菊花近缘属植物的耐盐评价及耐盐机理研究
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摘要
菊花(Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura)是我国十大传统名花和世界四大切花之一,用途和栽培地域极广,在现代花卉生产中占有重要地位。盐渍化土壤严重影响菊花生产和品质,耐盐新品种选育已成为菊花育种的一个重要目标。野生种质资源常携带栽培物种缺乏的某些抗逆性,是抗性育种的重要基础材料。本文对32份菊花近缘种属野生资源的耐盐性进行了评价,发掘优异耐盐种质,并探讨其耐盐机制,为推动菊花耐盐种质创新和新品种选育奠定了基础。主要研究结果如下：
1.以4个菊花近缘种属植物为试材,根据单株受害叶面积比率,从5个NaCl浓度中确定适宜的抗性筛选浓度为120mmol·L-1,并对32份菊花近缘种属植物进行抗盐评价；采用系统聚类法将32份材料的耐盐性分为极强、强、中等、敏感4个级别,其中芙蓉菊、牡蒿、达磨菊耐盐性极强；菊蒿、大岛野路菊耐盐性强；滨菊、黄金艾等7份材料的耐盐性中等,栽培菊品种、紫花野菊、小红菊、毛华菊、甘菊等20份材料对盐胁迫敏感。以形态症状为依据可以对菊花近缘属植物进行快速、有效的耐盐性评价、筛选。
2.测定了13份菊花近缘属植物在NaCl胁迫后及未经胁迫的叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、叶片相对含水量、K+、Na+含量及光合速率等15项指标,分析了未经胁迫的、胁迫后的生理指标及生理指标相对值与形态受害指标的相关关系,结果表明,在45个变量中,未经胁迫植物的钠鲜重、钾钠质量比,胁迫后的叶绿素a、总叶绿素、叶片相对含水量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、钠鲜重,叶绿素a相对值、叶绿素b相对值、总叶绿素相对值、丙二醛含量相对值、脯氨酸含量相对值、净光合速率相对值,共14个变量与形态受害指标有显著或极显著相关关系,可作为菊花近缘属植物苗期耐盐性综合评价的指标；运用主成分分析和隶属函数法综合评价了材料耐盐性,并分别建立了材料的耐盐综合评价值与未经胁迫处理植物的生理指标、胁迫后的指标、指标相对值(胁迫后的指标／未经胁迫的植物的指标)及涵盖三组指标变量的4个多元线形回归方程。利用所建立方程对供试物种进行耐盐性预测,预测结果与植株耐盐综合评价值一致程度高。用未经胁迫处理植物的K+/Na+质量比、胁迫后的叶绿素含量及脯氨酸含量三个变量的回归方程预测效果在4个回归方程中最好,因此,可用这3个指标在苗期对菊花近缘属植物耐盐性进行预测。
3.对耐盐性的大岛野路菊(Dendranthema crassum)和盐敏感的萨摩野菊(D. ornatum)的两种菊属植物在盐胁迫下的叶绿素、光合气体参数及伤害程度进行了测定。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,2物种的Chl含量下降；叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)升高；丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,萨摩野菊受抑制程度更大。大岛野路菊在胁迫下保持总叶绿素含量的稳定,维持一定水平的净光合速率,保持膜系统处于相对完好的状态,是其耐盐的部分原因。在造成两种菊属植物光合速率下降的原因中,非气孔限制始终发挥作用,当胁迫浓度达到120mmol·L-1后,萨摩野菊的气孔限制开始影响光合作用。
4. NaCl胁迫下,大岛野路菊、萨摩野菊的新生叶面积比率减小,受害叶面积比率增加,叶电解质外渗率增加,大岛野路菊受胁迫影响较轻。2个物种体内Na+和Cl-含量随NaCl浓度的升高而增大,且地上部的Na+、Cl-积累量大于根系；新生叶、茎的K+含量随NaCl浓度的升高而增加；成熟叶是2个物种Na+、Cl-积累的主要器官。与耐盐性强的大岛野路菊相比,NaCl胁迫下萨摩野菊各器官积累的Na+和Cl-量均显著高于前者,其生长对其体内含有的Na+和Cl-比大岛野路菊更为敏感；除高盐胁迫下的根以外,大岛野路菊各器官的K-/Na+均显著高于萨摩野菊；大岛野路菊根向茎运输的SKNa值远高于萨摩野菊,茎向中位成熟叶运输的SK,Na值较低,高盐胁迫时茎向上位新生叶运输的SK,Na值较高。说明NaCl胁迫下大岛野路菊对C1-、Na+的累积能力弱、维持K+、Na+平衡的能力强,且根系对Na+的截留能力强,茎向上位新生叶运输Na+的选择性较低,这是其耐盐性强的主要原因,而茎向中位成熟叶运输Na+的选择性较高是其对盐胁迫的适应。多元回归分析结果还表明,Cl-对萨摩野菊的影响强于Na+。
5.采用扫描电镜结合X射线能谱微区分布分析技术,研究了NaCl处理下大岛野路菊和萨摩野菊幼苗的K+、Na+、Cl-在亚器官间的区域化分布和吸收、运输特性,结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,两物种的叶片、茎段各部位的Cl-浓度、Na+浓度均高于根系各部位的Cl-浓度、Na+浓度。萨摩野菊根系、茎段和叶片各部位的Na+、Cl-含量均高于大岛野路菊；大岛野路菊更多的Na+储存或截留在茎的髓和内皮层中,流入导管中的Na+含量低,减少了向叶片传输的Na+；大岛野路菊除了叶片的表皮、根系的表皮及外、中皮层外,其余部位的K+/Na+均高于萨摩野菊；除了茎段的髓部组织外,大岛野路菊各部位Ca2+/Na+值也均高于萨摩野菊,说明其维持离子平衡的能力强于萨摩野菊。两物种Na+、Cl-根系的表皮到中柱的横向传输路径中都受到了皮层的截留,但大岛野路菊根系皮层在减少Na+进入中柱的效果略强；从根到茎的纵向传输方向上,大岛野路菊根具有对Na+明显的截留,但没有发现其对C1-的截留作用,而萨摩野菊对两种盐离子均没有截留作用。另外,Cl-在物种间含量的差异比钠离子更大,两物种根系皮层在阻滞Cl-进入中柱的效果差异大于它们在Na+上的差异,由此说明两物种耐盐性差异可能与Cl-吸收及相关的区域化差异有相关性。
6.大岛野路菊和萨摩野菊幼苗经NaCl处理后,叶片中的可溶性氨基酸、可溶性糖含量、Cl-和Na+随外界盐浓度的升高而上升,Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-则相反,K+则先升后降,叶片中总无机离子在渗透调节中的贡献大于有机渗透调节剂,无机离子中Na+、Cl-、K+起主要作用；有机渗透调节剂中可溶性糖含量远高于可溶性氨基酸,但二者在胁迫后的增加幅度相当。两种植物的Na+/K+和Pro/AA值在胁迫后也增加。大岛野路菊的实测渗透势(MOP)在各胁迫下均大于其计算渗透势(COP),说明除所测的8种渗透调节剂外,植物体中还存在未测定的渗透调节物质。盐敏感的萨摩野菊在盐胁迫后渗透调节能力更强,说明大岛野路菊的耐盐性强于萨摩野菊,并非是渗透调节能力强所致。
7.研究了NaCl长期胁迫处理(68天)4种耐盐菊花近缘属植物：大岛野路菊、菊蒿(Tanacetum vulgare)、达磨菊(Aster spathulifolius)、芙蓉菊(Crossostephium chinense)体内K+、Na+、Cl-在器官间的区域化分布特性。结果表明,胁迫下4植物Na+和C1-含量均比对照显著增加,并高于盐敏感种在凋亡时的Na+、Cl"含量,但4种植物均无明显受害特征。叶片中Na+、C1-的积累浓度高于根系,茎段、基部叶或成熟叶的Na+、Cl-积累量在各器官中最多。Cl-在各器官间的分配相对较均衡,而Na+在各器官间的分配差异较大。各器官的K+比对照减少,K+/Na+均显著低于对照,但代谢旺盛部位的K+/Na+值在器官间相对较高。根系对Na+、C1-的吸纳能力弱,根系自环境中吸收的SK,Na值较高,根系向茎段运输的SK,Na值较低,茎段向新生叶运输的SK,Na值高是它们耐盐性强的原因。芙蓉菊和达磨菊吸收C1-的能力明显低于其它3个物种；而菊蒿对Na+的吸收能力明显低于其它物种。所以离子吸收和分布策略的差异可能也是导致4种植物耐盐性相对强弱的重要原因。
8.在NaCl长期胁迫处理后,大岛野路菊、菊蒿、达磨菊、芙蓉菊叶肉细胞轮廓清晰,组织结构保持完整,菊蒿、芙蓉菊的叶片变薄,等面叶特征消失或弱化；而达磨菊、大岛野路菊的叶肉及薄壁组织增厚,细胞体积增大,具有稀盐的结构特征。盐敏感种萨摩野菊在短期盐胁迫后的细胞轮廓模糊,细胞中叶绿体数量减少,发生细胞结构的解体。达磨菊、大岛野路菊在长期盐胁迫后叶片相对含水量增加,而菊蒿、芙蓉菊的叶片相对含水量下降,但依然保持较高的水平。
Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura), one of ten traditional flowers and one of four the world's major cut flowers, is widely cultivated for ornamental purposes, which plays an important role in modern flower production. Serious impact on soil salinization in chrysanthemum production and quality, and breeding new varieties of salt tolerant has therefore become an important goal of chrysanthemum breeding. Wild species germplasm resources often carried some important resistance that lack in cultivars is an important basis for resistance breeding materials. In order to discover the salt tolerant germplasm in Dendranthema, an evaluation system for salt-tolerance of Chrysanthemum was established. The paper also explores its salt mechanism for promoting innovation and new chrysanthemum varieties of salt-tolerant germplasm breeding foundation. The main results are as follows:
Four species from Dendranthema and its relative genera were studied, the proper screening concentration of NaCl was determined as120mmol.L"1among NaCl at different concentrations of0,40,80,120,160and200mmol.L-1according tothe ratio of injured leaf area per plant, and salt tolerance of32species from Dendranthema and its relative genera were screened. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that32taxa could be divided into extremely salt tolerant, salt tolerant, moderately salt tolerant and salt sensitive grade, respectively. Artemisia japonica, Aster spathulifolius, Crossostephium chinense are extremely salt tolerant, Tanacetum vulgare and Chrysanthemum crassum are salt-tolerant, seven taxa represented by Artemisia vulgaris, Leucanthemum vulgare are moderately salt tolerant,20taxa represented by Dendranthema zawadskii, D. chanetii, D. vestitum, D. lavandulifolium are salt sensitive ones. Salt tolerance screening of plants from Dendranthema and its relative genera can be achieved effectively and rapidly by morphological indexes.
The content of chlorophyll, proline, malondialdehyde, relative leaf water, K+and Na+, net photosynthesis rate etc.,15indicators of NaCl stressed and unstressed seedlings of13taxa from Dendranthema and its relative genera were measured. The relation between these physiological traits and morphology injured index were analysed, the results showed that among45variables, dry and fresh weight plus the ratios of K+Na+of unstressed plants, and the content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, relative leaf water, malondialdehyde, proline, dry and fresh weight, relative value of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, proline, net photosynthesis rate of salt stressed seedlings, all14variables were significantly or highly significantly correlated with morphology injured extent. And it can be the indicators of comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of Dendranthema and its relative genera.
Applying principal component analysis and subordinate function value analysis comprehensive salt tolerance evaluation of the material were made. Four multiple-linear regression equation between the comprehensive evaluation value of salt tolerance and physiological traits of salt stressed and unstressed seedlings, relative value(index after stress/index without stress) and variables including aforementioned three group index were established separately. The salt tolerance prediction of tested species used the established equation were highly consistent with comprehensive salt tolerance evaluation value. The predict effect by using ratios of K+/Na+of unstressed plants, chlorophyll content and proline content of plants being stressed is best among4regression equation, so, we suggested that the three indexes could be used to predict the salt tolerance in Dendranthema and its relative genera in seedlings.
The effects of NaCl stress on the chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and injury degree of two species of Dendranthema with different salt tolerance, i.e., Dendranthema crassum and D. ornatum were investigated. The results showed that under salt stress, Chl content decreased in two species. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate declined significantly, while intercellular CO2concentration increased in the both species under salt stress. However, MDA content increased under salt stress. The inhibiting effect of D. ornatum was significantly greater than that of Dendranthema crassum. The partly cause of salt tolerant is that Dendranthema crassum under salt stress could keep the total chlorophyll contents stable, maintain the net photosynthetic rate stays at a certain level, and keep membrane system in relatively perfect working order. In the reasons for the decline in photosynthetic rate of two species of Dendranthema, non-stomatal limitation has always played a role, the stomatal limitation of D. ornatum began to affect photosynthesis when the stress concentration reached to120mmol.L-
The ratio of injured leaf area per plant of two species increased, and the ratio of new developed leaf area per plant decreased, leaf relative electricity conductivity increased. Dendranthema crassum showed slighter injured symptom under NaCl stress than D. ornatum. The Na+and Cl-content in seedlings of two species, also the K+content in stem and new developed leaves increased as the NaCl concentrations increased, the Na+and Cl+accumulation in upper part of the seedlings was more than the amount in root. Na+and Cl-were primarily concentrated in mature leaves. Compared with salt tolerant D. crassum, the salt sensitive D. ornatum showed high Na+and Cl-accumulation in every organ, and its growth showed much correlation with the Na+and Cl-content in its organ. The ratios of K+/Na+in different parts of D. crassum seedlings were higher than D. ornatum's except the ratio in root under severe NaCl stress. D. crassum had a higher transportation selectivity of K+to Na+from root to stem, a lower of K+to Na+from stem to middle mature leaves under same salinity, and a higher K+to Na+from stem to upper new developed leaves under high NaCl salinity. That D. crassum accumulate lower Na+and Cl-, retained more Na+in root, be able to maintain ratios of K+Na+well, and have lower transportation selectivity of Na+from stem to upper leaves were the main reasons for the stronger salt-tolerance of it, while the higher transportation selectivity of Na+from stem to middle mature leaves was one of mechanisms of accommodation to salt stress. Cl-influenced D. ornatum'growth little more than Na+from multiple-linear regression analysis.
By the method of X-ray microanalysis, the effects of different concentration NaCl on the absorption, transportation and compartmentalized distribution of K+, Na+and Cl-on the sub-organ level of2species of Dendranthema seedlings were studied, The results showed that under NaCl stress the Na+and Cl-accumulation in every part of the leaf and stem was more than the amount in root. Compared with D. crassum, D. ornatum showed high Na+and Cl" accumulation in every part of each organ, more section of Na+were stored in the inner cortex and marrow of its stem, while less Na+were inpoured into the vessels, as a result the Na+transported to leaves become less. Except for the of leaves and roots, outer and middle in root, K+/Na+was higher than the value in D. ornatum, Ca2+/Na+of every part in D. crassum, was also higher than the amount in D. ornatum, Except for the marrow in stem, which suggested that the ability of maintaining ion balance in D. crassum is better than that in D. ornatum. Both Na+and Cl-were withheld by cortex as their were transport Laterally from epidermis to stele in two species, but D. crassum could retained more Na+in root cortex and possess the ability of withholding Na+but not for Cl-when ion were transported vertically from root to stem, while neither Na+nor Cl-was observed being withheld in root of D. ornatum. The disparity of Cl-content between two species is great than the Na+content, also the retardarce of Cl-transport in cortex to stele is more remarkable than the Na+, which indicated that the difference of absorption and compartmentalized distribution of Cl-may explain the difference of salt resistance.
When the seedlings of D. crassum and D. ornatum were treated with NaCl, soluble amino acids, the content of soluble sugar and the contents of Na+and Cl-in leaves all increased with salt concentration increased, Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-decreased and K+was first increased and then decreased. Overall, the contribution of inorganic ions to osmotic adjustment in leaves was greater than the organic osmotica, and Na+and Cl-played the most important role. In organic osmotica, though the content of soluble sugar was much higher than soluble amino acids, increase extent of them were similar after stress. The Na+/K+and Pro/AA value of two plants also increased after the stress. The measured osmotic potential (MOP) of D. crassum is bigger than computational osmotic potential (COP), which implies that there still exists other osmotic in the plants except for the8osmotica determined in the experiment. Osmotic adjustment ability of salt-sensitive D. ornatum was much stronger after salt stress, which implies that the salt tolerance of D. crassum was stronger than D. ornatum was not the result of osmotic adjustment ability.
The effects of long term (68d) NaCl stress on the compartmentalized distribution of K+, Na+and Cl-on the organ level of4salt tolerant taxa from Dendranthema and its relative, Dendranthema crassum, Tanacetum vulgare, Aster spathulifolius, Crossostephium chinense seedlings were studied, The results showed that after NaCl stress, no obvious injured symptom were exhibit in4species, and the Na+and Cl-content of4species increased significantly in comparison with the control, also the content were higher than the amount in salt sensitive D. ornatum when the plant exhibit chlorosis. Na+and Cl-accumulation in the leaf was more than the amount in root. The Na+and Cl-content of stem, lower leaves and mature leaves were highest among different organs. Compared with Na+distribution, the distribution of Cl-among different organs were more balanced. The content of K+and ratio of K+/Na+decreased, significantly in comparison with the control, but the K+/Na+on active metabolic organs remained on a higher value. That these four species accumulate lower Na+and Cl-in root, absorb more KT from environment, retained more Na+in root, be able to maintain ratios of K+/Na+well, and have higher transportation selectivity of K+from stem to upper leaves were the main reasons for the stronger salt-tolerance of them. while the higher transportation selectivity of Na+from stem to middle mature leaves was one of mechanisms of accommodation to salt stress. Cl-influenced D. ornatum' growth little more than Na+from multiple-linear regression analysis. The ability of Cl-absorption on Aster spathulifolius, Crossostephium chinense was lower than other two species, while the ability of Na+absorption of Tanacetum vulgare was lowest among these four species. So the difference on the strategy of ion absorption and compartmentalized distribution of plants may play an important role on the mechanism of salt resistance.
Leaf thickness became thinning and the characters of isobilateral leaf disappeared or weakened in Tanacetum vulgare and Crossostephium chinense under prolong stress, but in D. crassum and Aster spathulifolius, the character of salt-dilution is obviously, such as thicken mesophyll and parenchyma tissue and increased cell volume. Under shot-term stress, the cells collapsed lending to distortion of organ morphology, reducing the number of cells in the chloroplast and distortion of organ morphology in Salt-sensitive species D. ornatum. Relative leaf water content in Aster spathulifolius and D. crassum increased while decreased in Tanacetum vulgare and Crossostephium chinense and maintained a high level under long-term stress.
1.以4个菊花近缘种属植物为试材,根据单株受害叶面积比率,从5个NaCl浓度中确定适宜的抗性筛选浓度为120mmol·L-1,并对32份菊花近缘种属植物进行抗盐评价；采用系统聚类法将32份材料的耐盐性分为极强、强、中等、敏感4个级别,其中芙蓉菊、牡蒿、达磨菊耐盐性极强；菊蒿、大岛野路菊耐盐性强；滨菊、黄金艾等7份材料的耐盐性中等,栽培菊品种、紫花野菊、小红菊、毛华菊、甘菊等20份材料对盐胁迫敏感。以形态症状为依据可以对菊花近缘属植物进行快速、有效的耐盐性评价、筛选。
2.测定了13份菊花近缘属植物在NaCl胁迫后及未经胁迫的叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、叶片相对含水量、K+、Na+含量及光合速率等15项指标,分析了未经胁迫的、胁迫后的生理指标及生理指标相对值与形态受害指标的相关关系,结果表明,在45个变量中,未经胁迫植物的钠鲜重、钾钠质量比,胁迫后的叶绿素a、总叶绿素、叶片相对含水量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、钠鲜重,叶绿素a相对值、叶绿素b相对值、总叶绿素相对值、丙二醛含量相对值、脯氨酸含量相对值、净光合速率相对值,共14个变量与形态受害指标有显著或极显著相关关系,可作为菊花近缘属植物苗期耐盐性综合评价的指标；运用主成分分析和隶属函数法综合评价了材料耐盐性,并分别建立了材料的耐盐综合评价值与未经胁迫处理植物的生理指标、胁迫后的指标、指标相对值(胁迫后的指标／未经胁迫的植物的指标)及涵盖三组指标变量的4个多元线形回归方程。利用所建立方程对供试物种进行耐盐性预测,预测结果与植株耐盐综合评价值一致程度高。用未经胁迫处理植物的K+/Na+质量比、胁迫后的叶绿素含量及脯氨酸含量三个变量的回归方程预测效果在4个回归方程中最好,因此,可用这3个指标在苗期对菊花近缘属植物耐盐性进行预测。
3.对耐盐性的大岛野路菊(Dendranthema crassum)和盐敏感的萨摩野菊(D. ornatum)的两种菊属植物在盐胁迫下的叶绿素、光合气体参数及伤害程度进行了测定。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,2物种的Chl含量下降；叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)升高；丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,萨摩野菊受抑制程度更大。大岛野路菊在胁迫下保持总叶绿素含量的稳定,维持一定水平的净光合速率,保持膜系统处于相对完好的状态,是其耐盐的部分原因。在造成两种菊属植物光合速率下降的原因中,非气孔限制始终发挥作用,当胁迫浓度达到120mmol·L-1后,萨摩野菊的气孔限制开始影响光合作用。
4. NaCl胁迫下,大岛野路菊、萨摩野菊的新生叶面积比率减小,受害叶面积比率增加,叶电解质外渗率增加,大岛野路菊受胁迫影响较轻。2个物种体内Na+和Cl-含量随NaCl浓度的升高而增大,且地上部的Na+、Cl-积累量大于根系；新生叶、茎的K+含量随NaCl浓度的升高而增加；成熟叶是2个物种Na+、Cl-积累的主要器官。与耐盐性强的大岛野路菊相比,NaCl胁迫下萨摩野菊各器官积累的Na+和Cl-量均显著高于前者,其生长对其体内含有的Na+和Cl-比大岛野路菊更为敏感；除高盐胁迫下的根以外,大岛野路菊各器官的K-/Na+均显著高于萨摩野菊；大岛野路菊根向茎运输的SKNa值远高于萨摩野菊,茎向中位成熟叶运输的SK,Na值较低,高盐胁迫时茎向上位新生叶运输的SK,Na值较高。说明NaCl胁迫下大岛野路菊对C1-、Na+的累积能力弱、维持K+、Na+平衡的能力强,且根系对Na+的截留能力强,茎向上位新生叶运输Na+的选择性较低,这是其耐盐性强的主要原因,而茎向中位成熟叶运输Na+的选择性较高是其对盐胁迫的适应。多元回归分析结果还表明,Cl-对萨摩野菊的影响强于Na+。
5.采用扫描电镜结合X射线能谱微区分布分析技术,研究了NaCl处理下大岛野路菊和萨摩野菊幼苗的K+、Na+、Cl-在亚器官间的区域化分布和吸收、运输特性,结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,两物种的叶片、茎段各部位的Cl-浓度、Na+浓度均高于根系各部位的Cl-浓度、Na+浓度。萨摩野菊根系、茎段和叶片各部位的Na+、Cl-含量均高于大岛野路菊；大岛野路菊更多的Na+储存或截留在茎的髓和内皮层中,流入导管中的Na+含量低,减少了向叶片传输的Na+；大岛野路菊除了叶片的表皮、根系的表皮及外、中皮层外,其余部位的K+/Na+均高于萨摩野菊；除了茎段的髓部组织外,大岛野路菊各部位Ca2+/Na+值也均高于萨摩野菊,说明其维持离子平衡的能力强于萨摩野菊。两物种Na+、Cl-根系的表皮到中柱的横向传输路径中都受到了皮层的截留,但大岛野路菊根系皮层在减少Na+进入中柱的效果略强；从根到茎的纵向传输方向上,大岛野路菊根具有对Na+明显的截留,但没有发现其对C1-的截留作用,而萨摩野菊对两种盐离子均没有截留作用。另外,Cl-在物种间含量的差异比钠离子更大,两物种根系皮层在阻滞Cl-进入中柱的效果差异大于它们在Na+上的差异,由此说明两物种耐盐性差异可能与Cl-吸收及相关的区域化差异有相关性。
6.大岛野路菊和萨摩野菊幼苗经NaCl处理后,叶片中的可溶性氨基酸、可溶性糖含量、Cl-和Na+随外界盐浓度的升高而上升,Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-则相反,K+则先升后降,叶片中总无机离子在渗透调节中的贡献大于有机渗透调节剂,无机离子中Na+、Cl-、K+起主要作用；有机渗透调节剂中可溶性糖含量远高于可溶性氨基酸,但二者在胁迫后的增加幅度相当。两种植物的Na+/K+和Pro/AA值在胁迫后也增加。大岛野路菊的实测渗透势(MOP)在各胁迫下均大于其计算渗透势(COP),说明除所测的8种渗透调节剂外,植物体中还存在未测定的渗透调节物质。盐敏感的萨摩野菊在盐胁迫后渗透调节能力更强,说明大岛野路菊的耐盐性强于萨摩野菊,并非是渗透调节能力强所致。
7.研究了NaCl长期胁迫处理(68天)4种耐盐菊花近缘属植物：大岛野路菊、菊蒿(Tanacetum vulgare)、达磨菊(Aster spathulifolius)、芙蓉菊(Crossostephium chinense)体内K+、Na+、Cl-在器官间的区域化分布特性。结果表明,胁迫下4植物Na+和C1-含量均比对照显著增加,并高于盐敏感种在凋亡时的Na+、Cl"含量,但4种植物均无明显受害特征。叶片中Na+、C1-的积累浓度高于根系,茎段、基部叶或成熟叶的Na+、Cl-积累量在各器官中最多。Cl-在各器官间的分配相对较均衡,而Na+在各器官间的分配差异较大。各器官的K+比对照减少,K+/Na+均显著低于对照,但代谢旺盛部位的K+/Na+值在器官间相对较高。根系对Na+、C1-的吸纳能力弱,根系自环境中吸收的SK,Na值较高,根系向茎段运输的SK,Na值较低,茎段向新生叶运输的SK,Na值高是它们耐盐性强的原因。芙蓉菊和达磨菊吸收C1-的能力明显低于其它3个物种；而菊蒿对Na+的吸收能力明显低于其它物种。所以离子吸收和分布策略的差异可能也是导致4种植物耐盐性相对强弱的重要原因。
8.在NaCl长期胁迫处理后,大岛野路菊、菊蒿、达磨菊、芙蓉菊叶肉细胞轮廓清晰,组织结构保持完整,菊蒿、芙蓉菊的叶片变薄,等面叶特征消失或弱化；而达磨菊、大岛野路菊的叶肉及薄壁组织增厚,细胞体积增大,具有稀盐的结构特征。盐敏感种萨摩野菊在短期盐胁迫后的细胞轮廓模糊,细胞中叶绿体数量减少,发生细胞结构的解体。达磨菊、大岛野路菊在长期盐胁迫后叶片相对含水量增加,而菊蒿、芙蓉菊的叶片相对含水量下降,但依然保持较高的水平。
Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura), one of ten traditional flowers and one of four the world's major cut flowers, is widely cultivated for ornamental purposes, which plays an important role in modern flower production. Serious impact on soil salinization in chrysanthemum production and quality, and breeding new varieties of salt tolerant has therefore become an important goal of chrysanthemum breeding. Wild species germplasm resources often carried some important resistance that lack in cultivars is an important basis for resistance breeding materials. In order to discover the salt tolerant germplasm in Dendranthema, an evaluation system for salt-tolerance of Chrysanthemum was established. The paper also explores its salt mechanism for promoting innovation and new chrysanthemum varieties of salt-tolerant germplasm breeding foundation. The main results are as follows:
Four species from Dendranthema and its relative genera were studied, the proper screening concentration of NaCl was determined as120mmol.L"1among NaCl at different concentrations of0,40,80,120,160and200mmol.L-1according tothe ratio of injured leaf area per plant, and salt tolerance of32species from Dendranthema and its relative genera were screened. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that32taxa could be divided into extremely salt tolerant, salt tolerant, moderately salt tolerant and salt sensitive grade, respectively. Artemisia japonica, Aster spathulifolius, Crossostephium chinense are extremely salt tolerant, Tanacetum vulgare and Chrysanthemum crassum are salt-tolerant, seven taxa represented by Artemisia vulgaris, Leucanthemum vulgare are moderately salt tolerant,20taxa represented by Dendranthema zawadskii, D. chanetii, D. vestitum, D. lavandulifolium are salt sensitive ones. Salt tolerance screening of plants from Dendranthema and its relative genera can be achieved effectively and rapidly by morphological indexes.
The content of chlorophyll, proline, malondialdehyde, relative leaf water, K+and Na+, net photosynthesis rate etc.,15indicators of NaCl stressed and unstressed seedlings of13taxa from Dendranthema and its relative genera were measured. The relation between these physiological traits and morphology injured index were analysed, the results showed that among45variables, dry and fresh weight plus the ratios of K+Na+of unstressed plants, and the content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, relative leaf water, malondialdehyde, proline, dry and fresh weight, relative value of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, proline, net photosynthesis rate of salt stressed seedlings, all14variables were significantly or highly significantly correlated with morphology injured extent. And it can be the indicators of comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of Dendranthema and its relative genera.
Applying principal component analysis and subordinate function value analysis comprehensive salt tolerance evaluation of the material were made. Four multiple-linear regression equation between the comprehensive evaluation value of salt tolerance and physiological traits of salt stressed and unstressed seedlings, relative value(index after stress/index without stress) and variables including aforementioned three group index were established separately. The salt tolerance prediction of tested species used the established equation were highly consistent with comprehensive salt tolerance evaluation value. The predict effect by using ratios of K+/Na+of unstressed plants, chlorophyll content and proline content of plants being stressed is best among4regression equation, so, we suggested that the three indexes could be used to predict the salt tolerance in Dendranthema and its relative genera in seedlings.
The effects of NaCl stress on the chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and injury degree of two species of Dendranthema with different salt tolerance, i.e., Dendranthema crassum and D. ornatum were investigated. The results showed that under salt stress, Chl content decreased in two species. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate declined significantly, while intercellular CO2concentration increased in the both species under salt stress. However, MDA content increased under salt stress. The inhibiting effect of D. ornatum was significantly greater than that of Dendranthema crassum. The partly cause of salt tolerant is that Dendranthema crassum under salt stress could keep the total chlorophyll contents stable, maintain the net photosynthetic rate stays at a certain level, and keep membrane system in relatively perfect working order. In the reasons for the decline in photosynthetic rate of two species of Dendranthema, non-stomatal limitation has always played a role, the stomatal limitation of D. ornatum began to affect photosynthesis when the stress concentration reached to120mmol.L-
The ratio of injured leaf area per plant of two species increased, and the ratio of new developed leaf area per plant decreased, leaf relative electricity conductivity increased. Dendranthema crassum showed slighter injured symptom under NaCl stress than D. ornatum. The Na+and Cl-content in seedlings of two species, also the K+content in stem and new developed leaves increased as the NaCl concentrations increased, the Na+and Cl+accumulation in upper part of the seedlings was more than the amount in root. Na+and Cl-were primarily concentrated in mature leaves. Compared with salt tolerant D. crassum, the salt sensitive D. ornatum showed high Na+and Cl-accumulation in every organ, and its growth showed much correlation with the Na+and Cl-content in its organ. The ratios of K+/Na+in different parts of D. crassum seedlings were higher than D. ornatum's except the ratio in root under severe NaCl stress. D. crassum had a higher transportation selectivity of K+to Na+from root to stem, a lower of K+to Na+from stem to middle mature leaves under same salinity, and a higher K+to Na+from stem to upper new developed leaves under high NaCl salinity. That D. crassum accumulate lower Na+and Cl-, retained more Na+in root, be able to maintain ratios of K+Na+well, and have lower transportation selectivity of Na+from stem to upper leaves were the main reasons for the stronger salt-tolerance of it, while the higher transportation selectivity of Na+from stem to middle mature leaves was one of mechanisms of accommodation to salt stress. Cl-influenced D. ornatum'growth little more than Na+from multiple-linear regression analysis.
By the method of X-ray microanalysis, the effects of different concentration NaCl on the absorption, transportation and compartmentalized distribution of K+, Na+and Cl-on the sub-organ level of2species of Dendranthema seedlings were studied, The results showed that under NaCl stress the Na+and Cl-accumulation in every part of the leaf and stem was more than the amount in root. Compared with D. crassum, D. ornatum showed high Na+and Cl" accumulation in every part of each organ, more section of Na+were stored in the inner cortex and marrow of its stem, while less Na+were inpoured into the vessels, as a result the Na+transported to leaves become less. Except for the of leaves and roots, outer and middle in root, K+/Na+was higher than the value in D. ornatum, Ca2+/Na+of every part in D. crassum, was also higher than the amount in D. ornatum, Except for the marrow in stem, which suggested that the ability of maintaining ion balance in D. crassum is better than that in D. ornatum. Both Na+and Cl-were withheld by cortex as their were transport Laterally from epidermis to stele in two species, but D. crassum could retained more Na+in root cortex and possess the ability of withholding Na+but not for Cl-when ion were transported vertically from root to stem, while neither Na+nor Cl-was observed being withheld in root of D. ornatum. The disparity of Cl-content between two species is great than the Na+content, also the retardarce of Cl-transport in cortex to stele is more remarkable than the Na+, which indicated that the difference of absorption and compartmentalized distribution of Cl-may explain the difference of salt resistance.
When the seedlings of D. crassum and D. ornatum were treated with NaCl, soluble amino acids, the content of soluble sugar and the contents of Na+and Cl-in leaves all increased with salt concentration increased, Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-decreased and K+was first increased and then decreased. Overall, the contribution of inorganic ions to osmotic adjustment in leaves was greater than the organic osmotica, and Na+and Cl-played the most important role. In organic osmotica, though the content of soluble sugar was much higher than soluble amino acids, increase extent of them were similar after stress. The Na+/K+and Pro/AA value of two plants also increased after the stress. The measured osmotic potential (MOP) of D. crassum is bigger than computational osmotic potential (COP), which implies that there still exists other osmotic in the plants except for the8osmotica determined in the experiment. Osmotic adjustment ability of salt-sensitive D. ornatum was much stronger after salt stress, which implies that the salt tolerance of D. crassum was stronger than D. ornatum was not the result of osmotic adjustment ability.
The effects of long term (68d) NaCl stress on the compartmentalized distribution of K+, Na+and Cl-on the organ level of4salt tolerant taxa from Dendranthema and its relative, Dendranthema crassum, Tanacetum vulgare, Aster spathulifolius, Crossostephium chinense seedlings were studied, The results showed that after NaCl stress, no obvious injured symptom were exhibit in4species, and the Na+and Cl-content of4species increased significantly in comparison with the control, also the content were higher than the amount in salt sensitive D. ornatum when the plant exhibit chlorosis. Na+and Cl-accumulation in the leaf was more than the amount in root. The Na+and Cl-content of stem, lower leaves and mature leaves were highest among different organs. Compared with Na+distribution, the distribution of Cl-among different organs were more balanced. The content of K+and ratio of K+/Na+decreased, significantly in comparison with the control, but the K+/Na+on active metabolic organs remained on a higher value. That these four species accumulate lower Na+and Cl-in root, absorb more KT from environment, retained more Na+in root, be able to maintain ratios of K+/Na+well, and have higher transportation selectivity of K+from stem to upper leaves were the main reasons for the stronger salt-tolerance of them. while the higher transportation selectivity of Na+from stem to middle mature leaves was one of mechanisms of accommodation to salt stress. Cl-influenced D. ornatum' growth little more than Na+from multiple-linear regression analysis. The ability of Cl-absorption on Aster spathulifolius, Crossostephium chinense was lower than other two species, while the ability of Na+absorption of Tanacetum vulgare was lowest among these four species. So the difference on the strategy of ion absorption and compartmentalized distribution of plants may play an important role on the mechanism of salt resistance.
Leaf thickness became thinning and the characters of isobilateral leaf disappeared or weakened in Tanacetum vulgare and Crossostephium chinense under prolong stress, but in D. crassum and Aster spathulifolius, the character of salt-dilution is obviously, such as thicken mesophyll and parenchyma tissue and increased cell volume. Under shot-term stress, the cells collapsed lending to distortion of organ morphology, reducing the number of cells in the chloroplast and distortion of organ morphology in Salt-sensitive species D. ornatum. Relative leaf water content in Aster spathulifolius and D. crassum increased while decreased in Tanacetum vulgare and Crossostephium chinense and maintained a high level under long-term stress.
引文
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