,研究泵站系统的运行优化,获得较佳的运行方案,以降低泵站的运行成本,具有重大意义。要对泵站系统的运行进行优化是一个复杂的问题,涉及的因素众多,尤其是多机组、多泵站并联运行时,问题计算的规模较大,运行方案的决策困难,这就对问题模型的可靠性以及计算方法的高效性、稳定性提出了要求。
泵站运行时常用的工况调节方式是变角调节和变速调节。有研究表明,考虑到变频装置的使用寿命和价格,利用变速调节来实现泵站的优化运行时得到的运行方案经济性并不明显,因而本文仅研究通过变角调节来辅助泵站的优化运行,对水泵变角调节时的机理及可能存在的相似关系进行了探讨。计算泵站优化运行问题时,传统的确定性算法虽然可以找到问题的最优解,但是求解效率比较低；近似性算法在泵站优化运行问题中已有的研究仅限于能够应用,着重于优化运行方案与原设计运行方案之间的比较,对算法中关键信息如何针对问题本身的特性进行改进,避免算法因陷入局部最优而遗漏全局最优,以及进一步提高算法求解效率等方面的研究较少。因此,本研究将致力于探索蚁群算法和水泵的变角相似关系在泵站优化运行问题中的应用,以期能以较好的策略求解问题,获得优化后的运行方案来辅助泵站的日常运行管理,具体研究的内容和成果如下。
(1)对水泵变角调节时可能存在的相似关系进行了研究。通过分析变角调节前后水泵进出口速度三角形的变化关系,结合水泵内部水流运动的特性,推导出流量、扬程随叶片安放角变化的相似关系式,提出以试验性能为依据,水泵变角相似关系式计算结果与试验数据间的误差平方和最小为目标函数,通过数值逼近求解相似关系式中流量指数和扬程指数的方法。据此构造水泵的变角相似关系计算模块并列举应用算例验证其性能,该模块可依据设计角度(0。)的精确测试结果较准确地计算常规变角范围内任意角度下的水泵性能,照此可对模型试验结果中人为操作的调角误差导致的性能误差进行修正,使得调角性能更接近真实结果。
(2)蚁群算法是Marco Dorigo等学者在真实蚂蚁觅食行为启发下提出的一种元启发式优化算法,在一些组合优化调度问题中已有应用。泵站优化运行同属组合优化调度问题,论文根据此类问题的共性,结合蚁群算法的特点合理设定目标函数和约束条件,建立泵站单机组日优化运行的蚁群算法数学模型。结合模型的成分有效地设定问题求解的结点模式图,由人工蚁搜索寻找问题的可行解集,通过分析模型的特性改进蚁群算法中启发式信息和信息素更新的方式,利用状态转移规则和信息素更新逐步逼近最优解,并构造泵站单机组日优化运行的蚁群求解模块。实例计算表明,单机组优化运行蚁群求解模块的求解效率高,计算结果与同等离散情况下的动态规划法和商业软件进化求解算法的计算结果相同。
(3)泵站多机组优化运行问题的数学模型比较复杂,需要寻求更高效的求解途径。论文建立了包含机组开停机约束的泵站多机组日优化运行问题的数学模型,并提出了求解模型的蚁群递阶优化算法。将总的抽水量离散后分配至单台机组,视单机组为子系统,先利用单机组优化运行计算模块对子系统进行优化求解,再根据系统总的目标,考虑各子系统之间的关联,协调修改子系统的输入和输出,最终实现全局优化。同时选取运行电费、叶片调节次数、泵机组运行时间、运行效率和消耗的功率作为评价指标,建立泵站优化运行方案的投影寻踪选优决策模型,得到多个运行方案的优劣顺序,进行决策,以便更全面地分析泵站优化运行问题,得到与实际运行的情况贴切、实施方便的泵站运行方案。据此构造泵站多机组日优化运行蚁群递阶求解的计算模块,列举应用算例来检验模块的性能,结果显示,变量同等离散的情况下,利用泵站多机组优化运行蚁群递阶模块计算的结果运行成本低,且对应的运行方案中叶片调节次数少,机组运行时间短,兼顾常规运行时的多个影响因素,与日常运行的情况贴切。
(4)论文建立了泵站群日优化运行问题的数学模型,提出了求解模型的蚁群递阶优化算法。将总的抽水量离散后分配至单座泵站,视单座泵站为子系统,先利用泵站多机组日优化运行计算模块对子系统进行求解,再根据系统总的目标,考虑各子系统之间的关联,协调修改子系统的输入和输出,实现全局优化。
将泵站群日优化运行问题的求解过程与水泵变角性能的相似计算模块结合起来,构造泵站群日优化运行的计算模块。该模块可应用于泵站日常运行范围内不同叶片角度的性能换算,并且可根据泵站的实际调节能力来设定不同的叶片角度调节步长进行优化运行的计算,使求解得到的运行方案更加贴切于泵站实际的日常运行操作。通过应用算例检验泵站群日优化运行模块的计算性能,其优化效果明显,说明论文提出的泵站群日优化运行计算模块能够较好地应用于此类复杂的组合优化问题。
Water delivery using Pumping stations can effectively solve the problem of uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, but the process of water diversion will consume a lot of energy, results in the high operating cost of pumping stations, for reducing the operating cost, it is significant to get better operating schemes from study the optimal operation of pumping stations. To optimize the operation of pumping stations is a complex issue, involving many factors, and inter-relations are very complicated, especially in multi-unit, multi-pumping stations running in parallel. It is difficult to calculate the problem and make decisions, so the reliability of problem models need to be improved, the efficiency and the stability of the calculating method need to be increased.
The usual adjusting mode of operating conditions is variable angle adjustment and speed adjustment, and some studies have shown that, when taking into account the life and price of conversion device, the effect of optimal operation of pumping stations by variable speed adjustment is not obvious. So this paper only studies the optimal operation of pumping stations by variable angle adjustment, and the possible similarity during the process of pump blade adjusting is discussed. When calculating the problem of optimal operation of pumping stations, traditional deterministic algorithms are make sure to find the optimal solution, but the computational efficiency is very low; some researches for approximation algorithms only can be applied in the problem, focuses on the comparison between the optimal operation scheme and the design scheme, put less attention to how to improve the performance of algorithms according to characteristics of the problem, or avoid algorithm for trapped in local optimum and leave out the global optimal. Therefore, this dissertation achieves to study the optimal operation of pumping stations problem with the application of ant colony algorithm and pump blade adjusting similarity, for better strategies to solve the problem, and optimal schemes to guide the daily operation of pumping stations. The specific study may from the following aspects.
(1) The possible similarity during the process of pump blade adjusting is discussed. We analyze the change of velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet of a pump impeller caused by blade adjusting, examines the flow behaviors in the pump passage, and derives pump blade adjusting formulae that reflect the variations of flow and pumping head with blade adjusting. Then we develop a mathematical model for calculation of the flow index and head index of these formulae based on the experimental data of pump performances, and formulate an objective function that is the least square sum of the formulae's calculation errors relative to the test data. The calculation module of blade adjusting similarity was constructed, and an example was presented to verify its performance. With the pump performance parameters under design angle (0°), the blade adjusting similarity module can calculate parameters under any angle within the range of conventional variable angle, according to this, we are able to correct the performance errors which are caused of manual blade adjustment errors, and bring the angle adjusting performance closer to the real results.
(2) Marco Dorigo and colleagues introduced the first ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms in the early1990's. ACO is one of the most recent techniques for approximate optimization, the inspiring source of ACO algorithms is real ant colonies. According to similarity between optimal operation of pumping stations problem and some other combination optimal scheduling problems which have application with ACO, an ACO model for optimal operation of pumping unit is proposed and the solution method by ants searching is presented by rationally setting the object function and constrained conditions. The heuristic information and the pheromone trail update method were improved by analysis characters of the model for better performance. A weighted directed graph was constructed and feasible solutions may be found by iteratively searching of artificial ants, and then the optimal solution can be obtained by applying the rule of state transition and the pheromone updating. The calculation module of optimal operation of single pump unit was constructed, to verify its performance, an example was presented and the result of single pump unit calculation module was compared with the result from dynamic programming or evolutionary solving method in commercial software under the same discrete condition, the result of single pump unit calculation module is better and the computing time is shorter.
(3) Problem of optimal operation of multi-unit in pumping stations is complicated, and an efficient way must be found to solve it. Therefore, we developed an optimal multi-unit scheduling model which contains pump unit start-stop-once constraint, and proposed an ant colony collaborative hierarchical optimization algorithm to solve the model. First we discrete the water demand allocated to a single unit, take a single unit as a subsystem, using the single pump unit calculation module to find the objective of each subsystem; then according to the overall goal of the system, consider the relationship between the various subsystems, coordination modify the input and output of the subsystem, and ultimately to achieve the global optimization. For optimal schemes deciding, we proposed a projection pursuit evaluation method, selected the operating cost, the time of blade adjustment, the running time of the pump unit, operating efficiency and power consumption as the evaluation index, in order to analyze the problem of optimal operation of multi-unit in pumping stations comprehensively. The calculation module of optimal operation of multi-unit in pumping stations was constructed, to verify its performance, an example calculation was presented and the result of multi-unit calculation module was better, the final optimal scheme has less times of the blade adjusting, shorter operating time of pumps and lower electric charge, it is very suitable for daily operation.
(4) We developed an optimal scheduling model of multi-pumping stations running in parallel, and proposed an ant colony collaborative hierarchical optimization algorithm to solve the model. First we discrete total water demand allocated to a single pumping station, take a single pumping station as a subsystem, using the multi-unit calculation module to find the objective of each subsystem; then according to the overall goal of the system, consider the relationship between the various subsystems, coordination modify the input and output of the subsystem, and ultimately to achieve the global optimization.
The calculation module of optimal operation of multi-pumping stations running in parallel was constructed, consists of the computational method of the optimal scheduling model of multi-pumping stations running in parallel and the blade adjusting similarity calculation module. The multi-pumping stations calculation module can be applied to performance conversion under variable angle within the range of daily operation of pumping stations, and can calculate the problem of optimal operation of pumping stations with setting different adjustment step of the blade angle according to the actual regulation ability of pumping station, so that the optimal schemes are more appropriate to the actual daily operation of pumping stations. An example was presented to verify the performance of the multi-pumping stations calculation module, and the optimization effect of the module is obvious, which indicates that the module can provide a high application value to the field of optimal operation of pumping stations and related fields.
泵站运行时常用的工况调节方式是变角调节和变速调节。有研究表明,考虑到变频装置的使用寿命和价格,利用变速调节来实现泵站的优化运行时得到的运行方案经济性并不明显,因而本文仅研究通过变角调节来辅助泵站的优化运行,对水泵变角调节时的机理及可能存在的相似关系进行了探讨。计算泵站优化运行问题时,传统的确定性算法虽然可以找到问题的最优解,但是求解效率比较低；近似性算法在泵站优化运行问题中已有的研究仅限于能够应用,着重于优化运行方案与原设计运行方案之间的比较,对算法中关键信息如何针对问题本身的特性进行改进,避免算法因陷入局部最优而遗漏全局最优,以及进一步提高算法求解效率等方面的研究较少。因此,本研究将致力于探索蚁群算法和水泵的变角相似关系在泵站优化运行问题中的应用,以期能以较好的策略求解问题,获得优化后的运行方案来辅助泵站的日常运行管理,具体研究的内容和成果如下。
(1)对水泵变角调节时可能存在的相似关系进行了研究。通过分析变角调节前后水泵进出口速度三角形的变化关系,结合水泵内部水流运动的特性,推导出流量、扬程随叶片安放角变化的相似关系式,提出以试验性能为依据,水泵变角相似关系式计算结果与试验数据间的误差平方和最小为目标函数,通过数值逼近求解相似关系式中流量指数和扬程指数的方法。据此构造水泵的变角相似关系计算模块并列举应用算例验证其性能,该模块可依据设计角度(0。)的精确测试结果较准确地计算常规变角范围内任意角度下的水泵性能,照此可对模型试验结果中人为操作的调角误差导致的性能误差进行修正,使得调角性能更接近真实结果。
(2)蚁群算法是Marco Dorigo等学者在真实蚂蚁觅食行为启发下提出的一种元启发式优化算法,在一些组合优化调度问题中已有应用。泵站优化运行同属组合优化调度问题,论文根据此类问题的共性,结合蚁群算法的特点合理设定目标函数和约束条件,建立泵站单机组日优化运行的蚁群算法数学模型。结合模型的成分有效地设定问题求解的结点模式图,由人工蚁搜索寻找问题的可行解集,通过分析模型的特性改进蚁群算法中启发式信息和信息素更新的方式,利用状态转移规则和信息素更新逐步逼近最优解,并构造泵站单机组日优化运行的蚁群求解模块。实例计算表明,单机组优化运行蚁群求解模块的求解效率高,计算结果与同等离散情况下的动态规划法和商业软件进化求解算法的计算结果相同。
(3)泵站多机组优化运行问题的数学模型比较复杂,需要寻求更高效的求解途径。论文建立了包含机组开停机约束的泵站多机组日优化运行问题的数学模型,并提出了求解模型的蚁群递阶优化算法。将总的抽水量离散后分配至单台机组,视单机组为子系统,先利用单机组优化运行计算模块对子系统进行优化求解,再根据系统总的目标,考虑各子系统之间的关联,协调修改子系统的输入和输出,最终实现全局优化。同时选取运行电费、叶片调节次数、泵机组运行时间、运行效率和消耗的功率作为评价指标,建立泵站优化运行方案的投影寻踪选优决策模型,得到多个运行方案的优劣顺序,进行决策,以便更全面地分析泵站优化运行问题,得到与实际运行的情况贴切、实施方便的泵站运行方案。据此构造泵站多机组日优化运行蚁群递阶求解的计算模块,列举应用算例来检验模块的性能,结果显示,变量同等离散的情况下,利用泵站多机组优化运行蚁群递阶模块计算的结果运行成本低,且对应的运行方案中叶片调节次数少,机组运行时间短,兼顾常规运行时的多个影响因素,与日常运行的情况贴切。
(4)论文建立了泵站群日优化运行问题的数学模型,提出了求解模型的蚁群递阶优化算法。将总的抽水量离散后分配至单座泵站,视单座泵站为子系统,先利用泵站多机组日优化运行计算模块对子系统进行求解,再根据系统总的目标,考虑各子系统之间的关联,协调修改子系统的输入和输出,实现全局优化。
将泵站群日优化运行问题的求解过程与水泵变角性能的相似计算模块结合起来,构造泵站群日优化运行的计算模块。该模块可应用于泵站日常运行范围内不同叶片角度的性能换算,并且可根据泵站的实际调节能力来设定不同的叶片角度调节步长进行优化运行的计算,使求解得到的运行方案更加贴切于泵站实际的日常运行操作。通过应用算例检验泵站群日优化运行模块的计算性能,其优化效果明显,说明论文提出的泵站群日优化运行计算模块能够较好地应用于此类复杂的组合优化问题。
Water delivery using Pumping stations can effectively solve the problem of uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, but the process of water diversion will consume a lot of energy, results in the high operating cost of pumping stations, for reducing the operating cost, it is significant to get better operating schemes from study the optimal operation of pumping stations. To optimize the operation of pumping stations is a complex issue, involving many factors, and inter-relations are very complicated, especially in multi-unit, multi-pumping stations running in parallel. It is difficult to calculate the problem and make decisions, so the reliability of problem models need to be improved, the efficiency and the stability of the calculating method need to be increased.
The usual adjusting mode of operating conditions is variable angle adjustment and speed adjustment, and some studies have shown that, when taking into account the life and price of conversion device, the effect of optimal operation of pumping stations by variable speed adjustment is not obvious. So this paper only studies the optimal operation of pumping stations by variable angle adjustment, and the possible similarity during the process of pump blade adjusting is discussed. When calculating the problem of optimal operation of pumping stations, traditional deterministic algorithms are make sure to find the optimal solution, but the computational efficiency is very low; some researches for approximation algorithms only can be applied in the problem, focuses on the comparison between the optimal operation scheme and the design scheme, put less attention to how to improve the performance of algorithms according to characteristics of the problem, or avoid algorithm for trapped in local optimum and leave out the global optimal. Therefore, this dissertation achieves to study the optimal operation of pumping stations problem with the application of ant colony algorithm and pump blade adjusting similarity, for better strategies to solve the problem, and optimal schemes to guide the daily operation of pumping stations. The specific study may from the following aspects.
(1) The possible similarity during the process of pump blade adjusting is discussed. We analyze the change of velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet of a pump impeller caused by blade adjusting, examines the flow behaviors in the pump passage, and derives pump blade adjusting formulae that reflect the variations of flow and pumping head with blade adjusting. Then we develop a mathematical model for calculation of the flow index and head index of these formulae based on the experimental data of pump performances, and formulate an objective function that is the least square sum of the formulae's calculation errors relative to the test data. The calculation module of blade adjusting similarity was constructed, and an example was presented to verify its performance. With the pump performance parameters under design angle (0°), the blade adjusting similarity module can calculate parameters under any angle within the range of conventional variable angle, according to this, we are able to correct the performance errors which are caused of manual blade adjustment errors, and bring the angle adjusting performance closer to the real results.
(2) Marco Dorigo and colleagues introduced the first ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms in the early1990's. ACO is one of the most recent techniques for approximate optimization, the inspiring source of ACO algorithms is real ant colonies. According to similarity between optimal operation of pumping stations problem and some other combination optimal scheduling problems which have application with ACO, an ACO model for optimal operation of pumping unit is proposed and the solution method by ants searching is presented by rationally setting the object function and constrained conditions. The heuristic information and the pheromone trail update method were improved by analysis characters of the model for better performance. A weighted directed graph was constructed and feasible solutions may be found by iteratively searching of artificial ants, and then the optimal solution can be obtained by applying the rule of state transition and the pheromone updating. The calculation module of optimal operation of single pump unit was constructed, to verify its performance, an example was presented and the result of single pump unit calculation module was compared with the result from dynamic programming or evolutionary solving method in commercial software under the same discrete condition, the result of single pump unit calculation module is better and the computing time is shorter.
(3) Problem of optimal operation of multi-unit in pumping stations is complicated, and an efficient way must be found to solve it. Therefore, we developed an optimal multi-unit scheduling model which contains pump unit start-stop-once constraint, and proposed an ant colony collaborative hierarchical optimization algorithm to solve the model. First we discrete the water demand allocated to a single unit, take a single unit as a subsystem, using the single pump unit calculation module to find the objective of each subsystem; then according to the overall goal of the system, consider the relationship between the various subsystems, coordination modify the input and output of the subsystem, and ultimately to achieve the global optimization. For optimal schemes deciding, we proposed a projection pursuit evaluation method, selected the operating cost, the time of blade adjustment, the running time of the pump unit, operating efficiency and power consumption as the evaluation index, in order to analyze the problem of optimal operation of multi-unit in pumping stations comprehensively. The calculation module of optimal operation of multi-unit in pumping stations was constructed, to verify its performance, an example calculation was presented and the result of multi-unit calculation module was better, the final optimal scheme has less times of the blade adjusting, shorter operating time of pumps and lower electric charge, it is very suitable for daily operation.
(4) We developed an optimal scheduling model of multi-pumping stations running in parallel, and proposed an ant colony collaborative hierarchical optimization algorithm to solve the model. First we discrete total water demand allocated to a single pumping station, take a single pumping station as a subsystem, using the multi-unit calculation module to find the objective of each subsystem; then according to the overall goal of the system, consider the relationship between the various subsystems, coordination modify the input and output of the subsystem, and ultimately to achieve the global optimization.
The calculation module of optimal operation of multi-pumping stations running in parallel was constructed, consists of the computational method of the optimal scheduling model of multi-pumping stations running in parallel and the blade adjusting similarity calculation module. The multi-pumping stations calculation module can be applied to performance conversion under variable angle within the range of daily operation of pumping stations, and can calculate the problem of optimal operation of pumping stations with setting different adjustment step of the blade angle according to the actual regulation ability of pumping station, so that the optimal schemes are more appropriate to the actual daily operation of pumping stations. An example was presented to verify the performance of the multi-pumping stations calculation module, and the optimization effect of the module is obvious, which indicates that the module can provide a high application value to the field of optimal operation of pumping stations and related fields.
引文
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