客车车身骨架静态特性分析研究
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摘要
随着客车的使用越来越多,客车的节能与降耗逐渐成为各客车生产厂家所要解决的新问题,由此提出的客车车身轻量化也日益受到人们重视。由于客车车身大都采用钢架结构,结构与受力情况复杂,对行驶中出现的问题往往采取局部加强的办法,这使得车重越加越大。对于某些应该减少的构件、减薄的材料或改变结构形式的议案,因无明确根据,设计中都不敢决定。这样延续下来,整车质量加大,而新的结构形式也不易产生。
计算机技术的应用以及有限单元法的成熟使得CAE技术广泛应用于机械、汽车等行业并取得了很大的成果。因此应用有限元理论,运用有限元分析软件可以对客车车身进行建模分析,并根据理论分析结果对客车车身进行轻量化设计,已成为一个重要手段。
本文在调研国内外相关研究的基础上,对某全承载式客车车身骨架进行参数化精确建模,进行静态应力分析研究,并与静态测试试验结果进行了比较分析,验证和提高了有限元模型的准确性。在此基础上对某客车进行动态试验分析,试验结果表明某客车车身骨架强度存在进一步优化的空间,为轻量化提供了依据和参考。对经修改和验证的客车车身有限元模型进行刚度灵敏度分析,并提取重要参数进行优化,结合相关研究及工程实践经验,提出结构轻量化方案。按照此方案,车身骨架共减轻273 kg,通过对改进车的CAE分析以及静动态试验表明,轻量化后的车身刚度以及骨架应力分布均满足要求。
As more and more coachs being used, the energy conservation and reduce consumption of coach becomes the new question which various coach manufacturer must solve, the lightweight of the coach body proposed on this also receives people's attention day by day. Because the coach body uses the structure of steel frame mostly, the structure and the stress situation are complex, so the problem to the travel usually solved by partial enhancement, this causes the vehicle's weight becomes more bigger. The material or the change of structural which regarding should certain reduce the component does not dare to decide in the design, because there is no explicitly accordings, as this continues, the weight of vehicle enlarge, and the new structural wouldn't turn out.
The machinery, automobile and other has yielded great achievements as computer technology's application as well as the FEM which caused the CAE technology widely applied maturely. Therefore the coach body structure can be analysised through the model's establishment by useing finite element theory and finite element analysis software, and the lightweight of the coach body according to the theoretical analysis result to the coach body can be carried on,this has become an important method.
This article studies on the ground of domestic and foreign correlation research foundation, carries on the precise parametrization modelling to some entire-bearing coach body frame, and the static stress analysis research being conducted, then the comparative analysis with the static test result has been carried on, confirmed the finite element model's accuracy. On this foundation the dynamic experimental analysis to the coach carried on, the test result indicated the coach body's frame has the space existence for further optimizatiom, and the basis and reference for the lightweight has been provided. Then carry on the stiffness sensitivity analysis to the confirmed coach body finite element model, and take out the important parameters to carry on the optimization, on the union of correlation research and experience of work, proposes the structure lightweight plan. According to this plan, the body frame reduces 273kg altogether, through the CAE analysis as well as the static dynamic experiment to the improved coach indicate that after lightweight the body's rigidity and stress satisfied the request.
计算机技术的应用以及有限单元法的成熟使得CAE技术广泛应用于机械、汽车等行业并取得了很大的成果。因此应用有限元理论,运用有限元分析软件可以对客车车身进行建模分析,并根据理论分析结果对客车车身进行轻量化设计,已成为一个重要手段。
本文在调研国内外相关研究的基础上,对某全承载式客车车身骨架进行参数化精确建模,进行静态应力分析研究,并与静态测试试验结果进行了比较分析,验证和提高了有限元模型的准确性。在此基础上对某客车进行动态试验分析,试验结果表明某客车车身骨架强度存在进一步优化的空间,为轻量化提供了依据和参考。对经修改和验证的客车车身有限元模型进行刚度灵敏度分析,并提取重要参数进行优化,结合相关研究及工程实践经验,提出结构轻量化方案。按照此方案,车身骨架共减轻273 kg,通过对改进车的CAE分析以及静动态试验表明,轻量化后的车身刚度以及骨架应力分布均满足要求。
As more and more coachs being used, the energy conservation and reduce consumption of coach becomes the new question which various coach manufacturer must solve, the lightweight of the coach body proposed on this also receives people's attention day by day. Because the coach body uses the structure of steel frame mostly, the structure and the stress situation are complex, so the problem to the travel usually solved by partial enhancement, this causes the vehicle's weight becomes more bigger. The material or the change of structural which regarding should certain reduce the component does not dare to decide in the design, because there is no explicitly accordings, as this continues, the weight of vehicle enlarge, and the new structural wouldn't turn out.
The machinery, automobile and other has yielded great achievements as computer technology's application as well as the FEM which caused the CAE technology widely applied maturely. Therefore the coach body structure can be analysised through the model's establishment by useing finite element theory and finite element analysis software, and the lightweight of the coach body according to the theoretical analysis result to the coach body can be carried on,this has become an important method.
This article studies on the ground of domestic and foreign correlation research foundation, carries on the precise parametrization modelling to some entire-bearing coach body frame, and the static stress analysis research being conducted, then the comparative analysis with the static test result has been carried on, confirmed the finite element model's accuracy. On this foundation the dynamic experimental analysis to the coach carried on, the test result indicated the coach body's frame has the space existence for further optimizatiom, and the basis and reference for the lightweight has been provided. Then carry on the stiffness sensitivity analysis to the confirmed coach body finite element model, and take out the important parameters to carry on the optimization, on the union of correlation research and experience of work, proposes the structure lightweight plan. According to this plan, the body frame reduces 273kg altogether, through the CAE analysis as well as the static dynamic experiment to the improved coach indicate that after lightweight the body's rigidity and stress satisfied the request.
引文
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[3]杨宇光,胡锫.客车车架结构强度计算.长春光学精密机械学院学报,1998,21(2)
[4]宝生,李杰,林明芳.汽车优化设计理论与方法[M1,北京:机械工业出版社,2000
[5]王海霞,汤文成等.客车车骨架有限元建模技术及结果分析[T1,机械强度,2002,24(1):77-80
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[7]傅立敏编.汽车新技术.长春吉林科学技术出版社,2000
[8]邬晴晖.国内外车身设计技术的差距.汽车技术,1999(8):14-16
[9]Kim T,卢耀祖等.机械与汽车结构的有限元分析.上海:同济大学出版社,2003
[10]谢庆生,李少波,楚甲良.虚拟样机中的有限元方法,系统仿真学报,2003,4:508-511(515)
[11]杨华,曹立波.特征建模在汽车车身覆盖件设计中应用,客车技术与研究,2002,4:11-12
[12]屈求真.轿车车身开发中的计算机辅助设计与辅助工程,汽车技术,1995,11:1-3
[13]李玉璇,林忠钦,金先龙.客车车身外形虚拟开发系统的建立及其应用,汽车研究与开发,2002,2:19-22
[14]大久保信行,尹传家译.机械模态分析上海交通大学出版社.2001
[15]王国强.实用工程数值模拟技术极其在ANSYS上的实践西北工业大学出版社.2000
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[17]王怀.大客车车身骨架有限元分析与轻量化设计,江苏大学硕士学位论文,2003,4
[18]黄天泽,黄金陵.汽车车身结构与设计,北京:机械工业出版社,1992.10
[19]ANSYS5.7有限元实例分析教程.北京:机械工业出版社,2002
[20]ANSYS培训手册.美国ANSYS公司上海办事处,2000
[21]博嘉科技.有限元分析软件ANSYS融会与贯通.中国水利水电出版社,2002
[22]王海霞,宋卫.CJ6121 GCHK型客车车身骨架有限元建模及结果分析方法研究,汽车工程,2001,23(1):33-36
[23]郑兆晶.有限元应力计算结果改善处理的一种实用方法,计算力学学报, 1999(11)
[24]黎西亚,李成刚,胡于近.车架有限元分析技术发展综述.专用汽车.2001(1):13-15
[25]冯胜国,贾素梅.轻型车有限元分析及应用.机械强度,18(2),1996
[26]郑慕侨.车辆试验技术,北京:国防工业出版社,1988
[27]刁勤芳.汽车车身骨架结构的有限元分析及结构优化设计研究[D1,南京:东南大学,198
[28]黄天泽.大客车车身,长沙:湖南大学出版社,1988
[29]孙凌玉,谢军,于春生等.汽车车身结构动力学建模方法研究.机械工程学报:Vol35(5),1999:72-74
[30]孙凌玉,朱壮瑞,陈南等.汽车车身钣金件点焊连接界面特性与建模.汽车工程:Vol22(1),2000:69-72
[31]史耀武,董仕节.汽车钢板胶焊接头的计算模型及其应力场特征研究.机械工程学报,Vol35(2),1999:P92-96
[32]Radaj D,Soegiharto S.Structural concentration at spotwelded joints:improved model,comparison of results,stress singularity.Welding in the World,1990,28(9/10):183-189
[33]李德军,卜绍先,杨超英.反“Z”型重型汽车车架的有限元分析,济南大学学报,4(1),1994:66-68
[34]冯国胜.客车车身结构的有限元分析,机械工程学报,1999,35(1)
[35]吴浩皂,吴湘燕.客车车身有限元强度分析载荷条件的确定,机械工程学报,1997,33(5)
[36]张灶法,朱壮瑞,孙凌玉等,白车身动态灵敏度应力分析的等效子结构法,东南大学学报,2001(2)
[37]胡志远,浦耿强,高云凯.轻型客车车身刚度灵敏度分析及优化,机械强度,2003,25(1)
[38]刘竹清.客车车身结构轻量化研究,北京航天大学硕士学位论文,2003,3
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