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我国上市公司股利分配问题研究
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摘要
股利是公司以股东的持股份额为基准从净利中支付给股东的投资报酬的一种形式。股利一般包括现金股利、股票股利、负债股利、财产股利等形式及股份回购等替代形式。股利政策是指股利决策机构对与股利有关的事项所采取的方针策略。上市公司股利政策受法律、契约、企业内部条件、股东意愿和管理层等多种因素影响,形成了包括稳定的股利政策、固定比率股利政策、阶梯式的股利政策、剩余股利政策及低正常股利加额外股利政策五种类型的股利政策。上市公司的股利分配政策被称为公司财务的十大难题之一。早在上世纪三十年代,西方经济学家就开始了对股利政策的研究,形成了主张低股利的“左派”、主张高股利的“右派”及认为股利高低与企业价值无关的“中间派”,其中前二者称为股利相关论,后者称为股利无关论,三者共同构成古典股利理论。后来逐渐发展成为包括剩余股利理论、顾客效应理论、股权结构理论、代理理论、信号理论、交易成本理论等在内的现代股利理论。目前,我国上市公司股利分配存在的问题主要包括:上市公司滥用股利信号,股利政策缺乏连续性和稳定性;上市公司存在不分配或少分配股利现象;股利分配方案往往伴随着配股,转增资本等股本扩张行为;误将配股作为股利分配,以此为幌子大把圈钱;违反同股同权、同股同利的原则,有失公平;股权结构的差异和股本规模的不同形成股利分配的差异,等等。产生这些问题的原因主要是:股市运行不规范,市场不成熟,政府干预过多;机构投资者错位,是造成股市波动的重要原因;股权过于集中,难以形成有效的公司治理结构;过分强调筹资功能,企业忽视转机建制工作;股利政策不科学、不理性,股利决策带有很大的随意性、盲目性。根据以上分析,提出了规范我国上市公司的股利分配行为的对策:制定相关法规,规范我国上市公司股利分配政策;完善公司治理结构,促进股利分配政策的理性决策;通过股权多元化和分散化,实现股权结构优化;弱化行政干预,加强监管力度;积极培育机构投资者,使之成为稳定股市的中坚力量。
Dividend is one of investment returns that the company pays the shareholders from the net profit by the amount of their stocks. Dividend involves in cash dividend, stock dividend, debt dividend, property dividend etc., and other substitutes for, share repurchase. Dividend policy is that policy-making body of dividend adopts some tactics related to dividend policy which contain five of types: stable dividend policy, stable pay-out ratio policy, ladder dividend policy, residual dividend policy and regular dividend plus extras policy. The dividend policy of the listed company is influenced by many factors such as law, contracts, conditions inside the enterprises, shareholder wills, administration and supervision authorities etc.. The dividend distribution policy of the listed companies is known as one of the ten complex problems of company finance. Early in the thirties of the last century, the western economists began the study on dividend policy. There were three groups, the Left, the Right and the Center. Le
    ftist advocated low dividend, rightist maintained high dividend and center did not think dividend policy is relevant to enterprise valuation, they were called classical theory, later on, they have developed into modern dividend theory, including residual dividend theory, clientele effect theory, ownership structure theory, agency theory, signaling theory and transaction cost theory, etc.. There are many problems in dividend distribution of listed companies in china: an obvious tendency of abusing dividend signal, dividend policy being discontinuous and unstable, a general phenomenon to distribute little and non-distribution. Dividend plan is often accompanied by capital stock expansion such as share allocation and capitalization of share premium. List company usually mistakes allocation dividend distribution, highly encloses money under the pretence of it. It is unfair to offend against principle of equal share for equal right and equal dividend. The difference of ownership structure and the scale of capital
     stock form the differentia of dividend distribution. The above problems caused the following elements: the abnormal stock market, the immature market, the government interference and organization investors displacement, is the main reason to fluctuate running stock market. Ownership centralized too excessively to shape the effective corporate governance structure. Enterprise ignores transform organizational
    
    
    
    system work. But over emphasizes finance dividend policy if listed company is unscientific and irrational, with random and blindness. In order to pattern the behavior of dividend distribution of the listed company of our country, we should make items of law and concerned to regulations so that standardize the dividend distribution of the listed company. To perfect company's governance structure is to prompt to make rationally decision of dividend distribution policy. Separate ownership is to realize that the structure of ownership optimization. Weaken administrative interferences is to strengthen supervision. Cultivate organization investor actively is to make them a core to stabilize stock market.
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