基于数据中心模式的分布式异构空间数据无缝集成技术研究
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摘要
经过多年的积累和发展，我国的空间信息基础设施建设已经初具规模，为国家建设、社会发展、大众服务提供了海量的空间信息资源。然而，随着网络化的发展与应用需求的不断提高，空间信息资源在应用过程中也遇到了一些亟待解决的问题，主要表现为空间信息资源的整体利用水平较低。与此同时，空间数据互操作技术的日益完善、分布式GIS协同处理技术的深入研究、空间数据挖掘与信息融合技术的逐渐成熟为解决上述问题提供了新思路新途径。当前，在地理上分布广泛的数据采集站能够“就地”共享自己的空间数据资源；空间信息在各级政府部门、企事业单位中的交换越来越频繁；多种多样的分布式空间数据综合利用模式也在不断涌现。在这种情况下，虽然“信息孤岛”在一定程度上已被打破，但是对分布式异构空间数据的集成应用还远未达到“无缝”，表现在对空间数据无缝集成缺乏明确的概念定义、技术模式尚未成型、缺少原型系统等方面。
另一方面，在各GIS行业应用领域中先后出现了多种形式的空间信息资源数据中心系统。这些系统具备相似的模式，即(1)能够以统一且集中的门户形式管理分布式异构空间数据资源；(2)广泛采用多层目录形式的资源管理器做为资源管理手段，空间数据、非空间数据等资源能够通过多种主题和主题顺序以多级别的方式关联起来；(3)能够组织成上下多级空间数据中心集群，且各级空间数据中心之间能够互相交换数据；(4)注重对领域GIS功能的不断积累与复用，并善于按应用形式对系统进行重新组织。不过各种形式的空间数据中心系统大多只是简单把各种空间数据及非空间数据集中到一起进行管理，并不关注各类数据资源能够以连续无缝且一致性的方式集成到同一个地理参照空间或数据空间之下。通过对数据中心模式进行扩展，引入空间数据无缝集成概念、理论及技术方法，数据中心模式就会转化为比较理想的分布式异构空间数据无缝集成模式，进而在已有的空间数据中心系统的基础之上建立原型系统。
本文结合国家863项目“支持增量更新的分布式异构空间数据无缝集成技术研究与软件开发”，重点研究与设计一种针对分布式异构空间数据的无缝集成框架，解决空间数据无缝集成概念定义问题，为框架设计建立需求，分析建立无缝集成框架的关键组件，并探索这些关键组件在空间数据中心模式下的具体设计实现形式。在此基础上，研究解决无缝集成空间数据的编辑更新形式、一致性维护方法、查询处理过程以及查询优化技术等关键问题。具体来说本文开展的研究工作如下：
(1)回顾了分布式异构空间数据集成的发展和现状，指出空间数据的集成利用方式向无缝化、融合化等高级形式发展的趋势。对广泛采用的地理信息共享和互操作、图幅拼接、地图合并、空间数据融合等技术做了分析和总结，指出各种技术的适用范围，及单独每项技术在空间数据无缝集成意义上的不完整性。结合分布式异构空间数据的特性，给出了无缝GIS、无缝空间数据库、分布式GIS、以及分布式多空间数据库的国内外研究现状。总结研究了国内外现有的基于空间数据中心的空间数据集成管理模式，指出按该种模式进行空间数据无缝集成的可行性和必要性。
(2)建立空间数据无缝集成的完整概念模型。研究各种无缝集成观点，以及各种观点间的内在联系，提出无缝集成多层语义模型，指出空间数据无缝集成是多层次、多角度的以分布式异构空间数据的“单机单图幅单图层”式的透明访问及透明应用为目标的综合性数据集成利用手段。研究空间数据的各种缝隙问题，尤其是因为空间数据的分布式异构而造成的缝隙。分析人们在对现实世界地理对象进行抽象与建模的认知过程，指出各种数据缝隙是由于信息在从现实世界到要素集合世界转化过程中不断分割、异化造成的，并提出通过还原各转化步骤中的连续性、一致性特征实现无缝集成。重点对无缝集成的顶层用户视图、无缝集成系统概念模型、数据资源的定位与描述、无缝集成数据容器进行了研究和设计，为集成框架与原型系统的设计提供基础。
(3)通过分析来自于分布式运行环境、异构数据处理、数据集成管理、不确定性、自动化和智能化等方面的功能需求，指出空间数据无缝集成是一个系统工程，需要满足多方面的苛刻要求。提出了无缝集成系统设计原则。详细分析了空间数据中心体系结构和一般模式，提出基于空间数据中心模式建立无缝集成框架的可行性。研究并设计了无缝集成系统体系结构，重点阐述了无缝集成框架、全局目录系统、全局空间索引、多层智能中间件等关键组件的设计思路。
(4)研究了无缝集成版本机制的构建方法，证明在版本的基础上通过集合差运算可以高效的实现各种无缝查询任务，提出利用无缝集成归档机制保障版本的使用效率。研究并设计了分布式异构空间数据的录入机制，以及利用无缝化清洗等数据预处理机制建立初始的无缝一致化版本。提出在初始无缝一致版本的基础上，通过编辑与更新过程中的拓扑关系维护、无缝特性维护等一致性维护手段来保证数据总处于有效的版本状态。
(5)研究了无缝集成空间数据的查询过程，及其优化手段。首先研究了一般的查询过程，而后详细阐述了各种具体类型的数据查询实现步骤。分析了无缝查询处理代价模型中各关键影响因素，为无缝查询优化的研究提供指导。重点从紧凑分布式查询过程、利用效用等价机制减少无缝化计算量、利用数据缓存等多个方面进行了查询优化的研究。
(6)研究实现了分布式异构空间数据无缝集成原型系统。扩展并增强了空间数据中心中与无缝集成相关的关键组件，并通过数据中心系统搭建机制实现了基本的功能性需求。通过原型系统在基础地理信息建库项目中的实际应用，验证了方案的可行性和有效性。
After many years of accumulation and development, the national spatial information infrastructure (NSII) of our country has reached a great scale, and provided massive spatial information resources for the national construction, social development and public services. However, with the widely development of network-based applications and the continuous improvement of it's requirement, the application of these spatial information resources also encountered some issues requiring urgent solutions, the key performance of these issues is that the integrated use of these spatial information resources is in a lower level. At the same time, spatial data interoperability technology has improved; the cooperative processing technology of distributed GIS has also been studied deeply; spatial data mining and information fusion technologies are becoming mature day by day. All of these provide new approach to solve the problems mentioned above. At present, a large number of geographical distributed data collection stations can share their own spatial data resources "in its own position"; spatial information between different level of government departments, enterprises and institutions are exchanged frequently; a wide range of new system patterns have been proposed to deal with distributed heterogeneous spatial data in an integrated way. In this situation, although the "information island" has been broken up in a certain extent, but the integrated use of distributed heterogeneous spatial data is still far from "seamless", the reason is that, for the seamless integration of spatial data, there is no a clear concept definition, technology is not blameless, and there is no a prototype system, and so on.
On the other hand, in various application areas of GIS some spatial data center systems have appeared to manage spatial information resources. These systems have some similar patterns, they are, (1) be able to manage distributed heterogeneous spatial data resources in a unify and concentrate portal form; (2) widely use multi-level catalogue resource manager as the means of resource management; spatial data, non-spatial data and other resources can be grouped with a variety of themes and their order; (3) be able to organize into multi-level data centers cluster with the connection ability to the higher and lower level of data centers, and data can be exchange between all levels; (4) it's important to accumulate and reuse GIS functions, and sometimes has the abilities to reorganize the application system as soon as the requirement is changed. However, these spatial data center systems are almost simply put all kinds of spatial data and non-spatial data together to simplify the management process, and does not concern to integrate the data resource in a seamless and consistent way, that is all data resources can be geo-referenced using a unique spatial reference. Through the extension of data center model by introducing the concept, theory and technical methods of spatial data seamless integration, data center pattern will be upgrated into a feasible distributed heterogeneous spatial data seamless integration pattern, and then the existing spatial data center system can be prepared as prototype system.
In this paper, combining with a task of National 863 Project, named "The technology research and software development of distributed heterogeneous spatial data seamless integration which supports incremental update", it focuses on to research and design a seamless integration framework for distributed heterogeneous spatial data, to set up a clear definition of this problem, to list out the design requirements of the framework, to analysis the key components of the framework, and to find out the implementation approach of these key components. On this groundwork, the paper also discusses and solves some key issues, such as the edit and update of seamless integrated spatial data, consistency maintenance methods, and query processing and query optimization techniques. Specifically the research works are as follows:
(1) Retrospect to the development and actuality of distributed heterogeneous spatial data integration technology, pointing out that the direction is seamless integration and advanced fusion, deeply studing on the widely used concerned technologies, such as geographic information sharing and interoperability, maps joint, map conflation, spatial data fusion. Analysising the use scope of each technology, and any of them is half-baked for seamless integration. Considering the characteristics of distributed heterogeneous spatial data, the research work of seamless GIS, seamless spatial database, distributed GIS, and distributed multi-spatial database at home and abroad are introduced and discussed. It also summarizes the main kinds of existing spatial data center based spatial data integration patterns at home and abroad, pointing out the feasibility and necessity of these pattern to integrate spatial data seamlessly.
(2) Setting up a complete conceptual model of seamless integration of spatial data. Studing various viewpoints of this problem, and the connection between these viewpoints, proposing the multi-layered semantic seamless integration model, pointing out that the seamless integration of spatial data is multi-level, multi-angle "stand-alone single-layer single-map"-liked transparent access and transparent application of distributed heterogeneous spatial data, and it's a systematic and comprehensive platform. Researching on various spatial data seam problems, especially the seams come from distributed heterogeneous environment. Analysising the cognition and modeling process of people to the real world geographic objects, pointing out that the continuity cracks and catabolizes of information in the transformation from the real world to the geo-feature set world is the reason of the seam, and proposing the idea of reverting the continuity and consistency back into the information. Focusing on the top-level user view of seamless integration, the concept of a seamless integrated system model, data location and description of resources, and data containers seamless integration, these work provide the foundation of the research and design of the integrated framework and prototype system.
(3) By analyzing the reqirements from operating environment, distributed heterogeneous data processing, data integration and management, uncertainty, automated and intelligent, the paper points out that the seamless integration of spatial data is a systematic project need to meet a wide range of harsh conditions, and proposes the design principle of seamless integration system. Deeply analysising the spatial data center architecture and its general patterns, and discussing the feasibility to realize seamless integration framework based on the patterns of spatial data center. It researches and designs out a seamless integration system architecture, focusing on the key components, such as the framework, global catalogue system, global spatial index, multi-layer intelligent middleware, and so on.
(4) Studing the version management mechanism of seamless integration framework. Proving that based on this mechanism a variety of seamless spatial queries can be done using the set difference operation in a high-performance manner. The seamless integration archive mechanism is proposed to improve the performance. Distributed heterogeneous spatial data register mechanism is studied and designed; the data cleaning pre-processing meathod is used to set up the initial seamless version of the data. Based on the data's initial seamless version, the maintenance of topological relationship and seamless characteristic in the process of data editing and updating can be done with the consistency maintenance measures, and can make ensure the data always in validate status.
(5) Studing the query process of seamless integration spatial data, and its optimization. The general process data query is studied firstly, and then elaborating in detail on the implementation steps of concrete data query types. Analysising the key influencing factors in seamless query processing cost model, and provides research guidance for seamless data query optimization. It focuses on the research of some important optimization meathods, such as query processing compaction, the use of equivalent effectiveness mechanisms to reduce the volume of seamless computing, the use of data cache, and so on.
(6) Researching on implementation of the distributed heterogeneous spatial data seamless integration prototype system. The key components of spatial data center related with seamless integration are extended and enhanced, and the basic functional needs are achieved through the data center fuction building mechanism. Through the practical application of the prototype system in the foundation geographic information database integration project, the feasibility and effectiveness of the technologies are verified.
另一方面，在各GIS行业应用领域中先后出现了多种形式的空间信息资源数据中心系统。这些系统具备相似的模式，即(1)能够以统一且集中的门户形式管理分布式异构空间数据资源；(2)广泛采用多层目录形式的资源管理器做为资源管理手段，空间数据、非空间数据等资源能够通过多种主题和主题顺序以多级别的方式关联起来；(3)能够组织成上下多级空间数据中心集群，且各级空间数据中心之间能够互相交换数据；(4)注重对领域GIS功能的不断积累与复用，并善于按应用形式对系统进行重新组织。不过各种形式的空间数据中心系统大多只是简单把各种空间数据及非空间数据集中到一起进行管理，并不关注各类数据资源能够以连续无缝且一致性的方式集成到同一个地理参照空间或数据空间之下。通过对数据中心模式进行扩展，引入空间数据无缝集成概念、理论及技术方法，数据中心模式就会转化为比较理想的分布式异构空间数据无缝集成模式，进而在已有的空间数据中心系统的基础之上建立原型系统。
本文结合国家863项目“支持增量更新的分布式异构空间数据无缝集成技术研究与软件开发”，重点研究与设计一种针对分布式异构空间数据的无缝集成框架，解决空间数据无缝集成概念定义问题，为框架设计建立需求，分析建立无缝集成框架的关键组件，并探索这些关键组件在空间数据中心模式下的具体设计实现形式。在此基础上，研究解决无缝集成空间数据的编辑更新形式、一致性维护方法、查询处理过程以及查询优化技术等关键问题。具体来说本文开展的研究工作如下：
(1)回顾了分布式异构空间数据集成的发展和现状，指出空间数据的集成利用方式向无缝化、融合化等高级形式发展的趋势。对广泛采用的地理信息共享和互操作、图幅拼接、地图合并、空间数据融合等技术做了分析和总结，指出各种技术的适用范围，及单独每项技术在空间数据无缝集成意义上的不完整性。结合分布式异构空间数据的特性，给出了无缝GIS、无缝空间数据库、分布式GIS、以及分布式多空间数据库的国内外研究现状。总结研究了国内外现有的基于空间数据中心的空间数据集成管理模式，指出按该种模式进行空间数据无缝集成的可行性和必要性。
(2)建立空间数据无缝集成的完整概念模型。研究各种无缝集成观点，以及各种观点间的内在联系，提出无缝集成多层语义模型，指出空间数据无缝集成是多层次、多角度的以分布式异构空间数据的“单机单图幅单图层”式的透明访问及透明应用为目标的综合性数据集成利用手段。研究空间数据的各种缝隙问题，尤其是因为空间数据的分布式异构而造成的缝隙。分析人们在对现实世界地理对象进行抽象与建模的认知过程，指出各种数据缝隙是由于信息在从现实世界到要素集合世界转化过程中不断分割、异化造成的，并提出通过还原各转化步骤中的连续性、一致性特征实现无缝集成。重点对无缝集成的顶层用户视图、无缝集成系统概念模型、数据资源的定位与描述、无缝集成数据容器进行了研究和设计，为集成框架与原型系统的设计提供基础。
(3)通过分析来自于分布式运行环境、异构数据处理、数据集成管理、不确定性、自动化和智能化等方面的功能需求，指出空间数据无缝集成是一个系统工程，需要满足多方面的苛刻要求。提出了无缝集成系统设计原则。详细分析了空间数据中心体系结构和一般模式，提出基于空间数据中心模式建立无缝集成框架的可行性。研究并设计了无缝集成系统体系结构，重点阐述了无缝集成框架、全局目录系统、全局空间索引、多层智能中间件等关键组件的设计思路。
(4)研究了无缝集成版本机制的构建方法，证明在版本的基础上通过集合差运算可以高效的实现各种无缝查询任务，提出利用无缝集成归档机制保障版本的使用效率。研究并设计了分布式异构空间数据的录入机制，以及利用无缝化清洗等数据预处理机制建立初始的无缝一致化版本。提出在初始无缝一致版本的基础上，通过编辑与更新过程中的拓扑关系维护、无缝特性维护等一致性维护手段来保证数据总处于有效的版本状态。
(5)研究了无缝集成空间数据的查询过程，及其优化手段。首先研究了一般的查询过程，而后详细阐述了各种具体类型的数据查询实现步骤。分析了无缝查询处理代价模型中各关键影响因素，为无缝查询优化的研究提供指导。重点从紧凑分布式查询过程、利用效用等价机制减少无缝化计算量、利用数据缓存等多个方面进行了查询优化的研究。
(6)研究实现了分布式异构空间数据无缝集成原型系统。扩展并增强了空间数据中心中与无缝集成相关的关键组件，并通过数据中心系统搭建机制实现了基本的功能性需求。通过原型系统在基础地理信息建库项目中的实际应用，验证了方案的可行性和有效性。
After many years of accumulation and development, the national spatial information infrastructure (NSII) of our country has reached a great scale, and provided massive spatial information resources for the national construction, social development and public services. However, with the widely development of network-based applications and the continuous improvement of it's requirement, the application of these spatial information resources also encountered some issues requiring urgent solutions, the key performance of these issues is that the integrated use of these spatial information resources is in a lower level. At the same time, spatial data interoperability technology has improved; the cooperative processing technology of distributed GIS has also been studied deeply; spatial data mining and information fusion technologies are becoming mature day by day. All of these provide new approach to solve the problems mentioned above. At present, a large number of geographical distributed data collection stations can share their own spatial data resources "in its own position"; spatial information between different level of government departments, enterprises and institutions are exchanged frequently; a wide range of new system patterns have been proposed to deal with distributed heterogeneous spatial data in an integrated way. In this situation, although the "information island" has been broken up in a certain extent, but the integrated use of distributed heterogeneous spatial data is still far from "seamless", the reason is that, for the seamless integration of spatial data, there is no a clear concept definition, technology is not blameless, and there is no a prototype system, and so on.
On the other hand, in various application areas of GIS some spatial data center systems have appeared to manage spatial information resources. These systems have some similar patterns, they are, (1) be able to manage distributed heterogeneous spatial data resources in a unify and concentrate portal form; (2) widely use multi-level catalogue resource manager as the means of resource management; spatial data, non-spatial data and other resources can be grouped with a variety of themes and their order; (3) be able to organize into multi-level data centers cluster with the connection ability to the higher and lower level of data centers, and data can be exchange between all levels; (4) it's important to accumulate and reuse GIS functions, and sometimes has the abilities to reorganize the application system as soon as the requirement is changed. However, these spatial data center systems are almost simply put all kinds of spatial data and non-spatial data together to simplify the management process, and does not concern to integrate the data resource in a seamless and consistent way, that is all data resources can be geo-referenced using a unique spatial reference. Through the extension of data center model by introducing the concept, theory and technical methods of spatial data seamless integration, data center pattern will be upgrated into a feasible distributed heterogeneous spatial data seamless integration pattern, and then the existing spatial data center system can be prepared as prototype system.
In this paper, combining with a task of National 863 Project, named "The technology research and software development of distributed heterogeneous spatial data seamless integration which supports incremental update", it focuses on to research and design a seamless integration framework for distributed heterogeneous spatial data, to set up a clear definition of this problem, to list out the design requirements of the framework, to analysis the key components of the framework, and to find out the implementation approach of these key components. On this groundwork, the paper also discusses and solves some key issues, such as the edit and update of seamless integrated spatial data, consistency maintenance methods, and query processing and query optimization techniques. Specifically the research works are as follows:
(1) Retrospect to the development and actuality of distributed heterogeneous spatial data integration technology, pointing out that the direction is seamless integration and advanced fusion, deeply studing on the widely used concerned technologies, such as geographic information sharing and interoperability, maps joint, map conflation, spatial data fusion. Analysising the use scope of each technology, and any of them is half-baked for seamless integration. Considering the characteristics of distributed heterogeneous spatial data, the research work of seamless GIS, seamless spatial database, distributed GIS, and distributed multi-spatial database at home and abroad are introduced and discussed. It also summarizes the main kinds of existing spatial data center based spatial data integration patterns at home and abroad, pointing out the feasibility and necessity of these pattern to integrate spatial data seamlessly.
(2) Setting up a complete conceptual model of seamless integration of spatial data. Studing various viewpoints of this problem, and the connection between these viewpoints, proposing the multi-layered semantic seamless integration model, pointing out that the seamless integration of spatial data is multi-level, multi-angle "stand-alone single-layer single-map"-liked transparent access and transparent application of distributed heterogeneous spatial data, and it's a systematic and comprehensive platform. Researching on various spatial data seam problems, especially the seams come from distributed heterogeneous environment. Analysising the cognition and modeling process of people to the real world geographic objects, pointing out that the continuity cracks and catabolizes of information in the transformation from the real world to the geo-feature set world is the reason of the seam, and proposing the idea of reverting the continuity and consistency back into the information. Focusing on the top-level user view of seamless integration, the concept of a seamless integrated system model, data location and description of resources, and data containers seamless integration, these work provide the foundation of the research and design of the integrated framework and prototype system.
(3) By analyzing the reqirements from operating environment, distributed heterogeneous data processing, data integration and management, uncertainty, automated and intelligent, the paper points out that the seamless integration of spatial data is a systematic project need to meet a wide range of harsh conditions, and proposes the design principle of seamless integration system. Deeply analysising the spatial data center architecture and its general patterns, and discussing the feasibility to realize seamless integration framework based on the patterns of spatial data center. It researches and designs out a seamless integration system architecture, focusing on the key components, such as the framework, global catalogue system, global spatial index, multi-layer intelligent middleware, and so on.
(4) Studing the version management mechanism of seamless integration framework. Proving that based on this mechanism a variety of seamless spatial queries can be done using the set difference operation in a high-performance manner. The seamless integration archive mechanism is proposed to improve the performance. Distributed heterogeneous spatial data register mechanism is studied and designed; the data cleaning pre-processing meathod is used to set up the initial seamless version of the data. Based on the data's initial seamless version, the maintenance of topological relationship and seamless characteristic in the process of data editing and updating can be done with the consistency maintenance measures, and can make ensure the data always in validate status.
(5) Studing the query process of seamless integration spatial data, and its optimization. The general process data query is studied firstly, and then elaborating in detail on the implementation steps of concrete data query types. Analysising the key influencing factors in seamless query processing cost model, and provides research guidance for seamless data query optimization. It focuses on the research of some important optimization meathods, such as query processing compaction, the use of equivalent effectiveness mechanisms to reduce the volume of seamless computing, the use of data cache, and so on.
(6) Researching on implementation of the distributed heterogeneous spatial data seamless integration prototype system. The key components of spatial data center related with seamless integration are extended and enhanced, and the basic functional needs are achieved through the data center fuction building mechanism. Through the practical application of the prototype system in the foundation geographic information database integration project, the feasibility and effectiveness of the technologies are verified.
引文
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