傅兰雅的西书中译事业
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摘要
英国人傅兰雅于1861年受维多利亚主教号召,启程前往中国。在香港圣保罗书院担任了两年院长后,到达北京,成为京师同文馆的第二任英文教习。之后,又来到上海,开办了由圣公会赞助的英华书馆,并同时兼任在《字林西报》馆出版的中文报纸——《上海新报》的编辑。1868年5月,他进入成立不久的江南制造局翻译馆,开始从事中文科技书籍的翻译工作,在到1896年他离开中国赴美任教为止的二十八年时间内,他翻译出版了近百种涵盖各类近代西方科技知识的书籍。在翻译馆任职的同时,他还编辑发行了中国近代史上第一份具有真正意义的中文科技杂志——《格致汇编》,刊登已经译成中文的关于科学、技术、制造的书籍,并回答读者来信询问的可能会引起广泛兴趣的科学问题。另外,他还从事了很多其它有益于中国科技教育进步的事业。
本文以傅兰雅为研究对象,着重分析他在江南制造局的译书活动和编辑的《格致汇编》,探讨他的西书中译事业在中国近代史上的意义。全文共分为五章,兹将各章内容分述如下:
第一章考察傅兰雅初到中国后前几年的经历,包括他在圣保罗书院、英华书馆的教书活动及他和英国圣公会之间的关系。可以看出,这几年的经历使他具备了日后进入制造局翻译馆工作的资格和信念,即,熟练掌握了中文,并对中国的文明进展甚感兴趣。
第二章关注傅兰雅在江南制造局翻译馆的工作,对他在制造局的总体工作情况、翻译馆里的译书活动、与傅兰雅合作译书的中国人员以及傅兰雅的译书成果做详细描述,尤其是对傅兰雅在制造局出版的书籍做时间上和学科上的统计和分析。傅兰雅初进翻译馆时为制造局官员订购的书籍及科学仪器清单反映了制造局初建时的工作重心和关注焦点,文中对此也有所留意。
第三章分析傅兰雅编辑的《格致汇编》杂志,涉及到杂志的出版发行情况及在杂志上发表的主要文章,另外还以“互相问答”栏目为例,详细刻画傅兰雅与读者之间的互动关系,并从时人对这份杂志的评价出发探讨《格致汇编》的历史意义,认为《格致汇编》非常典型地体现了傅兰雅一生致力于中国科技进步的愿望。
第四章讨论傅兰雅的科技翻译观。“在传播西学的过程中,翻译西书和教授西语,哪种方法更有效”,一直是晚清关注中国文明进展的在华西人争论的焦点。以傅兰雅为代表的“传教士”翻译家们坚持通过翻译西方科学著作向中国人传授他们亟需的科学知识,他们为什么会形成这种看法?该部分对这个问题做了较多考察。在翻译科学书籍的过程中,从事科技翻译的各人使用的术语体系不尽一致,导致中文术语存在很大程度的混乱。文中还描述了傅兰雅在翻译科技术语时采用的方法,并介绍了傅兰雅担任总编的益智书会在统一中文科技术语上所做的努力。
第五章论述傅兰雅西书中译事业的意义,从他在格致书院的筹建中发挥的作用和他赴美任教时中国人对已有西书的需求状态及当时一些知名人士对傅兰雅所译书籍的评价来看待这项事业产生的社会影响。
文章末尾附上傅兰雅1896年前的活动年表,全面交代他在中国三十五年中从事的益于中国文明发展的活动;另外,还对他曾与之交往的在华西人做简要介绍,并勾勒傅兰雅和他们的交往经过;最后,以提要和摘录形式简单介绍傅兰雅所译书籍的内容,以期由此折射傅兰雅译书的价值和意义。
John Fryer, an Englishman, was selected by the Lord Bishop of Victoria who was Chairman of the Committee of St Paul's College in Hong Kong to go as soon as convenient to Hong Kong and take charge of that establishment in 1861. After two years, he arrived at Peking in order to learn the official Chinese language and to be Professor of English in the Tungwen College, which had been established by the Chinese government for the teaching and training of Chinese students to become interpreters for consular or diplomatic service. Before long, he removed to Shanghai where he was promised the head mastership of a large public school to be established for Chinese students and to be known as the Anglo-Chinese School which was sponsored by the Church Missionary Society, and at the same time, he was the editor of the Shanghai Chinese Newspaper published at the North China Herald Office which was making its mark among the thinking party of the Chinese nation. In May, 1868, he entered the Translation Department of the Kiangnan Arsenal which was established not long ago and undertook the translation of foreign technological books into the Chinese language. Here having been at work for twenty-eight years, translated and published about one hundred treatises which almost covers all kinds of western subjects on science and technology. Moreover, he compiled and issued the first Chinese scientific magazine named Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine, which served as an introduction to the translations of scientific books already existing in Chinese, contained notes of courses of lessons or lectures on scientific subjects, and was a medium by which the educated classes of natives could ask for and obtain specific information on such subjects connected with the sciences as they may be interested in. Furthermore, he engaged other projects which were beneficial to the progress of China's science and education.
In this paper, John Fryer being selected as the object of investigation, his translation activities presented in the Kiangnan Arsenal and the magazine Ke Chih Hui Pien being analyzed emphatically, the historical influence of John fryer's undertaking which relates to translating western knowledge into Chinese in the history of Chinese modern science and technology was discussed. This paper was divided into five parts, and now, the primary content of each chapter was presented as follow:
In first chapter, John Fryer's experiences in China before 1868, namely, the activities of teaching Chinese English in schools of Hong Kong, Peking and Shanghai and intercourse between him and Church Mission Society of England, had been reviewed. Thus it can be seen, these kinds of experiences made him qualified and faithful as translator of the Kiangnan Arsenal, viz., on top of Chinese and being interesting in the scientific and technologic progress of China.
The second chapter had studied the situation of John Fryer in the Translation Department of the Kiangnan Arsenal. His general working condition in this department, the translating state and accomplishments of all translators and his Chinese collaborations had been described. Especially, John Fyer's achievement of translation works published in the Kiangnan Arsenal was pictured and construed according to the time and subject. At the beginning of his period of the Kiangnan Arsenal, John Fryer ordered the books and scientific apparatus for the Chinese Arsenal several times, these orders reflected the working emphasis and focus of the officials who were in charge of the Chinese Arsenal, so, it was noticed, too.
The Chinese scientific magazine which was edited by John Fryer had been analyzed in the third chapter. Not only the relation between Ke Chih Hui Pien and the Peking Magazine was traced, but also publication situation of John Fryer's magazine was introduced. The analysis involved the synopsis of most articles which appeared in this magazine, especially, the column named "answer to the questions enquired by readers"(Hu Xiang Wen Da) being taken as example, the relation between the editor and the readers had been explained in detail. According to the estimation made by the contemporaries and other newspapers, the magazine could be considered as a typical method by which John Fryer devoted himself to advancing Chinese science and technology.
John Fryer's concept of technologic translation had been cleaned up in chapter four. The question of to spread the western knowledge through translating the western scientific books or through teaching the Chinese to learn the foreign language was always the bone of contention. Missionary translators, such as John Fryer, insisted on imparting the western knowledge to the Chinese who desiderated to pursue after the western nations in science and technology by translating western scientific books. Why had they shaped this kind of opinion? During the translations of science and technology, how had these translators fixed on the Chinese technological terms and proper names? The translators adopted different system of terms, which lead to the confusion of nomenclature, how had they made the system uniform? The translation concept and means which John Fryer adopted in translating the technological terms were investigated. Moreover, the work of unifying the Chinese nomenclature of the Educational Association of China in which John Fryer was appointed as the general editor was particularized.
Lastly, the significance of John fryer's translation had been dissertated from three points of view, that is to say, John Fryer's effect shown in the process of establishing the Chinese Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room, Chinamen's attitude to the Chinese scientific books described by John Fryer when he leaved China for America, and evaluations made by some Chinese famous men, such as Liang Qichao and Sun Baoxuan.
Furthermore, there are three appendixes in this paper. Firstly, John Fryer's calendar before 1896 had been made to show generally his activities of benefiting China's scientific progress; secondly, some foreigner who had association with John Fryer had been introduced concisely in order to portray John Fryer's sociality; lastly, content of most books translated by John Fryer had been set out in the way of abstract and extract for the sake of refracting the value of John Fryer's undertaking of translating western technologic treatises into Chinese.
本文以傅兰雅为研究对象,着重分析他在江南制造局的译书活动和编辑的《格致汇编》,探讨他的西书中译事业在中国近代史上的意义。全文共分为五章,兹将各章内容分述如下:
第一章考察傅兰雅初到中国后前几年的经历,包括他在圣保罗书院、英华书馆的教书活动及他和英国圣公会之间的关系。可以看出,这几年的经历使他具备了日后进入制造局翻译馆工作的资格和信念,即,熟练掌握了中文,并对中国的文明进展甚感兴趣。
第二章关注傅兰雅在江南制造局翻译馆的工作,对他在制造局的总体工作情况、翻译馆里的译书活动、与傅兰雅合作译书的中国人员以及傅兰雅的译书成果做详细描述,尤其是对傅兰雅在制造局出版的书籍做时间上和学科上的统计和分析。傅兰雅初进翻译馆时为制造局官员订购的书籍及科学仪器清单反映了制造局初建时的工作重心和关注焦点,文中对此也有所留意。
第三章分析傅兰雅编辑的《格致汇编》杂志,涉及到杂志的出版发行情况及在杂志上发表的主要文章,另外还以“互相问答”栏目为例,详细刻画傅兰雅与读者之间的互动关系,并从时人对这份杂志的评价出发探讨《格致汇编》的历史意义,认为《格致汇编》非常典型地体现了傅兰雅一生致力于中国科技进步的愿望。
第四章讨论傅兰雅的科技翻译观。“在传播西学的过程中,翻译西书和教授西语,哪种方法更有效”,一直是晚清关注中国文明进展的在华西人争论的焦点。以傅兰雅为代表的“传教士”翻译家们坚持通过翻译西方科学著作向中国人传授他们亟需的科学知识,他们为什么会形成这种看法?该部分对这个问题做了较多考察。在翻译科学书籍的过程中,从事科技翻译的各人使用的术语体系不尽一致,导致中文术语存在很大程度的混乱。文中还描述了傅兰雅在翻译科技术语时采用的方法,并介绍了傅兰雅担任总编的益智书会在统一中文科技术语上所做的努力。
第五章论述傅兰雅西书中译事业的意义,从他在格致书院的筹建中发挥的作用和他赴美任教时中国人对已有西书的需求状态及当时一些知名人士对傅兰雅所译书籍的评价来看待这项事业产生的社会影响。
文章末尾附上傅兰雅1896年前的活动年表,全面交代他在中国三十五年中从事的益于中国文明发展的活动;另外,还对他曾与之交往的在华西人做简要介绍,并勾勒傅兰雅和他们的交往经过;最后,以提要和摘录形式简单介绍傅兰雅所译书籍的内容,以期由此折射傅兰雅译书的价值和意义。
John Fryer, an Englishman, was selected by the Lord Bishop of Victoria who was Chairman of the Committee of St Paul's College in Hong Kong to go as soon as convenient to Hong Kong and take charge of that establishment in 1861. After two years, he arrived at Peking in order to learn the official Chinese language and to be Professor of English in the Tungwen College, which had been established by the Chinese government for the teaching and training of Chinese students to become interpreters for consular or diplomatic service. Before long, he removed to Shanghai where he was promised the head mastership of a large public school to be established for Chinese students and to be known as the Anglo-Chinese School which was sponsored by the Church Missionary Society, and at the same time, he was the editor of the Shanghai Chinese Newspaper published at the North China Herald Office which was making its mark among the thinking party of the Chinese nation. In May, 1868, he entered the Translation Department of the Kiangnan Arsenal which was established not long ago and undertook the translation of foreign technological books into the Chinese language. Here having been at work for twenty-eight years, translated and published about one hundred treatises which almost covers all kinds of western subjects on science and technology. Moreover, he compiled and issued the first Chinese scientific magazine named Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine, which served as an introduction to the translations of scientific books already existing in Chinese, contained notes of courses of lessons or lectures on scientific subjects, and was a medium by which the educated classes of natives could ask for and obtain specific information on such subjects connected with the sciences as they may be interested in. Furthermore, he engaged other projects which were beneficial to the progress of China's science and education.
In this paper, John Fryer being selected as the object of investigation, his translation activities presented in the Kiangnan Arsenal and the magazine Ke Chih Hui Pien being analyzed emphatically, the historical influence of John fryer's undertaking which relates to translating western knowledge into Chinese in the history of Chinese modern science and technology was discussed. This paper was divided into five parts, and now, the primary content of each chapter was presented as follow:
In first chapter, John Fryer's experiences in China before 1868, namely, the activities of teaching Chinese English in schools of Hong Kong, Peking and Shanghai and intercourse between him and Church Mission Society of England, had been reviewed. Thus it can be seen, these kinds of experiences made him qualified and faithful as translator of the Kiangnan Arsenal, viz., on top of Chinese and being interesting in the scientific and technologic progress of China.
The second chapter had studied the situation of John Fryer in the Translation Department of the Kiangnan Arsenal. His general working condition in this department, the translating state and accomplishments of all translators and his Chinese collaborations had been described. Especially, John Fyer's achievement of translation works published in the Kiangnan Arsenal was pictured and construed according to the time and subject. At the beginning of his period of the Kiangnan Arsenal, John Fryer ordered the books and scientific apparatus for the Chinese Arsenal several times, these orders reflected the working emphasis and focus of the officials who were in charge of the Chinese Arsenal, so, it was noticed, too.
The Chinese scientific magazine which was edited by John Fryer had been analyzed in the third chapter. Not only the relation between Ke Chih Hui Pien and the Peking Magazine was traced, but also publication situation of John Fryer's magazine was introduced. The analysis involved the synopsis of most articles which appeared in this magazine, especially, the column named "answer to the questions enquired by readers"(Hu Xiang Wen Da) being taken as example, the relation between the editor and the readers had been explained in detail. According to the estimation made by the contemporaries and other newspapers, the magazine could be considered as a typical method by which John Fryer devoted himself to advancing Chinese science and technology.
John Fryer's concept of technologic translation had been cleaned up in chapter four. The question of to spread the western knowledge through translating the western scientific books or through teaching the Chinese to learn the foreign language was always the bone of contention. Missionary translators, such as John Fryer, insisted on imparting the western knowledge to the Chinese who desiderated to pursue after the western nations in science and technology by translating western scientific books. Why had they shaped this kind of opinion? During the translations of science and technology, how had these translators fixed on the Chinese technological terms and proper names? The translators adopted different system of terms, which lead to the confusion of nomenclature, how had they made the system uniform? The translation concept and means which John Fryer adopted in translating the technological terms were investigated. Moreover, the work of unifying the Chinese nomenclature of the Educational Association of China in which John Fryer was appointed as the general editor was particularized.
Lastly, the significance of John fryer's translation had been dissertated from three points of view, that is to say, John Fryer's effect shown in the process of establishing the Chinese Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room, Chinamen's attitude to the Chinese scientific books described by John Fryer when he leaved China for America, and evaluations made by some Chinese famous men, such as Liang Qichao and Sun Baoxuan.
Furthermore, there are three appendixes in this paper. Firstly, John Fryer's calendar before 1896 had been made to show generally his activities of benefiting China's scientific progress; secondly, some foreigner who had association with John Fryer had been introduced concisely in order to portray John Fryer's sociality; lastly, content of most books translated by John Fryer had been set out in the way of abstract and extract for the sake of refracting the value of John Fryer's undertaking of translating western technologic treatises into Chinese.
引文
[1]江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:数学:白起德.运规约指[M].1871年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:数学 勒布朗、阿蒙高.器相显真[M].1872年.
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江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:化学 蒲陆山.化学鉴原补编[M].1880年.
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江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:图学: 连提.行军测绘[M].1873年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:图学:里约翰.海道图说[M].1874年.
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江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:阿法满.冶金录[M].1873年.
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江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:造管之法[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:回热炉[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:镕金类罐[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:烧造硫强水法[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:色相留真[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:水衣全论[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:垸髹致美[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:造玻璃法[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:铁船针向[M].1877年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:机动图说[M].1877年.
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江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:司布勒村.铸金论略[M].1902年.
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江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:图学: 连提.行军测绘[M].1873年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:图学:里约翰.海道图说[M].1874年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:图学:富罗玛、浙蜜斯.测地绘图[M].1876年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:图学:华尔敦.测绘海图全法[M].1899年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:利稼孙、华得斯.制火药法[M].1871年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:阿法满.冶金录[M].1873年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:诺格德.匠诲与规[M].1876年.
江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:回特活德钢炮[M].1877年.
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江南制造局丛书之傅兰雅译书88种:工艺:烧造硫强水法[M].1877年.
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