澳门海岸湿地生态系统的特征及变化趋势研究
摘要
澳门海岸湿地生态系统是国际候鸟迁徒路线中的一个必经中途站之一,尤其是该湿地属于世界珍稀濒危鸟类黑脸琵鹭的重要越冬场所,在澳门湿地生态系统中越冬的黑脸琵鹭约占世界该鸟类总量的2.73%。但是,长期以来,由于种种原因却使澳门海岸湿地的研究和保护工作几乎处于空白状态。因此,开展澳门海岸湿地生态系统特征及变化趋势的研究,不仅有利于促进澳门海岸湿地生态环境的良性与可持续发展,而且,可以使澳门有效地履行保护世界珍稀濒危鸟类黑脸琵鹭的国际义务,提升澳门在世界环境保护科学事业中的国际地位和影响力。该研究是澳门本土环保研究人员首次针对澳门及其临近海岸湿地生态系统所进行的更加深入和全面的探讨和研究。研究主要以南湾湖人工岛、白鹭林及莲花大桥滩涂三处澳门典型的海岸湿地生态环境为研究对象,采用历史资料收集、实地调查、野外采样观测和实验室分析测定等研究方法。研究内容包括:(1)澳门自然地理及水资源特征;(2)澳门海岸湿地的水环境特征;(3)澳门海岸湿地的浮游植物特征;(4)澳门海岸湿地的浮游动物特征;(5)澳门湿地环境因子与浮游动植物间的关系;(6)澳门海岸湿地的植物群落特征;(7)澳门海岸湿地的鸟类群落特征。研究结果表明:(1)澳门海岸湿地生态系统处于退化状态;(2)澳门海岸湿地水质状况呈中富营养化向重富营养化的变化趋势;(3)浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度指数揭示出澳门海岸湿地水体污染程度严重;(4)湿地浮游植物与环境因子之间的相关分析揭示出温度对澳门湿地浮游植物的影响相对较小,营养盐浓度对浮游植物影响较大;(5)入侵有害藤本植物五爪金龙和薇甘菊对澳门湿地植物的威胁极大,海岸湿地植物种类少,群落结构单一;(6)澳门湿地的生物容纳量正在下降导致水鸟的数量的下滑,生态效益及自身修复能力降低,如果管理措施不得当,该退化趋势将进一步加剧。该研究的创新之处在于,(1)首次系统全面地研究了世界珍稀濒危鸟类黑脸琵鹭的重要越冬栖息地澳门海岸湿地生态系统的特征及变化趋势:(2)在掌握澳门湿地生态系统变化特征的基础上提出了保护澳门湿地生态系统的建议和对策。
The coastal wetland ecosystem in Macau is an important midway station for the international migratory waterbirds in their flyways, and it is also an important habitat for the world threatened bird species, black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor in the winters. It is reported that about 2.73% of black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor in the world live through the winter in this area. So far, however, little research work has been done on the coastal wetland in Macau due to various reasons. Therefore, investigations on the characteristics of coastal wetland ecosystem in Macau can not only be beneficial to the sustainable development of the ecological environment of the coastal wetlands in Macau, but also can increase Macau's position and reputation in terms of the environmental protection by fulfilling the international obligations protecting the world endangered black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor effectively. This is the first systematic survey focusing on the coastal wetland ecosystem in Macau carried out by the Macau's local environmental NGO. In the current survey, ecological environment of the coastal wetlands in the artificial island of Nanwan Lake, Taipa-colanva mudflats and Longhuanpuyu Egrety, three main and typical coastal wetlands in Macau was assessed by comparing historical data and conducting field investigation. This survey concentrated on: 1. geography characteristics of natural geography and water resources in Macau; 2. characteristics of water environment of coastal wetlands in Macau; 3. characteristics of phytoplankton of coastal wetlands in Macau; 4. characteristics of zooplankton of coastal wetlands in Macau; 5. associations among phytoplankton and environmental factors in the wetlands of Macau; 6. characteristics of plant community of coastal wetlands in Macau; 7. characteristics of bird community of coastal wetlands in Macau. The results obtained from our survey show that: 1. the coastal wetlands in Macau are degrading; 2. rivers in Macau are in a eutrophic state; 3. diversity indexes and evenness indexes reflect that the water in coastal wetlands in Macau has been severely polluted; 4. correlations among phytoplankton and environmental factors indicate that temperature has relatively little impact on the phytoplankton, while the concentration of nutrients has the greatest effects on the phytoplankton; 5. wetland plants have been seriously threatened by the invasive Ipomoea cairica and Mikania micrantha, resulting in fewer plant species and a simple-structured community in coastal wetlands; 6. the decreasing biological capacity of wetlands bring about the decline of the number of waterbird. Our findings suggest that the wetlands in Macau show a degenerative trend due to some unsolved problems such as the inefficiency of wetland benefit and utilization, as well as deficiency of protective measures. The innovations of the current study can be concluded as follows: 1. it is the first systematical survey on the characteristics and changing trend of the wetland in Macau, where has been believed to be the most important place for the world threatened bird species, black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor living through the winters; 2. some effective suggestions and strategies also have been proposed to protect the wetland ecosystem in Macau based on these characteristics.
The coastal wetland ecosystem in Macau is an important midway station for the international migratory waterbirds in their flyways, and it is also an important habitat for the world threatened bird species, black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor in the winters. It is reported that about 2.73% of black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor in the world live through the winter in this area. So far, however, little research work has been done on the coastal wetland in Macau due to various reasons. Therefore, investigations on the characteristics of coastal wetland ecosystem in Macau can not only be beneficial to the sustainable development of the ecological environment of the coastal wetlands in Macau, but also can increase Macau's position and reputation in terms of the environmental protection by fulfilling the international obligations protecting the world endangered black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor effectively. This is the first systematic survey focusing on the coastal wetland ecosystem in Macau carried out by the Macau's local environmental NGO. In the current survey, ecological environment of the coastal wetlands in the artificial island of Nanwan Lake, Taipa-colanva mudflats and Longhuanpuyu Egrety, three main and typical coastal wetlands in Macau was assessed by comparing historical data and conducting field investigation. This survey concentrated on: 1. geography characteristics of natural geography and water resources in Macau; 2. characteristics of water environment of coastal wetlands in Macau; 3. characteristics of phytoplankton of coastal wetlands in Macau; 4. characteristics of zooplankton of coastal wetlands in Macau; 5. associations among phytoplankton and environmental factors in the wetlands of Macau; 6. characteristics of plant community of coastal wetlands in Macau; 7. characteristics of bird community of coastal wetlands in Macau. The results obtained from our survey show that: 1. the coastal wetlands in Macau are degrading; 2. rivers in Macau are in a eutrophic state; 3. diversity indexes and evenness indexes reflect that the water in coastal wetlands in Macau has been severely polluted; 4. correlations among phytoplankton and environmental factors indicate that temperature has relatively little impact on the phytoplankton, while the concentration of nutrients has the greatest effects on the phytoplankton; 5. wetland plants have been seriously threatened by the invasive Ipomoea cairica and Mikania micrantha, resulting in fewer plant species and a simple-structured community in coastal wetlands; 6. the decreasing biological capacity of wetlands bring about the decline of the number of waterbird. Our findings suggest that the wetlands in Macau show a degenerative trend due to some unsolved problems such as the inefficiency of wetland benefit and utilization, as well as deficiency of protective measures. The innovations of the current study can be concluded as follows: 1. it is the first systematical survey on the characteristics and changing trend of the wetland in Macau, where has been believed to be the most important place for the world threatened bird species, black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor living through the winters; 2. some effective suggestions and strategies also have been proposed to protect the wetland ecosystem in Macau based on these characteristics.
引文
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