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数字环境下科技文献信息开发利用与服务模式研究
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摘要
科技文献是人类从事科学技术研究活动的真实记录,蕴含着人类的智慧和科研成果,也反映着科技发展的过程。其开发利用程度直接关系到科技事业的发展水平和国民经济进程,对促进科技进步与科技成果转化、提升科技创新能力至关重要。因此,在当前数字化科研方兴未艾和科技文献价值实现滞后的背景下,研究如何促进、完善并保障数字环境下科技文献信息的开发与利用在理论和实践两方面均具有重要的意义。本研究在理论上有助于拓宽图书馆学研究视角,推动新的学科生长点的产生并且有助于文献信息资源管理理论体系的完善;实践中能够规范中文科技文献著录、充分揭示科技文献信息内容与价值、促进多种科技文献的集成共享与价值实现、促进服务理念与方式的改变,辅助科研。为了达成以上目标,促进科技文献信息的开发与利用,推动科技研究成果向现实生产力的转化与科技创新。本研究在深入分析总结当前学界研究现状和实践工作进展的基础上,以信息资源共享理论、信息增值理论、信息流模型、信息构建理论和风险管理理论为指导展开研究。依据文献综述阶段所反映出的由传统环境到数字环境变化所引发的数字环境下科技文献开发利用诉求确定其要素并加以分析,由此入手对数字环境下科技文献信息的开发利用进行深入研究。具体来讲:
     调查研究方面,本研究发现我国科技文献信息的开发利用仍处于较低水平。开发上,调查显示,虽然目前我国已经基本形成以国家科技图书文献中心为核心、以地区和行业文献服务机构为补充的科技文献共建共享系统,但其中地区间发展不平衡的问题比较严重,经济相对发达的省份得到的政策、资金支持较大,利用效果相对较好,由此形成良性循环;欠发达地区的相关建设则差强人意。从资源建设角度看,内容上多以期刊文献为主,而对于标准文献、科技报告、学位论文、科技档案或产品样本等科技文献种类却少有涉及,分布上则仍然存在重复建设的问题,未能充分发挥共享优势。从服务提供的角度看,仍以常规服务为主调,增值服务开发不足。利用上,对科技文献的特点和价值缺乏认识,也不知道从何处入手查找利用科技文献信息的用户在调查中占大多数。资源过于分散和缺乏检索工具是造成用户利用困难的最主要障碍,其后是全文获取困难、信息质量与时效性低以及费用过高。调查中全部用户均表示愿意了解和利用科技文献的意愿,可见我国公众对科技文献具有相当高的利用热情和期望。
     元数据开发方面,本研究认为全面而完整的科技文献元数据是科技文献信息标引、揭示和检索的有力工具,也是整个开发利用工作的基础。一方面,对数字化科技文献信息进行标引和揭示性的描述是信息开发的重要手段,另一方面,根据调研结果,检索工具的缺乏是影响用户利用科技文献信息的主要障碍之一。而科技文献元数据的功能发挥则可以一同兼顾开发与利用两个方面的需求。由于国家科技图书文献中心已经制定了部分种类的科技文献元数据标准,所以本研究在其基础上,按照其已有的元数据结构,制定专利文献、标准文献、科技档案与产品样本的元数据规范作为补充完善。在具体的制定过程中采用专家访谈法广泛获取权威意见并反复修改以确保规范的权威性,最后以XML语言完成元数据的置标,实现元数据的机器可读。
     科技文献信息集成与共享方面,本研究提出借助科技信息网格实现数字环境下科技文献信息的广泛集成与统一检索。当前互联网中的科技信息资源以分布而零散的孤立状态存在,为用户的利用带来了极大的不便。建立科技信息网格能够将这些独立的、异构的科技资源以节点的方式相互联结,发挥整体功能,实现更大的价值,并以统一的方式向用户提供利用。具体来说,本研究设计了科技信息网格结构与功能,在科技文献元数据的基础上,遵循OAIS参考模型和OAI-PMH协议,能够在科技信息网格中实现各类型科技文献信息的集成;以标准化检索服务协议和检索服务发现与描述协议为基础,可以搭建起科技信息网格的统一检索平台,实现异构文献信息的统一检索。最后设计食品科学信息网格作为科技信息网格的应用实例并加以实现。
     科技文献信息服务方面,本研究认为随需应变的科技文献信息服务模式对于科技文献的利用具有良好的促进作用。文章引入随需应变的服务理念,构建了科技文献信息随需应变服务模式。随需应变的服务模式具有层次化、差异化、主动式和交互式的特点,同时服务内容多样,在自助检索、联合目录、参考咨询、信息推送、个性化定制服务、信息共享空间、个人/机构知识管理以及信息素质教育等传统服务形式基础上,以选题辅助、引导启发、成果评估、专利代查、产品分析与标准推介6项服务突出科技文献特点和作用。在服务方式上具有灵活性,以SOA架构实现对用户需求的快速响应,通过优质的服务和用户问题的解决,带给用户良好的体现,从而促进科技文献信息的利用。本研究归纳了8种基本服务微操作,并通过数据处置分组、文献信息处理分组、对象匹配操作分组和交互分组的划分创建了科技信息数据传递微服务、服务准备微服务、元数据编辑微服务、分配代码微服务、人员匹配微服务、服务方式匹配微服务和交互操作微服务7种科技信息网格SOA微服务,作为基本微服务组。实践中,各种网格服务可分解形成更多新的扩展微服务。最后建立微服务自由组配机制,构建科技文献信息随需应变服务模式,并以应用实例说明服务的运行方式、验证服务的有效性。
     开发利用过程安全保障方面,本研究认为数字环境下科技文献信息的开发利用面临着较以往更为复杂的风险,需要在理论和实践上制定多重策略加以控制。研究发现,环境变革中风险的累积、生命周期过程风险的累积、网格系统与存储系统风险的累积、技术转型风险与制度转型风险的累积共同造成了数字环境下科技文献信息开发利用风险的加重。使其主要面临着存储过程类、元数据类、网格环境类、访问过程类、获取过程类、法律类、资金类和人员类8种风险的威胁。为此,在理论上,可以从层次、领域、方式和手段四个方面入手建立完整可靠的风险控制模型;在实践上详细制定每类风险的控制措施,并应用技术手段设计4种安全模块加以实现,真正为科技文献信息的开发利用提供安全保障。
     总之,本文以科技文献元数据、科技文献信息网格科技文献信息随需应变服务和开发利用安全保障推动和保障数字环境下科技信息文献信息的开发利用与服务。
Scientific literatures are records of scientific and technological research activities.It contains a huge number of wisdom and research results, and can also reflect theprocess of studies. The degree of the exploiting and utilizing of it which is directlyrelated to the level of scientific research and national economic processes is essentialto the progress of science and technology, the actualization of research achievementsand the ability to innovate. Therefore, research on how to promote, improve andprotect the exploiting and utilizing of science and technology literature information indigital environment is of great significance both in theory and practice consideringthat the e-science is spring up and the achievement of the value of scientific literatureis weak now. This research is able to help to broaden the perspective of library science,to consummate the theoretical system of literature information resource management,to standardize the description of Chinese scientific literature, to post the content andvalue of it, to promote the integration and sharing of all kinds of scientific literatureand the achievement of their value and to promote the change of the concept and wayof service of assisting research.In order to achieve the aims above and promote theexploiting and utilizing of the scientific literature information, and promote scientificand technological achievements into practical productive forces and innovation.Based on the analysis of the characteristics of all kinds of scientific literature,following the information resources sharing theory, information value-added theory,information flow model, information architecture theory and risk managementtheory’s guide, this paper works on the exploiting and utilizing of the scientificliterature information.
     Through research, this study finds that the development and utilization of China'sscience and technology literature information is still at a low level.This study getsChina’s status quo of the exploiting and utilizing of scientific literature, throughliteratural and practical research. Although that China has basically formed a systemof scientific literature’s sharing, there’s still some problem in it, such as theinterregional uneven development, redundant construction and lack of value-addedservices. Even more, they pay too much attention on journal literature but not enoughon other scientific literature, such as standards, technical reports, dissertations,product samples and so on. In the other hand, most users do not have the right conceptof the characteristics and values of scientific literature. The greatest obstacles betweenthem are lack of search tools and the separate of all kinds of scientific literature. Butall the respondents have expressed a willingness to get known and use them.
     In the view of metadata, this study suggests that a comprehensive and completedscientific literature metadata will be a powerful tool for scientific literatureinformation indexing, reveal and retrieve, and also will be the base of the wholeexploiting and utilizing process. On the one hand, the indexing and reveal of digitalscientific literature information is an important mean of information exploiting, on the other hand, according to the research results, the lack of retrieval tools is one of themain obstacles to the utilizing of scientific literature information. Considering that theNational Science and Technology Library has developed a metadata standard of somekind of the scientific literature, based on it, this study develops the metadata of patentdocuments, the standard literature, science and technology files and product samples.In specific, the metadata has been repeatedly modified according to the advices ofexperts in this field to make sure of their authorities. Then the study used XML tocomplete the metadata’s markup, which will make it machine-readable..
     In the view of integration and sharing, this research suggests that the founding ofscientific and technological information grid could achieve a wide range of integrationand unified search of the scientific literature information in the digital environment.The scientific information resources in the internet now is distributed, scattered andisolated, which brought great inconvenience for the usage of them. The establishmentof science and technology information grid could make these isolated isomerousscientific resources be connected to each other in a form of grid nodes, so that theycould play an integral function, make more value and be presented to the users in auniform manner. Specifically, this study designed the structure and function of ascience and technology information grid. And on the basis of the scientific literaturemetadata, following the OAIS reference model and OAI-PMH protocol, integration ofvarious types of scientific literature information could be actualized in scientific andtechnology information grid. And also, based on standardized retrieval serviceagreement and retrieval services description protocol, the unified search platform ofscientific literature in the grid could be built and could make unified retrieval ofisomerous literature information come true. Then the study designs Food ScienceInformation Grid as the application of science and technology information grid’sinstance.
     In the view of information services, this study suggests that on-demand scientificliterature information service could play a significant role in promoting the utilizingof scientific literature. So, this study introduces the concept of on-demand services,and builds the on-demand service model of scientific and technological information.This service model has characteristics of stratification, diversity, initiative andinteraction. In the mean time, it can offer diverse service content, not only thetraditional ones such as self-retrieval, union catalog, reference, information push,customization services, information sharing space, personal/institutional knowledgemanagement and information literacy education, but also some new ones, includingauxiliary of the topic choosing, leading and enlightening service, assessment ofresearch results, patent investigation, product analysis and standard referral tohighlight the scientific literature’s features and functions. Also, the on-demand servicemodel is full of flexibility in service ways, could respond quickly to the users’ needbased on SOA architecture. And finally, offering the solution to the users’ problemswill bring the delighting experience to them, and therefore, promote the usage ofscientific literature information. The study concludes eight kinds of micro-operationof basic services, and through the dividing of data disposal group, literatureinformation processing group, object matching operation group and interactive groupcreates science and technology information data transfer micro-service, service preparing micro-service, metadata editing micro-service, code assigning micro-service,human resouce matching micro-service, service mode matching micro-service, as thebasic SOA micro-services group. In practice, various grid services can be decomposedto form new micro-service. The study then establishes an assembly mechanism ofmicro-services to build the scientific literature information on-demand service model,and gives an example to explain how it works and to verify the effectiveness of theservice.
     In the view of safety and security, this study suggests that the exploiting andutilizing of the scientific literature information in the digital environment is facingmore complex risks than in the past, the need to develop multiple strategies to beaddressed in theory and practice should be paid more attention. With the applicationof risk management theory this study suggests that the accumulations of traditionalenvironmental risks and risks of the digital environment, of the risks in the wholeprocess of the life cycle, of the risks coming from both business system andmanagement system and of the risks in institutional transformation and technologytransformation have made the risk of exploiting and utilizing scientific literature in thedigital environment more serious. The paper also points out that the main risk maycome from the storing procedure, the metadata, the grid environment and so on.Therefore, this study establishes a coping model of four aspects, which are level,domain, patterns and means, in theory to deal with it. In practice, this studyestablishes ways in responding for every kind of risk in specific and designed fourkinds of security module applying technical means to achieve real security providedfor exploiting and utilizing of the scientific literature information.
     Overall, this study poses the scientific literature metadata, the scientific andtechnological information grid, the science and technology information on-demandservice and the security of exploiting and utilizing of the scientific literatureinformation to connect and construct the six elements of information flow model(literature,publishers, users, channels, indexing and coding) to promote and protectthe exploiting and utilizing of scientific literature information in the digitalenvironment.
引文
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