蔬菜—土壤系统镉与硝酸盐复合污染效应研究
摘要
菜地土壤镉污染严重影响蔬菜品质,大量施用氮肥导致硝酸盐累积超标也对蔬菜品质构成威胁。本论文采用盆栽试验的方法(3种设计方案),以大众化蔬菜苋菜和小白菜为材料,研究了氮镉互作效应对苋菜和小白菜品质和生长、镉与硝酸盐在土壤和蔬菜中的转化及对土壤酶活性的影响,揭示蔬菜-土壤系统镉、硝酸盐复合污染效应,明确氮营养管理对缓解蔬菜镉和硝酸盐污染的作用,为城郊区农产品安全、高效生产提供理论和技术支持具有重要的现实意义。主要结果如下：
1.高浓度镉(0; 20; 50 mg/kg土)与氮(0；0.1；0.2 g/kg)二因素随机区组试验,对苋菜、小白菜品质和生长的影响,结果表明：氮镉互作促进了苋菜中镉的积累和小白菜中硝酸盐的积累；降低了小白菜和苋菜的生长量；增加了小白菜和苋菜叶绿素的含量以及苋菜可溶性蛋白的含量,降低了苋菜Vc的含量。
2.低浓度镉(0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg土)与氮(0；0.2；0.4；0.6 g/kg土)二因素随机区组试验对苋菜、小白菜品质和生长的影响,结果表明：氮镉交互作用抑制了苋菜和小白菜对硝酸盐的积累以及苋菜对镉的积累,促进小白菜对镉的积累；促进了苋菜的生长而抑制了小白菜的生长；降低了苋菜和小白菜可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、Vc以及小白菜叶绿素的含量。
3.低浓度(0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg土)与氮(0;0.2；0.4;0.6 g/kg土)二因素随机区组试验对苋菜、小白菜镉与硝酸盐含量以及镉与硝酸盐在土壤中转化的影响,结果表明：土壤中镉污染水平与苋菜、小白菜吸收镉含量成正相关；土壤镉污染极显著地抑制了苋菜、小白菜对硝酸盐的积累；土壤中氮的含量与苋菜、小白菜中硝酸盐的含量呈极显著正相关。
4.低浓度(0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg土)与氮(0；0.2；0.4；0.6 g/kg土)二因素随机区组试验对苋菜、小白菜土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明：氮镉互作促进蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性,抑制土壤蛋白酶活性,有抑制苋菜土壤酸性磷酸酶活性促进小白菜土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的趋势。
5.低浓度镉(1.0 mg/kg土)污染情况下,评价不同品种氮肥(尿素、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氯化铵)对苋菜、小白菜品质和生长量的影响,进而提出在镉污染(1.0mg/kg土)情况下优先施用氮肥品种顺序为：硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氯化铵、尿素。
综合以上分析得出,施用氮肥加剧了高浓度镉对苋菜和小白菜的污染而对低浓度镉有缓解污染的趋势,降低了高浓度镉污染下苋菜和小白菜的产量而增加了低浓度镉污染下苋菜的产量和降低了小白菜的产量。
Cadmium pollution of vegetable soil can seriously affect the quality of vegetables, and application of a large number of nitrogen fertilizer which could lead to high nitrate accumulation in vegetables can also pose a threat to quality of the vegetables. It has an important practical significance to study the interactions between the cadmium pollution and the nitrogen fertilizer application and its impacts on the quality of vegetables. In this paper, a pot experiment (three kinds of design), using popular vegetable amaranth and brassica chinensis, was carried out to study the nitrogen-cadmium interactiions on the quality and growth of amaranth and brassica chinensis, the transferences of cadmium and nitrate in soil and vegetables, and the impacts on soil enzyme activities. The main results are as follows:
1. The effects of binary completely orthogonal of high concentrations of cadmium (0; 20; 50 mg/kg soil) and nitrogen (0; 0.1; 0.2 g/kg) on quality and growth of amaranth and brassica chinensis:the results showed that N and Cd interaction promoted Cd accumulation in amaranth and nitrate accumulation in brassica chinensis, reduced the growth of brassica chinensis and amaranth, increased the chlorophyll contents of brassica chinensis and amaranth, and inhibited the synthesis of amaranth Vc.
2.The effects of binary completely orthogonal of low concentrations of cadmium (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg soil)and nitrogen(0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6g/kg soil) on quality and growth of amaranth and brassica chinensis:the results showed that N and Cd interaction inhibited the accumulation of nitrate in amaranth and brassica chinensis and the accumulation of Cd in amaranth, promoted the accumulation of Cd in brassica chinensis and the growth of amaranth, inhibited the growth of brassica chinensis; and reduced the amount of soluble sugar, soluble protein and Vc in amaranth and brassica chinensis and the chlorophyll content in brassica chinensis.
3. The effects of binary completely orthogonal of low concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg soil)of cadmium and nitrogen (0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6 g/kg soil) to the absorption of amaranth and brassica chinensis on cadmium and the transformation of nitrate and cadmium and nitrate in the soil:the results showed that soil cadmium pollution levels were positively related to cadmium absorption by amaranth and brassica chinensis,soil cadmium pollution significantly inhibited nitrate accumulations in amaranth and brassica chinensis,and nitrogen content in soils had a very significantly positive correlation to nitrate contents in amaranth and brassica chinensis.
4.The effects of binary completely orthogonal of low concentrations of cadmium (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg soil)and nitrogen (0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6 g/kg soil) to soil enzyme activities of amaranth and brassica chinensis:the results showed that N and Cd interaction promoted the soil enzyme activity of sucrose and urease,but inhibited the activities of soil proteases and the activities of acid phosphatase in amaranth, and promoted the activities of acid phosphatase.
5. At low concentration of cadmium (1.0 mg/kg soil) pollution, the effects of different species of nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride) on the quality and growth amount of amaranth and brassica chinensis were evaluated so as to give the priority application order of nitrogen fertilizers under the contamination of cadmium (1.0 mg/kg soil) as ammonium sulphate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, urea.
With the above analysis, the application of nitrogen fertilizers increased the pollution of high concentration cadmium to amaranth and brassica chinensis, reduced output of amaranth and brassica chinensis with high cadmium pollution,and increased the yield of amaranth and reduced that of brassica chinensis with low cadmium pollution.
1.高浓度镉(0; 20; 50 mg/kg土)与氮(0；0.1；0.2 g/kg)二因素随机区组试验,对苋菜、小白菜品质和生长的影响,结果表明：氮镉互作促进了苋菜中镉的积累和小白菜中硝酸盐的积累；降低了小白菜和苋菜的生长量；增加了小白菜和苋菜叶绿素的含量以及苋菜可溶性蛋白的含量,降低了苋菜Vc的含量。
2.低浓度镉(0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg土)与氮(0；0.2；0.4；0.6 g/kg土)二因素随机区组试验对苋菜、小白菜品质和生长的影响,结果表明：氮镉交互作用抑制了苋菜和小白菜对硝酸盐的积累以及苋菜对镉的积累,促进小白菜对镉的积累；促进了苋菜的生长而抑制了小白菜的生长；降低了苋菜和小白菜可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、Vc以及小白菜叶绿素的含量。
3.低浓度(0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg土)与氮(0;0.2；0.4;0.6 g/kg土)二因素随机区组试验对苋菜、小白菜镉与硝酸盐含量以及镉与硝酸盐在土壤中转化的影响,结果表明：土壤中镉污染水平与苋菜、小白菜吸收镉含量成正相关；土壤镉污染极显著地抑制了苋菜、小白菜对硝酸盐的积累；土壤中氮的含量与苋菜、小白菜中硝酸盐的含量呈极显著正相关。
4.低浓度(0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg土)与氮(0；0.2；0.4；0.6 g/kg土)二因素随机区组试验对苋菜、小白菜土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明：氮镉互作促进蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性,抑制土壤蛋白酶活性,有抑制苋菜土壤酸性磷酸酶活性促进小白菜土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的趋势。
5.低浓度镉(1.0 mg/kg土)污染情况下,评价不同品种氮肥(尿素、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氯化铵)对苋菜、小白菜品质和生长量的影响,进而提出在镉污染(1.0mg/kg土)情况下优先施用氮肥品种顺序为：硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氯化铵、尿素。
综合以上分析得出,施用氮肥加剧了高浓度镉对苋菜和小白菜的污染而对低浓度镉有缓解污染的趋势,降低了高浓度镉污染下苋菜和小白菜的产量而增加了低浓度镉污染下苋菜的产量和降低了小白菜的产量。
Cadmium pollution of vegetable soil can seriously affect the quality of vegetables, and application of a large number of nitrogen fertilizer which could lead to high nitrate accumulation in vegetables can also pose a threat to quality of the vegetables. It has an important practical significance to study the interactions between the cadmium pollution and the nitrogen fertilizer application and its impacts on the quality of vegetables. In this paper, a pot experiment (three kinds of design), using popular vegetable amaranth and brassica chinensis, was carried out to study the nitrogen-cadmium interactiions on the quality and growth of amaranth and brassica chinensis, the transferences of cadmium and nitrate in soil and vegetables, and the impacts on soil enzyme activities. The main results are as follows:
1. The effects of binary completely orthogonal of high concentrations of cadmium (0; 20; 50 mg/kg soil) and nitrogen (0; 0.1; 0.2 g/kg) on quality and growth of amaranth and brassica chinensis:the results showed that N and Cd interaction promoted Cd accumulation in amaranth and nitrate accumulation in brassica chinensis, reduced the growth of brassica chinensis and amaranth, increased the chlorophyll contents of brassica chinensis and amaranth, and inhibited the synthesis of amaranth Vc.
2.The effects of binary completely orthogonal of low concentrations of cadmium (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg soil)and nitrogen(0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6g/kg soil) on quality and growth of amaranth and brassica chinensis:the results showed that N and Cd interaction inhibited the accumulation of nitrate in amaranth and brassica chinensis and the accumulation of Cd in amaranth, promoted the accumulation of Cd in brassica chinensis and the growth of amaranth, inhibited the growth of brassica chinensis; and reduced the amount of soluble sugar, soluble protein and Vc in amaranth and brassica chinensis and the chlorophyll content in brassica chinensis.
3. The effects of binary completely orthogonal of low concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg soil)of cadmium and nitrogen (0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6 g/kg soil) to the absorption of amaranth and brassica chinensis on cadmium and the transformation of nitrate and cadmium and nitrate in the soil:the results showed that soil cadmium pollution levels were positively related to cadmium absorption by amaranth and brassica chinensis,soil cadmium pollution significantly inhibited nitrate accumulations in amaranth and brassica chinensis,and nitrogen content in soils had a very significantly positive correlation to nitrate contents in amaranth and brassica chinensis.
4.The effects of binary completely orthogonal of low concentrations of cadmium (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 mg/kg soil)and nitrogen (0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6 g/kg soil) to soil enzyme activities of amaranth and brassica chinensis:the results showed that N and Cd interaction promoted the soil enzyme activity of sucrose and urease,but inhibited the activities of soil proteases and the activities of acid phosphatase in amaranth, and promoted the activities of acid phosphatase.
5. At low concentration of cadmium (1.0 mg/kg soil) pollution, the effects of different species of nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride) on the quality and growth amount of amaranth and brassica chinensis were evaluated so as to give the priority application order of nitrogen fertilizers under the contamination of cadmium (1.0 mg/kg soil) as ammonium sulphate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, urea.
With the above analysis, the application of nitrogen fertilizers increased the pollution of high concentration cadmium to amaranth and brassica chinensis, reduced output of amaranth and brassica chinensis with high cadmium pollution,and increased the yield of amaranth and reduced that of brassica chinensis with low cadmium pollution.
引文
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53. Asian M, Travis R I, Huffaker R C. Comparative Kinetics and reciprocal inhibition of nit rate and nitrite in roots of uninduced and induced barley seedling. Plant Physid, 1992.199:1124-1133
54. Grigoryan K V, Galstyan A Sh. Effect of irrigation water pollution with industrial wastes on the enzyme activity of soils. Pochvovedenie,1979.3:130-138
55. Grigoryan K V, Galstyan A Sh. Phosphatase activity for diagnosis of po llution of irrigated soils by heavy metals. Pochvovedenie,1986.10:63-67
56. Greger M, Ogren E. Direct and indirect effects of Cd2+ on photosynthes is in sugar beet. Physiologia Plantarurn,1991.83(1):129-135
57. Heimer Y M, Filner P. Relationship between nitrate accumulation, nitrate reductase and their controh. Plant science letters,1979.16:135-138
58. Krasnova N W. Enzymatic activity as a biodication of heavy metal pollution of soil. Soviet Agric. Sei.,1983.7:71-74
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