弱吸收镉大白菜品种的筛选及施肥对镉吸收累积的影响
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摘要
大白菜是我国尤其是我国北方人喜爱的叶菜类蔬菜之一,在长期的自然选择和人工培育过程中,积累了丰富的品种资源。但是人为因素造成的城郊区农田、菜地镉污染日益严重,对人类的健康构成了潜在威胁。因此筛选低累积镉的大白菜品种,能为蔬菜的安全生产提供保障。研究证实,植物对镉的吸收、累积量与环境中镉的有效性相关,因此可以结合农艺措施降低镉在大白菜体内的含量。本论文利用温室水培模式,研究不同基因型大白菜对镉的耐性差异,筛选低累积镉的大白菜品种。然后采用温室盆栽试验,初步研究了不同施肥措施在降低低累积品种大白菜体内镉含量的效应。论文取得的主要结果如下:
1.在含镉营养液培养条件下,筛选出了超累积镉的大白菜品种6。在0.6mg/L和1.0mg/L的镉浓度下,其地上部生物量分别为10.12g/plant和9.55g/plant,对应的耐性指数分别为115%和103%。在0.6mg/L和1.0mg/L的镉浓度下,其地上部和地下部的总镉累积量分别为3337.16μg/plant和4285.27μg/plant。这些参数都显著高于其他品种,所以品种6可作为超累积镉品种用于修复镉污染土壤。
2.筛选出了镉耐性较强且低累积镉的大白菜品种16和21,其地上部的镉含量,在0.6mg/L的镉浓度下分别为171.52mg/kg和173.53mg/kg,在1.0mg/L的镉浓度下分别为219.95mg/kg和285.73mg/kg,都显著低于其他品种。而且这两个品种的生物量相对较高,体内镉转运效率又处于较低水平,所以是比较理想的弱吸收镉大白菜品种,适合用于低中度镉污染土壤,结合合理施肥措施来保证蔬菜食品的安全。
3.两个镉水平处理下,不同品种的大白菜地上部和地下部微量营养元素的含量表现出不同程度的变化。在1.0mg/kg镉浓度下,超累积镉品种6地上部对Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn四种营养元素的吸收受到了不同程度的抑制,其他品种表现不一。镉处理能降低大白菜地上部对Mn的吸收,促进所有品种地下部和大部分品种地上部对Cu的吸收,以及促进除品种6外所有品种对地上部Zn的吸收。可见镉处理对大白菜地上部Mn的吸收有拮抗作用,对地下部Cu的吸收和地上部Zn的吸收有协同作用。
4.盆栽试验结果表明,单施有机肥能显著促进大白菜的生长,主要表现在提高大白菜地上部生物量上:在二级和三级镉污染土壤上,单施有机肥使品种16的鲜重分别提高了9倍和5倍,且有机肥的这种提升作用要明显优于钙镁磷肥。单施有机肥和钙镁磷肥能显著抑制土壤镉向大白菜地上部的转移,降低大白菜可食部分的镉含量:在二级和三级镉污染土壤中,单施有机肥和钙镁磷肥可分别降低大白菜地上部镉含量的65%和42%左右。有机肥和钙镁磷肥均能有效降低土壤有效态镉,与对照相比,钙镁磷肥和有机肥最高可分别降低37%和26%的土壤有效镉含量。
Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis) is one of favorite leafy vegetables in China, especially Northern China. There were abundant genotypes available after long-term natural selection and artificial breeding process. However, the pollution of suburb farmland and vegetable field was becoming more and more serious by human’s activities. Vegetable plantation on these contaminated soils would significantly threat to human health. Therefore, the selection of Chinese cabbage cultivars with low cadmium(Cd) accumulation in their edible part would be effective approaches to food security. It has been confirmed that the effectiveness of Cd in environment may influence Cd absorption and accumulation in plants. It would thus be beneficial to reduce Cd uptake and accumulation in Chinese cabbage by agronomic practices. In this study, cultivation experiments were carried out to study the Cd tolerance of 21 kinds of Chinese cabbage cultivars. Cultivars with lower uptake and accumulation of Cd would be recommended for the farmers. Meanwhile, greenhouse pot experiment was also conducted to investigate the effect of various fertilization practices on reducing the Cd uptake of the low accumulation Chinese cabbage cultivars. The major results were summarized as follows:
1. The results showed that No.6 of the Chinese cabbage cultivar had the highest accumulation potential of Cd under nutrient solution culture. At 0.6mg/kg and 1.0mg/kg Cd levels, the above-ground biomass (dry base) of No.6 was 10.12g/plant and 9.55g/plant, respectively. The corresponding tolerant index was 115% and 103%, respectively. The total amount of accumulated Cd in plants, including the above and under-ground biomass were 3337.16μg/plant for the 0.6 mg/L Cd-treated and 4285.27μg/plant for the 1.0 mg/L Cd treated. All of its indices were the highest of all cultivars. It suggested that No.6 cultivar had great restoration potential for heavy mentals contiminations.
2. No.16 and No.21 Chinese cabbage cultivars with low Cd accumulation and high Cd tolerance index were selected out from 21 varieties of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that Cd contents in above-ground shoots of No.16 and No.21 were 171.52mg/kg and 173.53mg/kg respectively at 0.6mg/kg Cd level, whereas it were 219.95mg/kg and 285.73mg/kg respectively at 1.0mg/kg Cd level. All these indices were significantly lower than that of others. Above-ground biomass and the Cd tolerance index of No.16 and No.21 were higher than that of most other varieties, while Cd transportation efficiency was at a low level. Therefore, these two cultivars could be recommended to farmers as low Cd accumulation Chinese cabbage varieties. Combined with rational agronomic measures, No.16 and No.21 could be cultivated in the contaminated soil with a low and middle Cd levels to meet the national food security standards.
3. Contents of micro-nutrient-element in shoots and roots of different Chinese cabbage cultivars changed at 0.6mg/kg and 1.0mg/kg Cd concentration. However, the tendency differed between cultivars. For Cd hyperaccumulator No.6, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn absorptions of above-ground part were inhibited in varying degrees at 1.0mg/kg Cd concentration. However, this kind of response varied among the other cultivars. Cd treatment could restrained Mn absorption of shoots, and promoted Cu absorption of all cultivars’roots and most cultivars’shoots, and also promoted Zn absorption of all cultivars’shoots, except for No.6. These results suggested that there was an antagonistic action between Cd and Mn in shoots, and a synergistic action between Cd and Cu, Cd and Zn in shoots of Chinese cabbage.
4. Pot experiment showed that fresh biomass of No.16 increased by 9 and 5 times after the application of manure on the second and third class soils of Cd contamination compared with control treatment. The increasing effect of manure was better than that of calcium magnesium phosphate. Applications of manure and calcium magnesium phosphate could significantly reduce the Cd uptake and reduce Cd content in edible shoots of Chinese cabbage. Compared with the control, manure application reduced Cd contents in shoots by as much as 65% and 42% on the second and third class soils of Cd contamination. The reason was that both manure and calcium magnesium phosphate reduced soil available Cd. Compared with the control, soil available Cd was significantly reduced by 37% with calcium magnesium phosphate application, and 26% with manure application.
1.在含镉营养液培养条件下,筛选出了超累积镉的大白菜品种6。在0.6mg/L和1.0mg/L的镉浓度下,其地上部生物量分别为10.12g/plant和9.55g/plant,对应的耐性指数分别为115%和103%。在0.6mg/L和1.0mg/L的镉浓度下,其地上部和地下部的总镉累积量分别为3337.16μg/plant和4285.27μg/plant。这些参数都显著高于其他品种,所以品种6可作为超累积镉品种用于修复镉污染土壤。
2.筛选出了镉耐性较强且低累积镉的大白菜品种16和21,其地上部的镉含量,在0.6mg/L的镉浓度下分别为171.52mg/kg和173.53mg/kg,在1.0mg/L的镉浓度下分别为219.95mg/kg和285.73mg/kg,都显著低于其他品种。而且这两个品种的生物量相对较高,体内镉转运效率又处于较低水平,所以是比较理想的弱吸收镉大白菜品种,适合用于低中度镉污染土壤,结合合理施肥措施来保证蔬菜食品的安全。
3.两个镉水平处理下,不同品种的大白菜地上部和地下部微量营养元素的含量表现出不同程度的变化。在1.0mg/kg镉浓度下,超累积镉品种6地上部对Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn四种营养元素的吸收受到了不同程度的抑制,其他品种表现不一。镉处理能降低大白菜地上部对Mn的吸收,促进所有品种地下部和大部分品种地上部对Cu的吸收,以及促进除品种6外所有品种对地上部Zn的吸收。可见镉处理对大白菜地上部Mn的吸收有拮抗作用,对地下部Cu的吸收和地上部Zn的吸收有协同作用。
4.盆栽试验结果表明,单施有机肥能显著促进大白菜的生长,主要表现在提高大白菜地上部生物量上:在二级和三级镉污染土壤上,单施有机肥使品种16的鲜重分别提高了9倍和5倍,且有机肥的这种提升作用要明显优于钙镁磷肥。单施有机肥和钙镁磷肥能显著抑制土壤镉向大白菜地上部的转移,降低大白菜可食部分的镉含量:在二级和三级镉污染土壤中,单施有机肥和钙镁磷肥可分别降低大白菜地上部镉含量的65%和42%左右。有机肥和钙镁磷肥均能有效降低土壤有效态镉,与对照相比,钙镁磷肥和有机肥最高可分别降低37%和26%的土壤有效镉含量。
Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis) is one of favorite leafy vegetables in China, especially Northern China. There were abundant genotypes available after long-term natural selection and artificial breeding process. However, the pollution of suburb farmland and vegetable field was becoming more and more serious by human’s activities. Vegetable plantation on these contaminated soils would significantly threat to human health. Therefore, the selection of Chinese cabbage cultivars with low cadmium(Cd) accumulation in their edible part would be effective approaches to food security. It has been confirmed that the effectiveness of Cd in environment may influence Cd absorption and accumulation in plants. It would thus be beneficial to reduce Cd uptake and accumulation in Chinese cabbage by agronomic practices. In this study, cultivation experiments were carried out to study the Cd tolerance of 21 kinds of Chinese cabbage cultivars. Cultivars with lower uptake and accumulation of Cd would be recommended for the farmers. Meanwhile, greenhouse pot experiment was also conducted to investigate the effect of various fertilization practices on reducing the Cd uptake of the low accumulation Chinese cabbage cultivars. The major results were summarized as follows:
1. The results showed that No.6 of the Chinese cabbage cultivar had the highest accumulation potential of Cd under nutrient solution culture. At 0.6mg/kg and 1.0mg/kg Cd levels, the above-ground biomass (dry base) of No.6 was 10.12g/plant and 9.55g/plant, respectively. The corresponding tolerant index was 115% and 103%, respectively. The total amount of accumulated Cd in plants, including the above and under-ground biomass were 3337.16μg/plant for the 0.6 mg/L Cd-treated and 4285.27μg/plant for the 1.0 mg/L Cd treated. All of its indices were the highest of all cultivars. It suggested that No.6 cultivar had great restoration potential for heavy mentals contiminations.
2. No.16 and No.21 Chinese cabbage cultivars with low Cd accumulation and high Cd tolerance index were selected out from 21 varieties of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that Cd contents in above-ground shoots of No.16 and No.21 were 171.52mg/kg and 173.53mg/kg respectively at 0.6mg/kg Cd level, whereas it were 219.95mg/kg and 285.73mg/kg respectively at 1.0mg/kg Cd level. All these indices were significantly lower than that of others. Above-ground biomass and the Cd tolerance index of No.16 and No.21 were higher than that of most other varieties, while Cd transportation efficiency was at a low level. Therefore, these two cultivars could be recommended to farmers as low Cd accumulation Chinese cabbage varieties. Combined with rational agronomic measures, No.16 and No.21 could be cultivated in the contaminated soil with a low and middle Cd levels to meet the national food security standards.
3. Contents of micro-nutrient-element in shoots and roots of different Chinese cabbage cultivars changed at 0.6mg/kg and 1.0mg/kg Cd concentration. However, the tendency differed between cultivars. For Cd hyperaccumulator No.6, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn absorptions of above-ground part were inhibited in varying degrees at 1.0mg/kg Cd concentration. However, this kind of response varied among the other cultivars. Cd treatment could restrained Mn absorption of shoots, and promoted Cu absorption of all cultivars’roots and most cultivars’shoots, and also promoted Zn absorption of all cultivars’shoots, except for No.6. These results suggested that there was an antagonistic action between Cd and Mn in shoots, and a synergistic action between Cd and Cu, Cd and Zn in shoots of Chinese cabbage.
4. Pot experiment showed that fresh biomass of No.16 increased by 9 and 5 times after the application of manure on the second and third class soils of Cd contamination compared with control treatment. The increasing effect of manure was better than that of calcium magnesium phosphate. Applications of manure and calcium magnesium phosphate could significantly reduce the Cd uptake and reduce Cd content in edible shoots of Chinese cabbage. Compared with the control, manure application reduced Cd contents in shoots by as much as 65% and 42% on the second and third class soils of Cd contamination. The reason was that both manure and calcium magnesium phosphate reduced soil available Cd. Compared with the control, soil available Cd was significantly reduced by 37% with calcium magnesium phosphate application, and 26% with manure application.
引文
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